Mathematics-CBSE-Grade-XII-2018, (Series-SGN), (Code No,

65/1)

Vector Algebra

Integrals

Probability

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Matrices

Continuity and Differentiability

Determinants

Applications of Derivatives

Relations & Functions

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

No. of Questions Previous year’s questions average

Q. Find the value of tan−1 √3 − cot−1 (−√3) .

Solution
Given:
tan−1 √3 − cot−1 (−√3)

= tan−1 (tan( π3)) − cot−1 (cot(π − π6)) [Since, cot(π − π6) = − cot( π6) = −√3 ]
π
= 3
− (π − π6)
π
= 3
− π + π6
2π−6π+π
= 6
−3π
= 6
−π
= 2
−π
∴ tan−1 √3 − cot−1 (−√3) = 2

⎡
0 a −3 ⎤
Q. If the matrix A = ⎢ 2 0 −1 ⎥ is skew symmetric, find the values of ‘a ’ and 'b'.
⎣
b 1 0 ⎦

Solution

⎡
0 a −3 ⎤
Given matrix is A = ⎢ 2 0 −1 ⎥
⎣
b 1 0 ⎦
0 2 b⎤
⇒ ⎡
AT = ⎢ a 0 1 ⎥
⎣
−3 −1 0 ⎦
0 −2 −b ⎤
⇒ ⎡
−AT = ⎢ −a 0 −1 ⎥
⎣
3 1 0 ⎦
Since, given matrix is a skew symmetric.
⇒ A = −A T

0 a −3 ⎤ ⎡ 0 −2 −b ⎤
⇒ 2 0
⎣
⎡
⎢ −1 ⎥ = ⎢ −a 0 −1 ⎥
⎦ ⎣ ⎦
b 1 0 3 1 0
By comparing the corresponding elements a = −2, b = 3.

→ →
Q. Find the magnitude of each of the two vectors a and b having the same magnitude such that the angle between them is 60∘ and their
9
scalar product is 2.

Solution

Given:

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 → →
Magnitudes of the two vectors a and b are same.

⇒ ∣→ ∣ ∣ ∣
→
∣ a ∣ = ∣∣ b∣∣ ---(1)
Angle between the given two vectors (θ) = 60∘
scalar product of the given two vectors = 92

⇒ → → 9
a. b = 2
→ → → ∣→∣
We know that, a . b = ∣∣ a ∣∣ ∣ b∣ cos θ
∣ ∣
⇒ 9
2
→ →
= ∣∣ a ∣∣ ∣∣ a ∣∣ cos 60∘

⇒ 9
2
→2
= ∣∣ a ∣∣ ( 21)

⇒ →2
9 = ∣∣ a ∣∣

⇒ ∣→ ∣
∣ a ∣ = 3 , [Since the magnitude of the vector is not negative]
→ ∣→∣
Therefore, magnitude of each of the two vectors is 3 .[Since, ∣∣ a ∣∣ = ∣ b∣ ]
∣ ∣

Q. If a ∗ b denotes the larger of ‘a’ and ‘b’ and if (a ∘ b) = (a ∗ b) + 3 then write the value of 5 ∘ 10 , where ∗ and ∘ are binary operations.

Solution

Given:
a ∗ b denotes the larger of 'a' and 'b'. ---(1)
Since, (a ∘ b) = (a ∗ b) + 3
⇒ (5 ∘ 10) = (5 ∗ 10) + 3
Here, (5 ∗ 10) = 10 [From (1)]
⇒ 5 ∘ 10 = 10 + 3 = 13

−1 −1
Q. Prove that : 3 sin−1 x = sin−1 (3x − 4x3 ), x ∈ [ 2
, 2]

Solution

To prove: 3 sin−1 x = sin−1 (3x − 4x3 ), x ∈ [ −1

2
, −1
2
]
Proof:
let sin θ = x --(1)
⇒ θ = sin −1
x --(2)
sin 3θ = 3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ
⇒ 3θ = sin (3 sin θ − 4 sin θ)
−1 3

⇒ 3 sin x = sin (3x − 4x ), x ∈ [

−1 −1 3 −1 −1
2
, 2] [Since, from (1) and (2)]
Hence, proved.

2 −3
Q. Given A = [ ] , compute A−1 and show that 2A−1 = 9I − A.
−4 7

Solution

2 −3
Given: A = [ ]
−4 7
a b 1 d −b
We know that, if A = [ ] then A−1 = [ ]
c d |A| −c a
|A| = ad − bc
⇒ |A| = (2 × 7) − (−3 × −4)
= 14 − 12
=2
∴ |A| = 2
3 7
Now, A−1 = 21[ ] ---(1)
2 4
7 3 7 3
LHS = 2A−1 = 2 × 21[ ]=[ ] ---(2)
4 2 4 2
RHS = 9I − A
1 0 2 −3
= 9[ ]−[ ]
0 1 −4 7
9 0 2 −3
=[ ]−[ ]
0 9 −4 7
9−2 0 − (−3)
=[ ]
0 − (−4) 9−7
7 3
=[ ]---(3)
4 2
From (2) and (3), LHS = RHS
Hence, 2A−1 = 9I − A verified.

