UNIT-I

TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS
PART-A
1. What are the parameters and statistics in sampling
Sol:
  mean
Parameters →  of population
  S .D 

x  mean
Statistics →  of sample
s  S .D 

2. What are null & Alternative hypothesis?

Sol:
Null Hypothesis
The Statistical hypothesis that is set up for testing a hypothesis is known as null
hypothesis .This hypothesis states that there is no difference between sample statistics
and population parameter and denoted by H0
Alternative Hypothesis
Any hypothesis which is complementary to the null hypothesis is called an
alternative hypothesis, usually.

3. Define Type I and Type II errors in taking a decision.

Sol:
Type I Error:
It is the error of rejecting null hypothesis H0,when it is true .
Type II Error:
It is the error of accepting the Null hypothesis H0 ,when it is false.

4. Mention the various steps involved in testing of hypothesis.

Sol:
(i) Set up a null hypothesis H0.
(ii) Set up the alternative hypothesis H1.
(iii) Compute the test statistic.
(iv) Select the appropriate level of significance α.
(v) Find the critical value at given level of significance.
(vi) Compare the calculated value with the critical value.

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5. The heights of college students in Chennai are normally distributed with standard
deviation 6 cm and sample of 100 students had their mean height158 cm. Test the
hypothesis that the mean height of college students in Chennai is 160 cm at 1% level
of significance.
Solu:
Null hypothesis H0: =160
Alternative hypothesis H1: ≠160
x 158  160
z   3.33
 6
n 100
z cal  3.33
Tabulated zα at 1 % level of significance is 2.58.
Conclusion: z cal  3.33 > ztab=2.58, we reject H0 at 1 % level of significance.

6. A coin is tossed 400 times and it turns up head 216 times. Discuss whether the coin
may be unbiased one at 5% level of significance.
Sol:
1 1 1
Given n=400, P= , Q=1-P= 1 − = .
2 2 2
X= Number of success
= 216
(i) .The parameter of interest is P.
(ii) . H0: The coin is unbiased.
(iii) nH1: The coin is biased.
𝑥−𝑛𝑃
(iv) Test statistic 𝑧 = .
√𝑛𝑃𝑄
1
216−4002 16
𝑧= = = 1.6
1
√400( )( )
1 10
2 2

(v) Level of significance α=0.05.

(vi) Critical value of z=1.96 at 5% level of significance.
z cal  1.6  ztab=1.96. So we accept H0 at 1 % level of significance is 2.58.

7. What is the assumption of t-test.

Sol:
(i) The parent population from which is drawn is normal.
(ii) The sample observation are independent are that is sample random.
(iii) The population standard deviation  is unknown.
(iv) Sample size n<30.

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8. What are the applications of t-distribution.
Sol:
1. To test the significance of the difference of the mean of a random sample and
the mean of the population.
2. To test the significance of the difference between the two sample.
9. Write the applications of F-Test.
(i) To test whether there is any significant difference between two estimates
of population variance.
(ii) To test if the two samples have come from the same population.
10. Define Chi-square test for goodness of fit.
Sol:
The Chi-square test written as the symbol 2 is an useful measure of comparing
experimently obtained results with those expected theoretically and based on the
hypothesis.

Chi-square test statistic of goodness of fit isdefined   

2 O  E 2 ,where O is
E
the observed frequency and E the expected frequency.
11. What are the conditions for the validity of 2 test.
Sol:
(i) The sample observation should be independent.
(ii) Constrains on the cell frequencies, if any, must be linear.
(iii) N, the total frequency, should be atleast 50.
(iv) No theoretical cell frequency should be less than 5.
12. State the applications of 2 test.
Sol:
(i) To test the gooness of fit
(ii) To test the independence of attributes.
(iii) To test the homogeneous of independent of estimation.
(iv) To test the population variance….etc.

13. Give the formula for the 2 test of independence for a b

c d
Sol:
A B Total
A a b a+b
B c d c+d
Total a+c b+d N

N (ad  bc)
2 
(a  b)(c  d )( a  c)( a  d )

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 PART-B
Z – Test:[for Large Sample n>30]
Single Mean:
1. A sample of 900 members has a mean 3.4 cm and standard deviation 2.61 cm. Is the
sample from a large population of mean 3.25 cms and standard deviation of 2.61 cms?
(Test at 5% level of significance. The value of z at 5% level is |𝑧|∝ < 1.96.
[ Pg. No.: 1.32; Eg.: 1.2a(4)]

Difference of Means:
1. The means of two large samples of 1000 and 2000 members are 67.5 inches and 68.0
inches respectively. Can the samples be regarded as drawn from the same
population of standard deviation 2.5 inches?
[Question Bank: Pg. No.: 84; Q.No.: 11 b (i)]
2. A mathematics test was given to 50 girls and 75 boys. The girls made an average grade of
75 with a SD of 6, while boys made an average grade of 82 with a SD of 2. Test whether
there is any significant difference between the performance of boys and girls.
[Question Bank: Pg. No.: 98; Q.No.: 11 b (i)]

Single Proportions:
1. A dice is thrown 400 times and a throw of 3 or 4 is observed 150 times. Test the
hypothesis that the dice is fair. [Question Bank: Pg. No.: 82; Q.No.: 11 a (i)]

