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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) When a rigid body rotates about a fixed axis, all the points in the body have the same 1)
A) tangential speed.
B) linear displacement.
C) centripetal acceleration.
D) angular acceleration.
E) tangential acceleration.

2) A horizontal disk rotates about a vertical axis through its center. Point P is midway 2)
between the center and the rim of the disk, and point Q is on the rim. If the disk turns
with constant angular velocity, which of the following statements about it are true?
(There may be more than one correct choice.)
A) The linear acceleration of P is twice as great as the linear acceleration of Q.
B) Q is moving twice as fast as P.
C) The linear acceleration of Q is twice as great as the linear acceleration of P.
D) The angular velocity of Q is twice as great as the angular velocity of P.
E) P and Q have the same linear acceleration.

3) As you are leaving a building, the door opens outward. If the hinges on the door are on 3)
your right, what is the direction of the angular velocity of the door as you open it?
A) to your right
B) forwards
C) up
D) down
E) to your left

4) When you ride a bicycle, in what direction is the angular velocity of the wheels? 4)
A) backwards
B) forwards
C) up
D) to your right
E) to your left

5) A dumbbell-shaped object is composed by two equal masses, m, connected by a rod of 5)

negligible mass and length r. If I1 is the moment of inertia of this object with respect to
an axis passing through the center of the rod and perpendicular to it and I2 is the
moment of inertia with respect to an axis passing through one of the masses, it follows
that
A) I1 > I2. B) I2 > I1. C) I1 = I2.

1
 6) A turbine blade rotates with angular velocity ω(t) = 2.00 rad/s - 2.1.00 rad/s3 t2. What 6)
is the angular acceleration of the blade at t = 9.10 s?
A) -36.2 rad/s2
B) -19.1 rad/s2
C) -86.0 rad/s2
D) -172 rad/s2
E) -38.2 rad/s2

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

7) The angular velocity of a 755-g wheel 15.0 cm in diameter is given by the 7)

equation ω(t) = (2.00 rad/s 2)t + (1.00 rad/s4)t3.
(a) Through how many radians does the wheel turn during the first 2.00 s of its
motion?
(b) What is the angular acceleration (in rad/s2) of the wheel at the end of the
first 2.00 s of its motion?

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

8) The angular acceleration of a wheel is given in rad/s2 by 45t3 - 11t 4, where t is in 8)

seconds. If the wheel starts from rest at t = 0.00 s, when is the next time the wheel is at
rest?
A) 8.4 s B) 3.6 s C) 6.9 s D) 5.1 s

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

9) A 1.15-kg grinding wheel 22.0 cm in diameter is spinning counterclockwise at a 9)

rate of 20.0 revolutions per second. When the power to the grinder is turned off,
the grinding wheel slows with constant angular acceleration and takes 80.0 s to
come to a rest.
(a) What was the angular acceleration (in rad/s2) of the grinding wheel as it
came to rest if we take a counterclockwise rotation as positive?
(b) How many revolutions did the wheel make during the time it was coming to
rest?

10) A 3.45-kg centrifuge takes 100 s to spin up from rest to its final angular speed 10)
with constant angular acceleration. A point located 8.00 cm from the axis of
rotation of the centrifuge moves with a speed of 150 m/s when the centrifuge is
at full speed.
(a) What is the angular acceleration (in rad/s2) of the centrifuge as it spins up?
(b) How many revolutions does the centrifuge make as it goes from rest to its
final angular speed?

2
 11) When a 2.75-kg fan, having blades 18.5 cm long, is turned off, its angular speed 11)
decreases uniformly from 10.0 rad/s to 6.30 rad/s in 5.00 s.
(a) What is the magnitude of the angular acceleration of the fan?
(b) Through what angle (in degrees) does it turn while it is slowing down
during the 5.00 s?
(c) If its angular acceleration does not change, how long after it is turned off
does it take the fan to stop.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

12) A 4.50-kg wheel that is 34.5 cm in diameter rotates through an angle of 13.8 rad as it 12)
slows down uniformly from 22.0 rad/s to 13.5 rad/s. What is the magnitude of the
angular acceleration of the wheel?
A) 111 rad/s2
B) 10.9 rad/s2
C) 22.5 rad/s2
D) 0.616 rad/s2
E) 5.45 rad/s2

13) A machinist turns the power on to a grinding wheel, which is at rest at time t = 0.00 s. 13)
The wheel accelerates uniformly for 10 s and reaches the operating angular velocity of
25 rad/s. The wheel is run at that angular velocity for 37 s and then power is shut off.
The wheel decelerates uniformly at 1.5 rad/s2 until the wheel stops. In this situation, the
time interval of angular deceleration (slowing down) is closest to
A) 19 s. B) 15 s. C) 21 s. D) 23 s. E) 17 s.