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 1+cos x
Q. Differentiate tan−1 ( sin x
) with respect to x.

Solution

Let
1+cos x
y = tan−1 ( sin x
)
2cos2 ( 2
x
)
= tan−1 ( )
2 sin( x) cos( x)
2 2
x
cos( 2)
= tan−1 ( )
x
sin( 2)

= tan−1 (cot( 2x))

= tan−1 (tan( π2 − 2x))

π
= 2
− 2x
∴ y = π2 − 2x

⇒ dy
dx
= d ( π2 − 2x)
dx

⇒ dy
dx
d π
( ) − d ( 2x)
=
dx 2 dx

⇒ dy
dx
= 0 − 21
dy 1
∴ dx
= −2

Q. The total cost C (x) associated with the production of x units of an item is given byC (x) = 0.005x3 − 0.02x2 + 30x + 5000 . Find the marginal
cost when 3 units are produced, where by marginal cost we mean the instantaneous rate of change of total cost at any level of output.

Solution

Given:
The total cost C (x) = 0.005x3 − 0.02x2 + 30x + 5000
Marginal cost is he instantaneous rate of change of total cost at any level of output.
⇒ Marginal cost = C (x) ′

⇒ C (x) = 0.005 (x ) − 0.02 (x ) + 30 (x) +

′ d 3 d 2 d d
(5000)
⇒ C (x) = 0.005 (3x ) − 0.02 (2x) + 30 (1) + 0
dx dx dx dx
′ 2

⇒ C (x) = 0.015x − 0.04x + 30

′ 2

C ′ (x) at x = 3 units
C ′ (3) = 0.015(3)2 − 0.04 (3) + 30
⇒ C (3) = 0.015 (9) − 0.04 (3) + 30
′

⇒ C (3) = 0.135 − 0.12 + 30

′

∴ C ′ (3) = 30.015
Hence, the required marginal cost is 30.015 units

cos 2x+2 sin2 x

Q. Evaluate: ∫ dx
cos2 x

Solution
cos 2x+2 sin2 x
To evaluate: ∫ dx
cos2 x
cos 2x+2 sin2 x
∫ dx
cos2 x
1−2 sin2 x+2 sin2 x
=∫ dx, [∵ cos 2x = 1 − 2 sin2 x ]
cos2 x
1
=∫ dx
cos2 x
2
= ∫ sec xdx
= tan x + C
cos 2x+2 sin2 x
∴∫ dx = tan x + C
cos2 x

Q. Find the differential equation representing the family of curves y = aebx+5 , where a and b are arbitrary constants.

Solution

Given function is,

y = aebx+5 and a and b are the arbitrary constants.
Differentiate with respect to 'x'
dy d
= (aebx+5 )
dx dx
⇒ dy
dx
d bx+5
= a dx(e )
⇒ dy
dx
= aebx+5 (b)
⇒ dy
dx
= by, [∵ y = aebx+5 ] ---(1)
⇒ 1 dy
y dx = b ---(2)
Let take (1)
⇒ dy
dx
= by
Differentiate with respect to 'x'.

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⇒ d2y
dx2
= b dx
dy

⇒ d2y
dx2
=
1 dy dy
( ydx) dx , [Since, from (2)]
d2y 1 dy 2
∴ = y( dx) is the required differential equation.
dx2

Q. If θ is the angle between two vectors ^i − 2^j + 3k

^ and 3^i − 2^j + k
^ ,find sin θ.

Solution
→
Let the first vector be, a = ^i − 2^j + 3k
^

⇒ →
∣ a ∣ = √12 + (−2)2 + 32 = √14 ---(1)
∣ ∣
→
Second vector be, b = 3^i − 2^j + k ^

⇒ →
∣ a ∣ = √32 + (−2)2 + 12 = √14 ---(2)
∣ ∣
∣ ^i ^j ^∣
k
→ → ∣ ∣
a × b = ∣ 1 −2 3 ∣
∣ ∣
∣ 3 −2 1 ∣
^ ^
= i (−2 + 6) − j (1 − 9) + k^ (−2 + 6)
= 4^i + 8^j + 4k
^
→ →
∴ a × b = 4 i + 8^j + 4k
^ ^

⇒ ∣ → →∣ √ 2 2
∣∣ a × b∣∣ = 4 + 8 + 4
2

⇒ ∣ → →∣ √
∣ a × b∣ = 16 + 64 + 16
∣ ∣
⇒ ∣ → →∣ √
∣ a × b∣ = 96
∣ ∣

⇒ ∣ → →∣
∣ a × b∣ = 4√6 ---(3)
∣ ∣
∣∣→ →∣∣
a× b
∣ ∣
sin θ =
∣→ ∣∣→ ∣
∣ a ∣∣∣ b∣∣

⇒ sin θ = 4√ 6
√14√14
4√ 6
= 14
2√6
∴ sin θ = .
7

Q. A black and a red die are rolled together. Find the conditional probability of obtaining the sum 8, given that the red die resulted in a number
less than 4.

