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Engineering Materials

The document provides an overview of engineering materials, their properties, and classifications, emphasizing the importance of material selection in manufacturing processes. It details various material properties including physical, chemical, thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties, along with classifications such as metallic, nonmetallic, and composite materials. Additionally, it discusses specific types of materials like steel, cast iron, aluminum, and plastics, along with their characteristics and applications.

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mahmoudelhelbawy015
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2 views

Engineering Materials

The document provides an overview of engineering materials, their properties, and classifications, emphasizing the importance of material selection in manufacturing processes. It details various material properties including physical, chemical, thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties, along with classifications such as metallic, nonmetallic, and composite materials. Additionally, it discusses specific types of materials like steel, cast iron, aluminum, and plastics, along with their characteristics and applications.

Uploaded by

mahmoudelhelbawy015
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ENGINEERING MATERIALS

Engineering materials used to manufacture of products, dictates which


manufacturing process or processes are to be used to provide the
desired shape. Sometimes, it is possible to use more than one
manufacturing processes, then the best possible process must be
utilized in manufacture of product.

The basic knowledge of engineering materials and


their properties is of great significance for a design
and manufacturing engineers
Properties of Materials

The various engineering material properties are


given as under.
1. Physical properties
2. Chemical properties
3. Thermal properties
4. Electrical properties
5. Magnetic properties
6. Optical properties, and
7- Mechanical Properties
Mechanical Properties

Describe how the material


responds to an applied force

The ability of a material to withstand pulling


forces or tension forces Tensile strength

The ability of a material to withstand Compressive strength


squeezing forces or compression forces

The ability of a material to withstand twisting forces Torsional properties

The ability of a material to withstand being scratched Hardness

A measure of how much energy is required to Toughness


break a material

It is the ability to resist bending deformation Stiffness

It is the ability to be elongated Ductility

It is the ability to be resist fracture or Brittleness


deformation
Engineering Tensile strength
materials\Tensil
e Test.mp4
Stress & Strain curve
Material Classification

Metallic Composite Nonmetallic

Organic
Ferrous Nonferrous
Inorganic
(Contain Iron) (Contain no Iron)

Cast Iron Alloy steel Steel Aluminum


Copper
White Low Carbon steel
Brass
Grey Medium Carbon steel
Magnesium
Malleable High Carbon Steel
Nickel Silver
Ductile
Sterling Silver
Steel

Dead Carbon steel


It possesses very Low Carbon steel
low percentage of
carbon varying
Do not contain enough
from 0.05 to
0.15%. It has a
carbon to be hardened Medium Carbon steel
tensile strength of
(less than 0.3%). They High Carbon Steel
are relatively soft, They
390 N/mm2 and a Contain 0.3 to 0.6
are easy to machine, Are sometimes called
hardness of about percent carbon. They
weld and form. Mild TOOL STEELS. They
115 BHN. are good for projects
steel are available as that need machining contain 0.6 to 1.00
rod, bars, strips and percent carbon. These
sheets. steels are used to make
tools because they can
be heat-treated.

Stainless steel: All true steel contain a minimum of about 12%Cr,


which permits a thin, protective surface layer of chromium oxide to
form when the steel is exposed to oxygen
Effect of carbon on properties of steel
Alloy steel

For improving the properties of ordinary steel, certain


alloying elements are added in it in sufficient amounts. The
most common alloying elements added to steel are chromium,
nickel, manganese, silicon, vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten,
phosphorus, copper, that the titanium, zirconium, cobalt,
columbium, and aluminum.
Availability of steel in market
Steel are available in market in various rolled forms like
sheets, plates, strips, rods, beams, channels, angles, tees
etc.
Cast Iron
The carbon content in cast iron varies from 1.7% to 4.67%. It also
contains small amounts of silicon, manganese, phosphorus and
sulphur in form of impurities elements.

Cast iron is very brittle and weak in tension


The cast iron is classified as follows:
(a) Grey cast iron, (b) White cast iron, (c) Malleable cast iron, (e) Nodular cast
iron, and d) Alloy cast iron.

Grey cast iron


Grey cast iron is grey in color which is due to the carbon being principally in the form
of graphite (C in free form in iron). It contains:
C = 2.5 to 3.8%. , Si = 1.1 to 2.8 %, Mn = 0.4 to 1.0%, P = less than 0.15%
S = less than 0.1% ,Fe = Remaining
It is produced in cupola furnace by refining or pig iron.
Nonferrous (Contain no Iron)
Is a term used to identify an entire family of metals
Aluminum (there are over 100 different aluminum alloys).
Aluminum is similar to silver in color, but has bluish tint. It
is lighter weight than steel. It melts at about 1200oF
(649oC)

Copper is an easily-worked metal. It is reddish brown in


Copper color and melts at 1981oF (1083oC). Much copper is used
in electric wiring and in electric motors.

Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Color depends


upon the percentage of zinc the brass contains. Brass is
Brass easy to shape, cut, etch, solder, electroplate and
chemically color.

or German silver, is used as a substitute silver in


Nickel Silver inexpensive jewelry. It is a copper base alloy with
varying quantities of nickel and zinc.
Nonmetallic

Organic Inorganic

Plastic Mineral

Wood Cement

Paper Glass

Rubber Ceramics

Leather Graphite

Petroleum
Plastic properties

Today of course, numerous different plastics are available. Some are still
made from natural materials (such as cellulose from plants), but
most are made entirely from chemical obtained from crude oil. It is the
job of the plastics manufacturer to convert these chemical into plastics.

Plastic will deform under pressure, and retain the ‘new


shape’ when the pressure is removed.

Polymers
In Greek terminology, the term polymer comprises ‘poly’ means
‘many’ and ‘mers’ means ‘parts’. Thus, the term, polymer represents
a substance built up of several repeating units, each unit being
known as a monomer.

Thermoplastic Thermosetting
Thermoplastic

Those plastics which can be easily softened again and


again by heating are called thermoplastic. They can be
reprocessed safely. They retain their plasticity at high
temperature, i.e. they preserve an ability to be
repeatedly formed by heat and pressure.

Thermosetting
Those plastics which are hardened by heat, effecting a
non-reversible chemical change, are called thermo-
setting. Alternatively these plastics materials acquire
a permanent shape when heated and pressed and
thus cannot be easily softened by reheating.
Ceramics
Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic
elements: they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides.
The wide range of materials that falls within this classification includes
ceramics that are composed of clay minerals, cement, and glass.
These materials are typically isolative to the passage of electricity and heat
and are more resistant to high temperature. With regard to mechanical
behavior, ceramics are hard but very brittle.

Composite Materials
Composed materials are mixtures of two or more materials. Most
composite materials consist of a selected filler or reinforcing materials
and a compatible resin binder to obtain the specific characteristics and
properties desired. Composite can be of many types. Some of the
predominant types are fibrous (composite of fibers in a matrix) and
particulate (composite of particles in a matrix). There are many
different combinations of reinforcements and matrices used to produce
composite materials.
Electronic materials
Electronic material are not a major type of material by volume but are an
extremely important type of materials for advanced engineering
technology. The most important electronic material is pure silicon
which is modified in various ways to change its electrical characteristics.
Microelectronic devices have made possible such new products as
communication satellites, advanced computer, digital watches, etc.

Biomaterials
Biomaterials are employed in components implanted into the
human body for replacement of diseased or damaged body parts.
These materials must not produce toxic substance and must be
compatible with body tissues (i.e., must not cause adverse biological
reaction). All of the above materials-metals, ceramics, polymers,
composites and semiconductors-may be used as biomaterials.

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