REPORT

ON

WORK EXPERIENCE GAINED DURING NATIONAL YOUTH

SERVICE CORPS (NYSC)

AT

THE NIGERIAN GEOLOGICAL SURVEY AGENCY (NGSA)

BY

OLUWABIYI, PAUL JESUYEMI

BATCH A, STREAM 2

FC/24A/9864

MARCH, 2025.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I am deeply grateful to God Almighty, whose boundless mercy granted me the opportunity and
privilege to be part of this esteemed learning environment and to learn from some of the best
minds in the field.

My sincere appreciation goes to the Director-General of the Nigerian Geological Survey Agency,
Prof. Olushegun O. Ige, whose unwavering dedication and commitment continue to sustain the
agency.

I also extend my gratitude to the Director of Geophysics, Mr. Abba, whose wisdom and sense of
responsibility stand out. From him, I learned that fatherhood is not just a title but a role defined
by care and responsibility, which should extend to all. I equally appreciate the entire staff of the
department for their support.

A special thank you to the Senior Geophysicists—Dr. Olufemi, Dr. Godwin (Galo), Dr.
Adejuwon, and Mr. Tunde—as well as the Junior Geophysicists—Mr. Salami and Mr.
Tomiwa Akanbi—for their immense support and for ensuring my welfare throughout my time
at the agency. My appreciation also goes to the I.T. students, whose interactions with me greatly
enriched my knowledge.

I am profoundly grateful to my fellow Corp Members and hope that our paths cross again in
success and good health.

Lastly, I extend my heartfelt thanks to the security personnel and cleaners, whose warmth and
friendliness played a role in my achievements during my service at the agency.

Once again, I express my deepest appreciation to the entire staff and the agency as a whole.

Table of Contents

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Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2
Chapter One………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4

1.0 Introduction to geophysics..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………4

1.1 Earth Physical Properties Implored in Geophysics…………………………………………………………………5
1.2 Principles Implored in Geophysics……………………………………………………………………………………………….6
1.3 Earthquake Monitoring at Katampe..........................................................................................7
1.3.1 CG-6 Autograph........................................................................................................................7
1.3.2 LaCoste Gravimeter.................................................................................................................8
1.4 Methods......................................................................................................................................8
Chapter Two………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………9

2.0 Introduction to ArcGIS……………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….….9

2.1
ArcGIS………………………………………………………………………………..….…...............
.........................9
2.2
CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………...............
....................10

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO GEOPHYSICS

Geophysics is a fundamental branch of Earth sciences that explores the physical properties,
processes, and structures of the Earth using the principles of physics. It seeks to understand the
Earth's interior composition, its dynamic behavior, and its interactions with the surface and
atmosphere. By applying physical methodologies, geophysicists can uncover hidden geological
features and analyze natural phenomena that shape our planet.

This field employs a range of sophisticated techniques and instruments to study the Earth's
subsurface. Methods such as seismology, gravity measurements, magnetic field analysis, and
electrical resistivity surveys allow scientists to probe deep beneath the surface. These
approaches help in detecting underground formations, identifying mineral and hydrocarbon
deposits, and monitoring natural hazards like earthquakes, volcanic activity, and tsunamis.

Beyond geological exploration, geophysics plays a critical role in environmental studies,

resource management, and infrastructure development. It is essential for groundwater
exploration, geothermal energy studies, and assessing environmental hazards. Additionally,
advancements in geophysical technology contribute to the prediction and mitigation of natural
disasters, aiding in disaster preparedness and sustainable development.

In essence, geophysics is a multidisciplinary and highly practical science that enhances our
understanding of the Earth. By integrating physics with geology, mathematics, and engineering,
geophysics continues to be an indispensable tool in scientific research, resource exploration, and
environmental conservation.

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1.1 EARTH'S PHYSICAL PROPERTIES IMPLORED IN GEOPHYSICS

Key Physical Properties in Geophysics

In geophysics, various physical properties of the Earth are analyzed to gain insights into its
structure and dynamic processes. Some of the fundamental properties include:

• Density: The mass of a substance per unit volume. Variations in density help
geophysicists determine the composition and distribution of materials within the Earth's
interior. Differences in rock density can reveal subsurface structures and formations.
• Gravity: Earth's gravitational field varies due to differences in mass distribution. By
measuring gravity anomalies, geophysicists can detect underground structures, density
variations, and geological formations such as faults and ore bodies.
• Magnetic Field: The Earth's magnetic field is generated by the motion of molten iron in
the outer core. Geomagnetic surveys identify magnetic anomalies, which can indicate the
presence of certain minerals and geological structures.
• Seismic Waves: A key component of geophysics, seismology involves analyzing seismic
waves produced by earthquakes and artificial explosions. These waves help scientists
understand the Earth's internal layers and composition.
• Electrical Resistivity: Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) measures how subsurface
materials conduct electricity. This technique is useful in detecting groundwater, mineral
deposits, and geological structures.
• Heat Flow: Geothermal studies assess the movement of heat from the Earth's interior to
the surface, providing insights into the planet’s thermal properties and underlying
geological activity.
• Gravimetric Studies: These surveys map density variations beneath the surface, helping
geophysicists identify structural features such as faults, underground cavities, and
mineral-rich zones.
• Remote Sensing: Using satellite-based techniques, remote sensing provides critical data
on Earth's surface features, including topography, vegetation, and land cover. This aids in
geological mapping and environmental studies.
• Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR): GPR is an effective method for investigating
shallow subsurface features, often applied in environmental studies, civil engineering,
and archaeological surveys.
• Mechanical Properties: The study of rock behavior under stress is essential for
understanding geological processes such as faulting, fracturing, and deformation. This is
particularly important for seismic studies and engineering applications.

These physical properties are crucial for geophysicists to develop models of the Earth's interior,
analyze geological formations, and predict natural resource locations, geological hazards, and
environmental conditions. By measuring and interpreting these properties, geophysics remains an
indispensable field in advancing our understanding of the Earth's composition and dynamics.

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1.2 THE PRINCIPLES OF GEOPHYSICS CAN BE SUMMARIZED AS FOLLOWS:

• Measurement of Physical Properties: Geophysicists analyze various physical

characteristics of the Earth, such as gravity, magnetic fields, electrical conductivity,
seismic waves, and heat flow. These measurements offer critical insights into the Earth's
subsurface and interior composition.
• Application of Physical Laws and Mathematical Models: Geophysics is grounded in
fundamental principles of physics, including gravity, electromagnetism, and mechanics.
Mathematical models are used to interpret data and explain geophysical phenomena,
aiding in the understanding of Earth’s processes.
• Inverse Problem Solving: A key aspect of geophysics is solving inverse problems—
using surface observations to infer subsurface structures and properties. Mathematical
inversion techniques help reconstruct detailed models of the Earth's interior.
• Data Collection and Interpretation: Geophysical data is gathered using advanced
instruments such as seismometers, gravimeters, magnetometers, and ground-penetrating
radar. Interpretation involves analyzing variations in physical properties to create
accurate models of geological formations.
• Multidisciplinary Approach: Geophysics integrates concepts from multiple scientific
fields, including geology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics. This interdisciplinary
approach enhances the accuracy of geophysical studies and broadens their applications.
• Exploration and Environmental Applications: Geophysical methods are widely used
for mineral exploration, oil and gas prospecting, groundwater detection, environmental
monitoring, and earthquake prediction. They play a crucial role in resource management
and disaster mitigation.
• Non-Invasive Techniques: One of the advantages of geophysical studies is that they use
non-invasive methods, allowing scientists to investigate the Earth's subsurface without
the need for drilling or excavation, minimizing environmental impact.
• Imaging and Visualization: Advanced imaging techniques, such as seismic tomography,
magnetic mapping, and resistivity surveys, create visual representations of subsurface
structures. These visualizations aid in understanding geological features and formations.
• Technological Advancements: The field of geophysics continues to evolve with
innovations in technology and data analysis, enabling more precise and detailed
investigations of the Earth's interior.

Overall, geophysics applies the principles of physics and mathematical analysis to study the
Earth's structure, composition, and dynamic behavior. Through continuous advancements and
interdisciplinary collaboration, geophysicists contribute significantly to our understanding of the
planet and its processes.

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1.3. EARTH QUAKE MONITORING AT KATAMPE

I had the privilege of participating in a fieldwork exercise organized by the Agency, focused on
Earthquake Monitoring in response to recent seismic vibrations in the Katampe area of
Abuja, FCT.

To investigate the seismic activity, the Gravity Survey method was employed. The survey
began in Mpape and extended to Jikakuchi, following an Open Loop approach. At each
station, we recorded the longitude and latitude coordinates, along with GPS readings, time of
measurement, and station ID.

Two gravimeters were used for data collection:

1. The CG-6 Autograph (Electronic Gravimeter): This highly precise instrument

measures gravity in mGal and is capable of reading values to an infinite scale.
2. The Lacoste (Manual Gravimeter): This device was used to take transverse readings
of faults, aiding in fault control and analysis.