Solution

When two dice are rolled together,

Total number of outcomes (n (S)) = 62 = 36
Let the number of outcomes of obtaining the sum 8, n (A) = 5, {(2, 6) (6, 2) (3, 5) (5, 3) (4, 4)}
⎧ (1, 1) , (1, 2) , (1, 3) , (2, 1) , (2, 2) , (2, 3) , ⎫
⎡ ⎪ ⎪⎤

Number of red die resulted in a number less than 4 = n (B) = 18, ⎢∵ B = ⎨ (3, 1) , (3, 2) , (3, 3) , (4, 1) , (4, 2) , (4, 3) , ⎬⎥
⎩
⎪ ⎭
⎪
⎣
(5, 1) , (5, 2) , (5, 3) , (6, 1) , (6, 2) , (6, 3) ⎦
A ∩ B = {(5, 6) , (6, 2)}
⇒ n (A ∩ B) = 2
The conditional probability of obtaining the sum 8, given that the red die resulted in a number less than 4 is,
P (A∩B)
P (A |B ) = P (B)
n(A∩B)

⇒ P (A |B ) = n(S)
n(B)
n(S)
n(A∩B)
= n(B)
2
= 18
1
∴ P (A |B ) = 9

Q. Using properties of determinants, prove that

∣ 1 1 1 + 3x ∣
∣ ∣
∣ 1 + 3y 1 1 ∣ = 9 (3xyz + xy + yz + xz)
∣ 1 1 + 3z 1 ∣

Solution

Lets take LHS and then equate it to RHS

∣ 1 1 1 + 3x ∣
LHS= ∣ 1 + 3y 1 1 ∣∣
∣
∣ 1 1 + 3z 1 ∣
C2 → C2 − C1 , C3 → C3 − C1
∣ 1 0 3x ∣
= ∣∣ 1 + 3y −3y −3y ∣∣
∣ 1 3z 0 ∣
= 1 (0 + 9yz) − 0 (0 + 3y) + 3x (3z (1 + 3y) + 3y)

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= 9yz + 3x (3z + 9yz + 3y)
= 9yz + 9xz + 27xyz + 9xy
= 9 (3xyz + xy + yz + xz)
= RHS
Therefore, LHS = RHS
∣ 1 1 1 + 3x ∣
Hence, ∣ 1 + 3y 1
∣
1 ∣ = 9 (3xyz + xy + yz + xz) proved.
∣
∣ 1 1 + 3z 1 ∣

Q. Find the equations of the tangent and the normal, to the curve 16x2 + 9y 2 = 145 at the point (x1 , y1 ) , where x1 = 2 and y1 > 0.

Solution

Given curve:
16x2 + 9y 2 = 145
16x2 + 9y 2 = 145 at (x1 , y1 ) is 16x21 + 9y12 = 145
It is given that, x1 = 2
⇒ 16(2) + 9y = 145
2 2

⇒ 16 (4) + 9y = 145
1
2

⇒ 64 + 9y = 145
1
2
1
⇒ 9y = 145 − 64
2
1
⇒ 9y = 81
2

⇒y =9
1
2

⇒ y = ±3
1
1

Since, y1 > 0 and y1 = 3

Therefore, (x1 , y1 ) = (2, 3) ---(1)
Now lets take 16x2 + 9y 2 = 145
Differentiate with respect to 'x'
⇒ (16x + 9y ) = (145)
d
dx
2 2 d
dx
⇒ 32x + 18y = 0 dy
dx

⇒ 2 (16x + 9y ) = 0 dy
dx

⇒ 9y = −16x
dy
dx
⇒ =−
dy
dx
16x
9y

⇒m= dy
=−
dx(2, 3)
16(2)
9(3)

⇒m=− 32
27
32
Now, equation of the tangent having the slope m = − 27 and passing through (x1 , y1 ) = (2, 3) is,
y − y1 = m (x − x1 )
⇒ y − 3 = − (x − 2) 32
27
⇒ 27y − 81 = −32x + 64
⇒ 27x + 32y − 96 − 54 = 0
⇒ 32x + 27y − 145 = 0 ---(1)
Since, normal of the curve is perpendicular to its tangent of the curve at same point of the contact.
32
Here, let slope of tangent m1 = − 27
Let slope of its normal be m2 .
⇒m ×m1 2 = −1
⇒ ×m
−32
27 2 = −1
⇒m = 2
27
32
27
Now, equation of normal passing through (x1 , y1 ) = (2, 3) and having the slope m2 = 32
is
y − y1 = m2 (x − x1 )
⇒ y − 3 = (x − 2) 27
32
⇒ 32y − 96 = 27x − 54
⇒ 32y − 27x = 96 − 54
⇒ 32y − 27x = 42
⇒ 27x − 32y = −42 ---(2)

x4
Q. Find the intervals in which the function f (x) = 4
− x3 − 5x2 + 24x + 12 is (a) strictly increasing, (b) strictly decreasing.