14) In the figure, point P is at rest when it is on the x-axis. The linear speed of point P when 14)
it reaches the y-axis is closest to

A) 0.71 B) 0.24 C) 0.49 D) 0.35 E) 0.18

m/s. m/s. m/s. m/s. m/s.

3
 15) In the figure, point P is at rest when it is on the x-axis. The time t, when P returns to the 15)
original position on the x-axis, is closest to

A) 25 s. B) 18 s. C) 50 s. D) 13 s. E) 35 s.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

16) A 1.25-kg ball begins rolling from rest with constant angular acceleration down 16)
a hill. If it takes 3.60 s for it to make the first complete revolution, how long will
it take to make the next complete revolution?

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

17) A piece of thin uniform wire of mass m and length 3b is bent into an equilateral triangle. 17)
Find the moment of inertia of the wire triangle about an axis perpendicular to the plane
of the triangle and passing through one of its vertices.
7 1 2 1 7
A) mb 2 B) mb 2 C) mb2 D) mb2 E) mb2
12 2 3 3 4

18) A slender uniform rod 100.00 cm long is used as a meter stick. Two parallel axes that 18)
are perpendicular to the rod are considered. The first axis passes through the 50-cm
mark and the second axis passes through the 30-cm mark. What is the ratio of the
moment of inertia through the second axis to the moment of inertia through the first
axis?
A) I2/I1 = 2.1
B) I2/I1 = 2.3
C) I2/I1 = 1.5
D) I2/I1 = 1.7
E) I2/I1 = 1.9

19) A uniform solid sphere has a moment of inertia I about an axis tangent to its surface. 19)
What is the moment of inertia of this sphere about an axis through its center?
A) 7/5 I B) 2/5 I C) 2/7 I D) 1/7 I E) 3/5 I

4
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

20) In the figure, a weightlifter's barbell consists of two identical uniform spherical 20)
masses each with radius 0.17 m and mass of 50 kg. The weights are connected
by a 0.96-m uniform steel rod with a mass of 12 kg. Find the moment of inertia
of the barbell about the axis through the center (see figure).

21) An extremely light rod 1.00 m long has a 2.00-kg mass attached to one end and 21)
a 3.00-kg mass attached to the other. The system rotates at a constant angular
speed about a fixed axis perpendicular to the rod that passes through the rod
30.0 cm from the end with the 3.00-kg mass attached. The kinetic energy of the
system is measured to be 100.0 J.
(a) What is the moment of inertia of this system about the fixed axis?
(b) What is the angular speed (in revolutions per second) of this system?

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

22) A uniform solid sphere of mass M and radius R rotates with an angular speed ω about 22)
an axis through its center. A uniform solid cylinder of mass M, radius R, and length 2R
rotates through an axis running through the central axis of the cylinder. What must be
the angular speed of the cylinder so it will have the same rotational kinetic energy as the
sphere?
A) ω/ 5 B) 2ω/ 5 C) 2ω/5 D) 4ω/5 E) 2/5 ω

23) While spinning down from 500.0 rpm to rest, a solid uniform flywheel does 5.1 kJ of 23)
work. If the radius of the disk is 1.2 m, what is its mass?
A) 6.8 kg B) 4.4 kg C) 5.2 kg D) 6.0 kg

24) At any angular speed, a certain uniform solid sphere of diameter D has half as much 24)
rotational kinetic energy as a certain uniform thin-walled hollow sphere of the same
diameter when both are spinning about an axis through their centers. If the mass of the
solid sphere is M, the mass of the hollow sphere is
A) 5/3 M. B) 5/6 M. C) 3/5 M. D) 6/5 M. E) 2 M.

5
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

25) A futuristic design for a car is to have a large solid disk-shaped flywheel within 25)
the car storing kinetic energy. The uniform flywheel has mass 370 kg with a
radius of 0.500 m and can rotate up to 230 rev/s. Assuming all of this stored
kinetic energy could be transferred to the linear velocity of the 1600-kg car, find
the maximum attainable speed of the car.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

26) In the figure, two blocks, of masses 2.00 kg and 3.00 kg, are connected by a light string 26)
that passes over a frictionless pulley of moment of inertia 0.00400 kg • m2 and radius
5.00 cm. The coefficient of friction for the tabletop is 0.300. The blocks are released
from rest. Using energy methods, find the speed of the upper block just as it has moved
0.600 m.