Difference of Proportions:
1. Before an increase in excise duty on tea, 800 persons out of a sample of 1, 000 persons
were found to be tea drinkers. After an increase in duty, 800 people were tea drinkers in a
sample of 1, 200 people. Using standard error of proportion, state whether there is a
significant decrease in the consumption of tea after the increase in excise duty?
[Question Bank: Pg. No.: 4; Q.No.: 11 a (ii)]
2. A machine produces 16 imperfect articles in a sample of 500. After machine is
overhauled, it produced 3 imperfect articles in a batch of 100. Has the machine been
improved? [ Question Bank: Pg. No.: 29; Q.No.: 11 a (i)]
3. In a random sample of 1000 people A, 400 are found to be consumers of wheat. In a
sample of 800 from city B, 400 are found to be consumers of wheat. Does this data give a
significant difference between the two cities as far as the proportion of wheat consumers
is cocerned? [ Question Bank: Pg. No.: 45; Q.No.: 11 a (i)]

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 t – Test: [for Small Samplesv n ≤ 30]

Single Mean:
1. The heights of 10 males of a given locality are found to be 70, 67, 62, 68, 61, 68, 70, 64,
64, 66 inchesw. Is it reasonable to believe that the average height is greater than 64
inches? [Question Bank: Pg. No.: 47; Q.No.: 11 b (i)]
2. Sandal powder is packed into packes by a machine. A random sample of 12 packets is
drawn and their weight are found to be (in kg) 0.49, 0.48, 0.47, 0.48, 0.49, 0.50, 0.51,
0.49, 0.48, 0.50, 0.51, and 0.48. Test if the average weight of the packing can be taken as
0.5 kg at 5% level of significance.
[Question Bank: Pg. No.: 1.27; Q.No.: B1]
3. A random sample of 10 boys had the following I.Q’s:70, 120, 110, 101, 88, 83, 95, 98,
107, 100. Test the population mean I.Q may be 100.
[Pg. No.: 1.82; Eg.: 1.3.a(5)]

Difference of Means:
1. Examine whether the difference in the variability in yields is significant at 5% level of
signification for the following :

Set of 40 plots Set of 60 plots

Mean Yield per plot 1258 1243
S.D per plot 34 28
[Question Bank: Pg. No.: 30; Q.No.: 11 a (ii)]
2. Test if the difference in the means is significant for the following data:
Sample I 76 68 70 43 94 68 33
Sample II 40 48 92 85 70 76 68 22
[Question Bank: Pg. No.: 1.40; Q.No.: B10]
3. Two random samples gave the following results:
Sample Size Sample mean Sum of Squares of deviation
from the mean
1 10 15 90
2 12 14 108

Test whether the samples have come from the same normal population
[Question Bank: Pg. No.: 85; Q.No.: 11 b (ii)]

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 F – Test:
Equality of Variance:
1. A group of 10 rats fed on diet A and another group of 8 rats fed on diet B, recorded the
following increase in weight
Diet A 5 6 8 1 12 4 3 9 6 10
Diet B 2 3 6 8 10 1 2 8
Test the hypothesis that the sampled have same populations with equal variances at
5% level of significance. [Question Bank: Pg. No.: 1.76; Q.No.: B2]
2. Test whether there is any significant difference between the variances of the population
from which the following samples are taken:
Sample I 20 16 26 27 23 22
Sample II 27 33 42 35 32 34 38
[Question Bank: Pg. No.: 97; Q.No.: 11 a (ii)]

Chi Square - test:

Single Variance:
1. A random sample of size 25 from a population gives the sample standard deviation 8.5.
Test the hypothesis that the population S.D is 10. [Pg. No.: 1.102; Eg: 1.4.a(1)].
2. Test the hypothesis that =10, given that s=15 for a random sample of size 50 from a
normal population. [Pg. No.: 1.103; Eg: 1.4.a(2)].

Goodness of Fit:
1. The following data gives the number of aircraft accidents that occurred during the various
days of a week. Find whether the accidents are uniformly distributed over the week.
Days Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
No. of Accidents 14 16 8 12 11 9 14
[Question Bank: Pg. No.: 32; Q.No.: 11 b (ii)]
2. 4 coins were tossed 160 times and the following results were obtained:
No. of heads: 0 1 2 3 4
Observed frequencies: 17 52 54 31 6
Under the assumption that the coins are unbiased, find the expected frequencies of getting
0, 1, 2, 3, 4 heads and test the goodness of fit.
[Question Bank: Pg. No.: 46; Q.No.: 11 a (ii)]
3. Theory predicts that the proportion of beans in four groups A, B, C, D should be 9: 3: 3:
1. In an experiment among 1600 beans, the numbers in the four groups were 882, 313,
287 and 118. Does the experiment support the theory?
[Question Bank: Pg. No.: 83; Q.No.: 11 a (ii)]

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Independence of attributes:
1. Out of 8000 graduates in a town 800 are females, out of 1600 graduate employees 120
are females. Use chi square to determine if any distinction is made in appointment on the
basis of sex. Value of chi square at 5% level for one degree of freedom is 3.84.
[Question Bank: Pg. No.: 5; Q.No.: 11 b (i)]
2. Test the fidelity and selectivity of 190 radio receivers produced the results shown in the
following table:
Fidelity
Selectivity Low Average High
Low 6 12 32
Average 33 61 18
Hifh 13 15 0
Use the 0.01 level of significance to test whether there is a relationship between fidility
and selectivity. [Question Bank: Pg. No.: 48; Q.No.: 11 b (ii)]
3. Two sample polls of votes for two candidates A and B for a public office are taken one
form among residents of rural areas. The results ate given below. Examine whether the
nature of the area is related to voting preference in the election.

Area / Votes for A B Total

Rural 620 380 1000
Urban 550 450 1000
Total 1170 830 2000
[Question Bank: Pg. No.: 61; Q.No.: 11 a (i)]