Solution

Given function is,

x4
f (x) = 4
− x3 − 5x2 + 24x + 12

⇒ (x) =
f′ d x4
( − x3 − 5x2 + 24x
dx 4
+ 12)

⇒ f (x) =
′ 4x3
− 3x2 − 10x + 24
⇒ f (x) =
4
′ x − 3x2 − 10x + 24
3

For increase or decrease, lets take f ′ (x) = 0

⇒ x − 3x − 10x + 24 = 0
3 2

⇒ x − 2x − x + 2x − 12x + 24 = 0
3 2 2

⇒ x (x − 2) − x (x − 2) − 12 (x − 2) = 0
2

⇒ (x − 2) (x − x − 12) = 0
2

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⇒ (x − 2) (x − 4x + 3x − 12) = 0
2

⇒ (x − 2) (x (x − 4) + 3 (x − 4)) = 0
⇒ (x − 2) (x + 3) (x − 4) = 0
⇒ x = 2, x = −3 and x = 4
Now, Sign of f ′ (x)

From the number line,

f ′ (x) > 0 in the interval (−3, 2) ∪ (4, ∞)
⇒ f (x) is strictly increasing in the interval (−3, 2) ∪ (4, ∞) ---(a)
f ′ (x) < 0 in the interval (−∞, −3) ∪ (2, 4)
⇒ f (x) is strictly decreasing in the interval (−∞, −3) ∪ (2, 4) ---(b)

Q. An open tank with a square base and vertical sides is to be constructed from a metal sheet so as to hold a given quantity of water. Show that
the cost of material will be least when depth of the tank is half of its width. If the cost is to be borne by nearby settled lower income families,
for whom water will be provided, what kind of value is hidden in this question?

Solution
Let the length, width and height of the open tank be x, x and y with respectively.
Then its volume is x2 y and total surface area is x2 + 4xy .
It is given that the tank can be hold a given quantity of water.
This mean that its volume is constant.
Say, V = x2 y
The cost of the material will be least if the total surface area is least.
Let's denote total surface area (S) = x2 + 4xy
We have to minimize S subjects to the condition that the volume is constant.
(S) = x2 + 4xy
⇒S=x + 2 4V

⇒ = 2x −
x
dS 4V
dx x2
and
⇒ d2S
dx2
=2+ 8V
x3
For maximum or minimum value of S,
dS
= 0
⇒ 2x − = 0
dx
4V
x2
⇒ 2x − 4V = 0
3

⇒ 2x = 4V3

⇒ 2x = 4x y
3 2

⇒ x = 2y
Clearly,
d2S 8V
= 2+ > 0, for every x
dx2 x3
Here, S is minimum when x = 2y, i.e., depth of tank is half of width.
The value is shown in this question is cost-effectiveness of constructing a tank.

→ → → → → →
Q. Let a = 4^i + 5^j − k, ^ and →
^ b = ^i − 4^j + 5k ^ . Find a vector d which is perpendicular to both →
c = 3^i + ^j − k c and b and d ⋅ a = 21.

Solution

Given:
→
a = 4^i + 5^j − k
^
→
^ ^
b = i − 4 j + 5k^
→ ^ ^ ^
c = 3i + j − k
→ → →
It is given that vector d is perpendicular to both c and b .
⇒ → → →
d = λ ( c × b)

∣ ^i ^j^ ∣
k
∣ ∣
= λ∣3 1−1 ∣
∣ ∣
∣1 −45∣
= λ (^i (5 − 4) − ^j (15 + 1) + k
^ (−12 − 1))

= λ (^i − 16^j − 13k)

^
→
∴ d = λ (^i − 16^j − 13k)
^ ---(1)

It is given that,
→ →
d ⋅ a = 21
⇒ λ (^i − 16^j − 13k)
^ ⋅ (4^i + 5^j − k)
^ = 21

⇒ (λ i − 16λj − 13λk) ⋅ (4 i + 5j − k)
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ = 21

⇒ 4λ − 80λ + 13λ = 21

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⇒ −63λ = 21
⇒λ=− 21

⇒λ=−
63
1
3
Now, from (1),
→ −1
d = 3 (^i − 16^j − 13k) ^
→ −1
∴ d = 3 ^i + 16
3
^j + 13k
3
^

Q. Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets 1 or 2, she tosses a coin three times and notes the number of tails. If she gets 3, 4, 5 or 6, she tosses a
coin once and notes whether a ‘head’ or ‘tail’ is obtained. If she obtained exactly one ‘tail’, what is the probability that she threw 3, 4, 5 or 6
with the die?

Solution

Let E1 be the be the event that the girl gets 1 or 2.