1.3.1 CG-6 Autograph Gravimeter

The CG-6 Autograph is a highly advanced gravimeter designed to measure variations in the
Earth's gravitational field with exceptional precision. Below is an overview of its key
components and functionality:

• Quartz Sensor: Equipped with a highly sensitive quartz sensor, the CG-6 detects even
the slightest changes in gravitational pull.
• Isolation System: The sensor is insulated from external vibrations and movements,
ensuring precise and accurate readings.
• Data Acquisition: The instrument continuously records gravitational data, which can be
processed to identify subsurface structures and anomalies.
• User Interface: It features an intuitive and modern interface that simplifies operation and
data management.

This blend of cutting-edge technology and user-friendly design makes the CG-6 Autograph
gravimeter a vital tool for geophysical surveys.

1.3.2 LaCoste Gravimeter

The LaCoste and Romberg Gravity Model G Meter is a relative gravimeter that measures
variations in the Earth's gravitational field with high accuracy. Its operation is based on the
following principles:

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 • Spring Mechanism: It employs a unique "zero-length" spring, which supports a beam at
a 45-degree angle for enhanced sensitivity.
• Nulling the Mass Position: The operator adjusts a metal knob to balance the beam by
adding or subtracting a small force.
• Reading the Measurement: Once the beam is stabilized, the gravitational pull is
measured in milligals (1 milligal = 0.00001 meters per second squared).

This precise measurement method makes the LaCoste Gravimeter highly valuable in
geophysical surveys, particularly for mineral and oil exploration.

1.4 Methodology

After taking readings with the CG-6 Gravimeter, the following steps are carried out:

1. Data Transfer: The gravimeter is connected to a computer to transfer the recorded

measurements.
2. Data Processing: Specialized software is used to correct for errors such as instrumental
drift or tidal effects to refine the dataset.
3. Data Interpretation: The processed data is analyzed to identify gravitational field
variations, often visualized through graphs and maps.
4. Report Compilation: A comprehensive report is prepared, summarizing the key findings
and any significant gravitational anomalies detected.

Findings

The results of the analysis indicated that there were no further seismic vibrations expected in
the area. The initial vibrations were determined to be human-induced, likely caused by
quarrying activities in the vicinity.

CHAPTER 2
2.1 ArcGIS

Geographic Information System (GIS) and ArcGIS

A Geographic Information System (GIS), also referred to as a geospatial information system,

is a technological framework designed to capture, store, analyze, manage, and visualize
geographic data. Simply put, GIS integrates cartography, statistical analysis, and database
technology to provide meaningful insights into spatial data.

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ArcGIS Overview

ArcGIS, developed by Esri (Environmental Systems Research Institute), is a powerful GIS

software suite used for creating, managing, analyzing, and visualizing geographic data. It
includes various components tailored for different GIS applications, such as:

• ArcGIS Desktop: Includes ArcMap and ArcGIS Pro, which are desktop applications
for map creation, spatial analysis, and geospatial data management.
• ArcGIS Online: A cloud-based platform for sharing, mapping, and collaborating on
geospatial data through web maps and applications.
• ArcGIS Server: Used to publish, manage, and distribute GIS services, enabling
organizations to share geospatial data over the web.
• ArcGIS Enterprise: A customizable GIS deployment solution within an organization’s
infrastructure, offering enhanced security and control over data.
• ArcGIS Mobile: A collection of mobile applications designed for real-time field data
collection and editing.
• ArcGIS Collector, ArcGIS Survey123, and ArcGIS Field Maps: Specialized mobile
apps for data collection and survey tasks in the field.
• ArcGIS Hub: A platform for community engagement, collaboration, and data
sharing for government and non-governmental organizations.
• ArcGIS API for JavaScript, Python, and other programming languages: Enables
developers to build custom geospatial applications and integrate GIS functionality into
their software.

Applications of ArcGIS

ArcGIS is widely used in various sectors, including:

• Urban Planning – Managing land use, zoning, and infrastructure development.

• Natural Resource Management – Monitoring and conserving environmental resources.
• Emergency Response – Assisting in disaster management and rescue operations.
• Environmental Monitoring – Tracking climate change, deforestation, and pollution.

With its geospatial analysis, mapping, and visualization capabilities, ArcGIS plays a crucial
role in decision-making based on spatial data.

2.2 Conclusion

Experience Gained:

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During this learning process, I acquired valuable knowledge in geophysics and practical
experience in various geophysical techniques. Specifically:

• I developed an understanding of geophysics fundamentals and its real-world

applications.
• I learned how to use ArcGIS software, gaining hands-on experience in geospatial data
analysis and visualization.
• I actively participated in gravity surveys alongside Industrial Training students,
enhancing my practical skills in geophysical data collection.
• I gained exposure to resistivity surveys, which deepened my understanding of
subsurface investigations.

This experience provided me with a solid foundation in geophysical exploration techniques and
geospatial data management, equipping me with essential skills for future research and
professional applications.

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