A) 1.22 B) 1.40 C) 3.19 D) 5.44 E) 1.95

m/s m/s m/s m/s m/s

6
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED9

1) D
2) B, C
3) D
4) E
5) B
6) E
7) (a) 8.00 rad (b) 14.0 rad/s2
8) D
9) (a) -1.57 rad/s2 (b) 800 revolutions
10) (a) 18.8 rad/s2 (b) 1.49 × 104 revolutions
11) (a) 0.740 rad/s2 (b) 2330° (c) 13.5 s
12) B
13) E
14) D
15) E
16) 1.49 s
17) B
18) C
19) C
20) 44 kg • m2
21) (a) 1.25 kg • m2 (b) 2.01 rev/s
22) B
23) C
24) D
25) 246 m/s
26) B

7
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from him the secrets he is resolved to discover.”—Introd. à l’étude,
p. 180.
Baked sixteen dogs and numerous rabbits in a stove. These
animals, Bernard tells us (Leçons sur la Chaleur Animale, p. 347),
survived respectively eight minutes, ten minutes, twenty-four
minutes, and so on, according to the heat of the stove and according
to the position of their heads within it, or outside of it. “It became
impossible,” he says of them, “to count the pantings. At last the
creature falls into convulsions and dies—uttering a cry.”
“Our hands without doubt are empty at present, but our mouths
may be full of legitimate promises for the future.”—Sur le Diabète, p.
43.

Bernstein, Jules (Prof.) B. Berlin, 1839. Halle University.

M.D. Berlin; Prof. extraordinary of Medicine, University of Berlin,
1871; Prof. extraordinary of Medicine at Halle, 1873.
Author of works on the Nervous System; “Herzstillstand durch
Sympathicusreizung;” “Die fuenf Sinne des Menschen,” in
“Internationale Wissenschaftliche Bibliothek,” Vol. XII., 1875;
“Untersuchungen ueber den Erregungsvorgang im Nerven und
Muskelsystem.” Heidelberg. Darmstadt, 1871.
Has made a special study of the effects of electric currents on the
nerves, and his work entitled “Untersuchungen ueber den
Erregungsvorgang im Nerven und Muskelsystem,” is well known to
physiologists.

Berruti, Giuseppe.
Author of “La Crania tornia nella practica ostretica,” Turin, 1876;
with Perosini of “De l’ablation des capsules surrenales,” in Gazette
Hebdomadaire de Méd., 1856, p. 863 et 924.
Performed numerous experiments on Horses.
 Bert, Paul, 9, rue Guy-de-la-Brosse, Paris. M.D., Paris, 1863;
Prof. Physiol. Fac. Sci. at Bordeaux, 1869; obtained the Prize of
20,000 francs from the Academy of Science for his work on “La
Pression Barométrique” in 1875; President Biol. Soc.; Senator and
Minister of Public Worship for France, under the Presidency of M.
Gambetta.
Author of “Notes d’Anatomie et de Physiologie comparées,” 1867;
“La Pression Barométrique,” 1877; Contrib. Scientific Articles to “La
République Française.”
“He thought it would be interesting to experiment upon newborn
animals (cats), which, it is well known, he tells us, resist asphyxia
much longer than full grown ones. (P. 571.) From his apparatus for
keeping animals in compressed oxygen he draws a dog in full
convulsions, strong enough to enable him to carry it by one paw, like
a bit of wood. (P. 784.) The attacks of convulsions, under strong
tension of oxygen, are, he says, really curious and startling.” (P.
799.)—Pression Barométrique.
“In this experiment a dog was first rendered helpless and
incapable of any movement, even of breathing, which function was
performed by a machine blowing through a hole in its windpipe.” All
this time, however, “its intelligence, its sensitiveness, and its will,
remained intact,” “a condition accompanied by the most atrocious
sufferings that the imagination of man can conceive.” (Vide Claude
Bernard in Revue des Deux Mondes, 1st September, 1864, pp. 173,
182, 183, &c.) “In this condition, the side of the face, the side of the
neck, the side of the fore-leg, interior of the belly and the hip, were
dissected out in order to lay bare respectively the sciatic, the
splanchnics, the median, the pneumo-gastric and sympathetic, and
the infra-orbital nerves. These were excited by electricity for ten
consecutive hours, during which time the animal must have suffered
unutterable torment, unrelieved even by a cry. The inquisitors then
left for their homes, leaving the tortured victim alone with the
engine working upon it, till death came in the silence of the night
and set the sufferer free.” (Roy. Com., Q. 4,111.)—Archives de
Physiologie, Vol. II., 1869, p. 650.