⇒ P (E ) = 1
2
6
1
= 3
E2 be the be the event that the girl gets 3, 4, 5 or 6.
⇒ P (E ) = 2
4
6
= 32
Let A be the event that she obtained exactly one tail.
If she tossed a coin 3 times and exactly 1 tail showed up, then the total number of favorable outcomes = {T HH, HT H, HHT } = 3
⇒ P (A |E ) = 1
3
23
=
3
8
If she tossed the coin only once and exactly 1 tail showed up, the total number of favorable outcomes = 1
⇒ P (A |E 2) = 1
2
The probability that she threw 3, 4, 5 or 6 with the die, given that she got exactly one tail can be found as follows:
By Bayes' theorem,
P (E2 )P (A|E2 )
P (E2 |A ) =
P (E1 )P (A|E1 )+P (E2 )P (A|E2 )
1 2
×
2 3
= 3 1 1 2
× + ×
8 3 2 3
1
3
= 1 1
+
8 3
1
3
= 3+8
24

= 31 × 24
11
8
= 11
8
∴ P (E2 |A ) = 11

Q. Two numbers are selected at random (without replacement) from the first five positive integers. Let X denote the larger of the two numbers
obtained. Find the mean and variance of X.

Solution

Given:
We have to select two numbers at random (without replacement) from the first five positive integers.
Favourable event = X = larger of the two numbers obtained the selected numbers.
i.e., P (2) = Probability of getting 1 in first selection and Probability of getting 2 in second selection (OR) Probability of getting 2 in first selection
and Probability of getting 1 in second selection
i.e., P (2) = 51 × 41 + 51 × 41 = 2
20
1
= 10
Now for selecting 3 , there are in two ways. {(1, 3) , (2, 3)}
⇒ P (3) = 2
10
Similarly for 4, there are in three ways. {(1, 4) , (2, 4) , (3, 4)}
⇒ P (3) = 2
10
Similarly for 4, there are in three ways. {(1, 4) , (2, 4) , (3, 4)}
⇒ P (4) = 3
10
and similarly for 5, there are in four ways. {(1, 5) , (2, 5) , (3, 5) , (4, 5)}
⇒ P (5) = 4
10

X 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4
P (X) 10 10 10 10
2 6 12 20
X ⋅ P (X) 10 10 10 10
4 18 48 100
X 2 ⋅ P (X) 10 10 10 10
2 6 12 40
Mean (¯x)
¯¯ = ∑ X ⋅ P (X) =
10
+ 10 + 10 + 20
10
= 10 = 4 ---(1)
4 18 48 100 170
∑ X2 ⋅ P (X) = 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 = 10 = 17
2 2
(∑ X ⋅ P (X)) = 4 = 16
2
Variance (σ 2 ) = ∑ X 2 ⋅ P (X) − (∑ X ⋅ P (X))
= 17 − 16
=1
Therefore, the variance = 1

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Q. Let A = {x ∈ Z : 0 ≤ x ≤ 12}. Show that R = {(a, b) : a, b ∈ A, |a − b| is divisible by 4} is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all the elements
related to 1 also write equivalence class [2].

Solution

Given:
A = {x ∈ Z : 0 ≤ x ≤ 12}
R = {(a, b) : a, b ∈ A, |a − b| is divisible by 4}
Reflexive relation:
Since, |a − a| is divisible by 4, ∀a ∈ A
∴ (a, a) : a ∈ A
Therefore, R is reflexive relation.
Symmetric relation:
Let (a, b) ∈ R
|a − b| is divisible by 4, ∀a, b ∈ A
⇒ |b − a| is divisible by 4, ∀a, b ∈ A [Since, |a − b| = |b − a|
⇒ (b, a) ∈ R
Therefore, R is symmetric relation.
Transitive relation:
(a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R
|a − b| is divisible by 4, ∀a, b ∈ A
Let |b − c| is divisible by 4, ∀b, c ∈ A
i.e., |a − b| = ±4m, |b − c| = ±4n
⇒ |a − b + b − c| = ±4m ± 4n
⇒ |a − c| = 4 (m ± n)
⇒ |a − c| is divisible by 4, ∀a, b ∈ A
⇒ (a, c) ∈ R
Therefore, R is Transitive relation.
Therefore R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive relation.
Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
A = {x ∈ Z : 0 ≤ x ≤ 12}
Condition is A = {x ∈ Z : 0 ≤ x ≤ 12}
Set of elements related to 1 means, |1 − x| is divisible by 4.
So the required pairs are {(1, 5) , (1, 9)}
⇒ A = {1, 5, 9}
Set of elements related to class [2] means |2 − x| is divisible by 4.
So the required pairs are {(2, 6) , (2, 10)}
⇒ A = {2, 6, 10}

x
Q. Show that the function f : R → R defined by f (x) = , ∀x ∈ R is neither one-one nor onto. Also, if g : R → R defined as g (x) = 2x − 1, find fog (x)
x2 +1
.

Solution
x
Given function is f : R → R defined by f (x) = , ∀x ∈ R
x2 +1
one-one:
Since, the domain of the function is R.
1 1
f (1) = = 2
12 +1
1 1
f (−1) = = 2
(−1)2 +1

∴ f (1) = f (−1) but 1, −1 are different elements in domain R.

x
Therefore, f (x) = , ∀x ∈ R is not one-one.---(1)
x2 +1
Onto:
Let f (x) = y
x = f −1 (y)
x
Now, =y
x2 +1
put y = 1
⇒ x
x2 +1
=1
⇒x 2+1= x
⇒x 2 −x+1=0
Lets compare with ax2 + bx + c = 0
⇒ a = 1, b = −1 and c = 1
Δ = b2 − 4ac
⇒ Δ = (−1) 2
− 4 (1) (1)
⇒ Δ = −3
⇒Δ<0
i.e., roots are not real numbers.
x
Therefore, f (x) = , ∀x ∈ R is not onto.---(2)
x2 +1
It is given that, g (x) = 2x − 1, and g : R → R
fog (x)
= f [g (x)]
= f [2x − 1]

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 2x−1
=
(2x−1)2 +1
2x−1
=
4x2 −4x+1+1
2x−1
=
4x2 −4x+2
2x−1
∴ fog (x) = .
4x2 −4x+2

⎡
2 −3 5 ⎤
Q. If A = ⎢ 3 2 −4 ⎥ find A−1 . Use it to solve the system of equations
⎣
1 1 −2 ⎦
2x − 3y + 5z = 11
3x + 2y − 4z = −5
x + y − 2z = −3

Solution
Given:
⎡
2 −3 5 ⎤
A = ⎢ 3 2 −4 ⎥
⎣
1 1 −2 ⎦
∣ 2 −3 5 ∣
|A| = ∣∣ 3 2 −4 ∣∣
∣1 1 −2 ∣
= 2 (−4 + 4) − (−3) (−6 + 4) + 5 (3 − 2)
= 2 (0) + 3 (−2) + 5 (1)
= −6 + 5
= −1
∴ |A| = −1
⎡
+ (−4 + 4) − (−6 + 4) + (3 − 2) ⎤
Co-factors of A = ⎢ − (6 − 5) + (−4 − 5) − (2 + 3) ⎥
⎣
+ (12 − 10) − (−8 − 15) + (4 + 9) ⎦
⎡
0 2 1 ⎤
= ⎢ −1 −9 −5 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
2 23 13
T
0 2 1 ⎤
⇒ ⎡
adj A = ⎢ −1 −9 −5 ⎥
⎣
2 23 13 ⎦
0 −1 2 ⎤
⇒ ⎡
adj A = ⎢ 2 −9 23 ⎥
⎣
1 −5 13 ⎦
Now,
1
A−1 = adj A
|A|
0 −1 2 ⎤
⎡
1
A−1 = −1 ⎢ 2 −9 23 ⎥
⎣
1 −5 13 ⎦
0 1 −2 ⎤
⇒ ⎡
A−1 = ⎢ −2 9 −23 ⎥ ----(1)
⎣
−1 5 −13 ⎦
Now, given system of the equations are,
2x − 3y + 5z = 11
3x + 2y − 4z = −5
x + y − 2z = −3
Matrix form of these equations is AX = B
2 −3 5 ⎤ 11 ⎤ x⎤
⇒ ⎡
A = ⎢3 2
⎡ ⎡
−4 ⎥ , B = ⎢ −5 ⎥ and X = ⎢ y ⎥
⎣
1 1 −2 ⎦ ⎣
3 ⎦ ⎣
z
⎦

Since, AX = B
⇒X=A B −1

0 1 −2 ⎤ ⎡ 11 ⎤
⇒ X = −2 ⎡
⎢ 9 −23 ⎥ ⎢ −5 ⎥
⎣
−1 5 −13 ⎦ ⎣ −3 ⎦
(0 × 11 + 1 × (−5) − 2 × (−3)) ⎤
⇒
⎡

X = ⎢ (−2 × 11 + 9 × (−5) − 23 × (−3)) ⎥

⎣
(−1 × 11 + 5 × (−5) − 13 × (−3)) ⎦
0−5+6
⇒ ⎡
X = ⎢ −22 − 45 + 69 ⎥
⎤

⎣
(−11 − 25 + 39) ⎦
x⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤
⇒ ⎡
⎢y⎥ = ⎢2⎥
⎣
z⎦ ⎣3⎦
By comparing the corresponding elements,
x = 1, y = 2 and z = 3

Q. Using elementary row transformations, find the inverse of the matrix

⎡
1 2 3 ⎤
A=⎢ 2 5 7 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
−2 −4 −5