Betz, Fr. Hugo. M.D.; Surgeon in practice in Schönan,

Silesia, 1877.
Contrib. “Anatomischer Nachweiss zweir Gehirncentra,”
Centralblatt f. d. Med. Wiss., 1874.
Made experiments on the brains of dogs.

Bezold, Albert Von. B. 1836, at Ansbach, d. 1868 at

Wurzburg. After studying at Munich and Wurzburg, Bezold went to
Berlin to study physiology under Du Bois Reymond; there he became
the friend of Isidor Rosenthal and Wilhelm Kühne. In addition to the
study of physiology, Bezold followed Virchow’s lectures on
pathological anatomy and worked in the laboratory of Hoppe-Seyler,
now Prof. of Physiological Chemistry at Tübingen. He became
assistant to Du Bois Reymond, but was soon after called to the Chair
of Physiology at Jena. Bezold’s experiments on the nervus vagus
produced results opposed to the theories of Schiff and Moleschott.
Professor of Physiology at Wurzburg, 1865, where he extended the
laboratory to be one of the most complete in Germany. While at
Jena he had already enlarged the laboratory there, and had taken a
journey to Edinburgh to superintend the arrangement of Dr.
Bennett’s laboratory.
Author of “Untersuchungen über die Innervation des Herzens,”
Leipsig, 1863; “Untersuchungen über die electrische Erregung der
Nerven und Muskeln” Leipsig, 1861.

Bianchi, (Prof.), 315, Via Salvator Rosa, Naples.

Electrotherapist. Prof. Medical Pathology, Royal University, Naples.
 Bichat, Marie François Xavier. B. 1771; d. 1802.
Studied at Nantes, Lyons, and Paris, where he became the pupil of
Desault, whose works he edited posthumously, 1795. Relinquished
surgery to devote himself entirely to physiology. Physician to the
Hôtel Dieu, 1799, where he experimented with various drugs.
Author of “Traité des Membranes en général et de diverses
Membranes en particulier,” Paris, 1800; “Recherches Physiologiques
sur la vie et la mort,” Paris, 1803; “Anatomie générale appliquée à la
Physiologie et à la Médecine,” Paris, 1801; “Anatomie descriptive,”
Paris, 1802-1803, 5 vols., end of 2nd and 3rd Vols. by Buisson, 5th
Vol. by Roux.
“Experimental Physiology dates from Bichat.”—Traité de
Physiologie, Béclard, 1880, vol. I., p. 11.
“Bichat has made, in this respect, an experiment on living animals,
which all physiologists have since repeated. A tube with a turn-cock
is introduced and fixed in the trachea of a dog, and an artery is
subsequently opened in the animal. At first the respiration is allowed
free action; then the turn-cock is shut, respiration is thereby
suspended, and with it the entrance of the air into the lungs. The
blood which issued from the wound in the artery was first red; it
becomes analagous to venous blood. When the turn-cock is again
opened, the blood once more takes a bright hue.”—Ibid., p. 336.

Bidder, Alfred Von. M.D. Berlin.

Author of “Ueber fonctionnel verschiedene und räumlich getrennte
Nervencentra im Froschherzen,” Müller’s Archiv., 1844; Joint author
with M. Schmidt “Die Verdauungs säfte und der Stoffwechsel,” 1852;
Contrib. to Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift, 1883; Arch f. Anat. u.
Physiol., 1867.
Performed numerous experiments on animals with M. Schmidt.—
Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, 1880, Vol. I., p. 662.
 Billroth, Theodor. B. Bergen, Isle of Rügen, Prussia, 1829.
Surgeon, Physiologist, Microscopist, Univs. Greifsvald, Göttingen,
Berlin, and Vienna. Clin. Asst. Univ. Berlin, 1830; Prof. Surgery,
Zurich, 1860; Prof. Surgery Vienna, 1867.
Author of “Beobachtungsstudien ueber Wundfieber und
accidentelle Wundkrankheiten,” Berlin, 1862; “Die allgemeine
Chirurgische Pathologie und Therapie,” Berlin, 1863; “Handbuch der
allgemeinen und speciellen Chirurgie, &c.,” Berlin, 1865; “Ueber das
Lehren und Lernen der Medicinischen Wissenschaften an den
Universitäten der deutschen Nation, nebst allgemeinen
Bemerkungen ueber Universitäten,” Vienna, 1876; “Untersuchungen
ueber die Entwickelung der Blutgefässe, nebst Beobachtungen aus
der Klinischen Chirurgischen Universitäts-Klinik zu Berlin,” Berlin,
1876, &c.