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Solution

⎡
1 2 3 ⎤
Given matrix is A = ⎢ 2 5 7 ⎥
⎣
−2 −4 −5 ⎦
Let
A = IA
⇒I=A −1 A ---(1)
Lets take A = IA
1 2 3 ⎤ ⎡1 0 0⎤⎡ 1 2 3 ⎤
⇒ ⎡
⎢ 2
⎣
5 7 ⎥ = ⎢0
⎦ ⎣
1 0⎥⎢ 2
⎦⎣
5 7 ⎥
⎦
−2 −4 −5 0 0 1 −2 −4 −5
R2 → R2 − 2R1
R3 → R3 + 2R1
1 2 3⎤ ⎡ 1 0 0⎤
⇒ ⎡
⎢0 1 1 ⎥ = ⎢ −2 1 0 ⎥ A
⎣
0 0 1⎦ ⎣ 2 0 1⎦
R1 → R1 − 2R2
1 0 1 ⎤ ⎡ 5 −2 0 ⎤
⇒ ⎡
⎢0 1 1 ⎥ = ⎢ −2 1 0 ⎥ A
⎣
0 0 1⎦ ⎣ 2 0 1⎦
R1 → R1 − R3
R1 → R2 − R3
1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 3 −2 −1 ⎤
⇒ ⎡
⎢0 1 0 ⎥ = ⎢ −4 1 −1 ⎥ A ---(2)
⎣
0 0 1⎦ ⎣ 2 0 1 ⎦
By comparing (1) and (2),
⎡
3 −2 −1 ⎤
A−1 = ⎢ −4 1 −1 ⎥
⎣
2 0 1 ⎦

Q. Using integration, find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the x-axis, the line y = x and the circle x2 + y 2 = 32.

Solution

The equation of circle is

x2 + y 2 = 32 -----------------------------------------(1)
and the equation of line is
y = x -----------------------------------------------------(2)
Lets evaluate the point where circle and the line are intersecting,
On substituting y = x from eq(2) in eq (1), we get
⇒ x + x = 32
2 2

⇒ 2x = 32
2

⇒x =2 32

⇒ x = 16
2
2

⇒ x = √16
⇒x=4
From (2),
y=4
So, point of intersection of circle x2 + y 2 = 32 and y = x is (4, 4) in first quadrant.

Now, the required area of the region AOBA included between these two curves above x-axis is
Area of region AOBA,
4 √
= ∫0 yline dx + ∫4 32 ycircle dx
4 √
= ∫0 xdx + ∫4 32 (√32 − x2 ) dx
4 2
x2 √
= ( 2) + ∫4 32 √(√32) − x2 dx
0

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 √32
32
= (8) + ( 2x√32 − x2 + −1 x
2 sin ( √32))
4
= (8) + (0 + 16 × π2 − (2√16 + 16 sin−1 ( )))
√32
−1 1
= 8 + 8π − 8 − 16 sin ( )
√2
π
= 8π − 16 × 4
= 8π − 4π
= 4π
Therefore, the area of the required region is 4π sq. units.

Q. Evaluate:
π
sin x+cos x
∫04 16+9 sin 2xdx

Solution
π
sin x+cos x
To evaluate: ∫04 16+9 sin 2xdx
π
4 sin x+cos x
∫0 16+9 sin 2x
dx
π
4 sin x+cos x
= ∫0 16+9(1+sin 2x−1)dx
π
sin x+cos x
= ∫04 dx
16+9(1+2 sin x cos x−(sin2 x+cos2 x))
π
sin x+cos x
= ∫0 4
dx
16+9(1−(sin2 x+cos2 x−2 sin x cos x))
π
sin x+cos x
= ∫04 dx ---(1)
16−9(1−(sin x−cos x)2 )

Now, Put sin x − cos x = t

⇒ (sin x − cos x) =
d dt

⇒ (cos x + sin x) dx = dt
dx dx

and
If x = 0 then t = sin 0 − cos 0 = −1
π
If x = 4
then t = sin π
4
− cos π
4
=0
π
sin x+cos x
Now, from (1), ∫04 dx
16+9(1−(sin x−cos x)2 )
0 1
= ∫−1 dt
16+9(1−t2 )
0 1
= ∫−1 dt
16−9t2 +9
0
= ∫−1 1 2dt
25−9t
0
= ∫−1 2 1 dt
5 −(3t)2
1 5+3t 0 1 1 a+x
= [ 2(5)(3)log∣∣ 5−3t∣∣] , [∵ ∫ dx = 2a
log∣∣ a−x∣∣ + C]
−1 a2 −x2
1 5+3t 0
= [ 30log∣∣ 5−3t∣∣]
−1
1 5+3(0) 1 5+3(−1)
= [ 30log∣∣ 5−3(0)∣∣] − [ 30log∣∣ 5−3(−1)∣∣]
1 1 1
= [ 30log|1|] − [ 30log∣∣ 4∣∣]
1 1
= 0 − log∣∣ ∣∣30 4
1
= − 30[log 1 − log 4]
1
= − 30 [0 − log 4]
1
= 30
log 22
2
= 30
log 2
1
= 15
log 2
π
sin x+cos x 1
∴ ∫04 16+9 sin 2xdx = 15
log 2

3
Q. Evaluate ∫1 (x2 + 3x + ex ) dx as the limit of the sum.

Solution
3
Given integral function is ∫1 (x2 + 3x + ex ) dx
2 x
Here, f (x) = x + 3x + e
a = 1, b = 3
b−a
h=
⇒
n
3−1
h= n
⇒ h= n2

Now, limit of the sum

I =lim
h→0 h [f (1) + f (1 + h) + f (1 + 2h) +. . . . . . +f (1 + (n − 1) h)]
2 (1+h) + (1 + 2h)2 + 3 (1 + 2h) + e(2+h) +. . . . . .
=lim 2 1
h→0 h [1 + 3 (1) + e + (1 + h) + 3 (1 + h) + e

2
+(1 + (n − 1) h) + 3 (1 + (n − 1) h) + e(1+(n−1)h) ]

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 2
=lim 2 2 2 2
h→0 h [4 + e + (n − 1) .1 + h (1 + 2 + 3 +. . . . +(n − 1) ) + 2h (1 + 2 + 3 + (n − 1)) + 3 (n − 1)

+ 3h (1 + 2 + 3 + (n − 1)) + (e1+h + e1+2h +. . . . +e1+(n−1)h )]

2 (n−1)(n−2)(2n−3) (n−1)n (n−1)n eh (eh(n−1) −1)

=lim
h→0 n
[4n + e + h2 ( 6
) + 2h ( 2
) + 3h ( 2
) + e( )]
eh −1
2
2 e2 3 5.4 n2 −n 2
=lim
h→∞ 4n. n + n
+ 83( 2n6 ...) + ( 2 ) +e n+1 [e n(n−1) − 1]
n n2
8 2
= 8 + 3 + 10 + e (e − 1)
62
= 3
+ e3 − e
62
∴ I = 3 + e3 − e

→
Q. Find the distance of the point P (−1, −5, −10) from the point of intersection of the line r = 2^i − ^j + 2k
^ + λ (3^i + 4^j + 2k)
^ and the plane
→ ^ ^ ^
r ⋅ ( i − j + k) = 5.

Solution

Given that,
Coordinates of the point, P (−1, −5, −10)
→
Equation of the line, r = 2^i − ^j + 2k
^ + λ (3^i + 4^j + 2k)
^ -----------------------------------(1)
→ ^ ^ ^
Equation of the plane, r ⋅ ( i − j + k) = 5 -----------------------------------------------------------(2)
From eq (1),
→
r = 2^i − ^j + 2k
^ + λ (3^i + 4^j + 2k)
^

⇒ →
r = (2 + 3λ) ^i + (−1 + 4λ) ^j + (2 + 2λ) k
^ ----------------------------------------------------(3)
→
For point of intersection line and plane, the point r satisfy the equation of plane.
⇒ [(2 + 3λ) ^i + (−1 + 4λ) ^j + (2 + 2λ) k]
^ ⋅ (^i − ^j + k)
^ =5

⇒ (3λ + 2) − (4λ − 1) + (2λ + 2) = 5

⇒ 3λ + 2 − 4λ + 1 + 2λ + 2 = 5
⇒ λ=0
On substituting λ = 0 in Eq (3), we get
→
r = (2 + 0) ^i + (−1 + 0) ^j + (2 + 0) k
^ = 2^i − ^j + 2k
^
Thus, intersection point of the line and the plane is Q (2, −1, 2).
We know that the distance between two points is given as
2 2 2
d = √(x2 − x1 ) + (y2 − y1 ) + (z2 − z1 ) ]
Lets evaluate the distance between the points P and Q
2 2 2
P Q = √(2 + 1) + (−1 + 5) + (2 + 10)
= √32 + 42 + 122
= √9 + 16 + 144
= √144 + 25
= √169
= 13 units
Hence, the required distance is 13 units.

Q. A factory manufactures two types of screws A and B, each type requiring the use of two machines, an automatic and a hand-operated. It
takes 4 minutes on the automatic and 6 minutes on the hand-operated machines to manufacture a packet of screws ‘A’ while it takes 6 minutes
on the automatic and 3 minutes on the hand-operated machine to manufacture a packet of screws ‘B’. Each machine is available for at most 4
hours on any day. The manufacturer can sell a packet of screws ‘A’ at a profit of 70 paise and screws ‘B’ at a profit of ₹ 1 . Assuming that he can
sell all the screws he manufactures, how many packets of each type should the factory owner produce in a day in order to maximize his profit ?
Formulate the above LPP and solve it graphically and find the maximum profit.

Solution

Let the number of packets of screw A be x.

The number of packets of screw B be y.
Item Number Machine A Machine B Profit

screw A x 4 min 6 min 7 paise = ₹ 0.7

screw B y 6 min 3 min ₹1

Maximum time
4 hours = 240 min 4 hours = 240 min
available
From the table,
4x + 6y ≤ 240 ---(1)
6x + 3y ≤ 240 ---(2)
Maximum profit (Z) = 0.7x + y
and both variables should be positive.
⇒ x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 ---(3)
Now draw the graph for above inequations

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From the graph,
Corner points are A (0, 40) , B (30, 20) and C (4, 0)
Now the maximum profit is (Z) = 0.7x + y
ZA(0, 40) = 0.7 (0) + 40 = 40 ---(4)
ZB(30, 20) = 0.7 (30) + 20 = 41---(5)
ZA(40, 0) = 0.7 (40) + 40 = 68---(6)
From the above equations,
Maximum profit = ₹ 41 ----(i)
Maximum profit of LPP at B (30, 20)
i.e., The number of packets of screw A are 30.
The number of packets of screw B are 20.

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