Binz, Carl. Born 1832, at Berncastel on the Moselle; studied

Med. at Univs. Wurzburg, Bonn, and Berlin; M.D. 1855 (Bonn);
Private Prof. of Med. and Pharmacology, Bonn, 1862; Prof.
extraordinary and founder of Institute of Pharmacology University of
Bonn, 1868; Prof. in ordinary, 1873. Staff-Surgeon during the
campaigns of 1866 and 1870-71.
Author of “Beobachtungen zur inneren Klinik,” Bonn, 1864;
“Grinidzüge der Arznei Mittel Lehre,” “Experimentelle
Untersuchungen ueber das Wesen der Chininwirkung,” Berlin, 1868;
“Ueber den Traum,” Bonn, 1878, etc.
Experiments with nitrite of sodium on frogs, rabbits, and dogs.—
Lancet, Nov. 3, 1883.
“Binz produced fever in dogs artificially by injecting infusion of hay
or putrid animal matter into their veins, and then tested the action
of quinine by injecting it either at the same time or shortly
afterwards.”—Experimental Investigation into the action of
Medicines, T. Lauder Brunton, London, 1875, p. 20.
 Biondi, Adolfo, Strada Nuova, Monteoliveto 6. Prof.
Pathological Medicine, Royal University, Naples.
“I cannot imagine that any man in his senses would attempt to
remove a human lung with a tumour in it. It would not be resection
of parts of four ribs which would permit the removal of a tumour
sufficiently large to admit of accurate diagnosis; and I cannot
observe, in the literature just at the moment accessible, that any
other kinds of tumours occur in the lung, save those of hydatid
origin, and those of a cancerous nature. If the tumour were hydatid,
the removal of lung would be unnecessary. If the tumour proved to
be an aneurysm, the disaster would be awful.… The facility with
which Dr. Biondi has removed lungs, and parts of lungs, from dogs,
guinea-pigs, cats, fowls, pigeons, and sheep, and the absence of
mortality from such operations, is likely to be a snare rather than a
help. It does not need saying, that the removal of a healthy lung,
collapsed by the introduction of air into the pleura, would be a very
easy matter, and very different from the removal of a diseased and
adherent organ. There would be as much difference as there is
between normal ovariotomy and removal of a pyosalpinx. It is
perfectly clear that these animals, with their deep and narrow
chests, differ very much from us with our wide and shallow cavities,
in their power of enduring the accident of acute pneumothorax;
certainly they would differ from us immensely in the facility with
which pneumonotomy may be performed. Their chests are built for
the endurance of the special efforts of great speed, and we have lost
those physical characters; and I venture to say that, if acute
pneumothorax were suddenly inflicted upon sixty-three healthy adult
human beings, death would be the immediate result in the great
majority of the experiments.”—Lawson Tait, F.R.C.S., Brit. Med.
Journ., June 20, 1884.

Birch, J. de Burgh, Barnard Castle, Durham. M.D. Edin.

(Gold Medallist), 1880, M.B. and C.M., 1877; (Bristol and Edin.
Univ.); F.R.S.E.; late Demonst. of Physiol. Univ. Edin.
 Contributed “Constitution and Relations of Bone Lamellæ, Lacunæ,
and Canaliculi, and some effects of Trypsin Digestion on Bone,”
Journ. Physiol. Vol. II.; also contrib. to Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin. and
Centralb. d. Med. Wiss.
Held a License for Vivisection at University of Edinburgh, Lecture
Room and Physiological Laboratory 1878 and in 1879. Certificate in
1879 for Illustrations of Lectures; no experiments returned.

Bischoff, Theodor Ludwig W. M.D. (Deceased.) Late

Prof. Anat. and Physiol. Munich.
Author of “Commentatio de nervi accessorii Willissii anatomia et
physiologia,” Darmstadt, 1832; “Commentatio de novis quibusdam
experimentis chemico-physiologicus ad illustrandam doctrinam de
respiratione institutis. Praemissae sunt literae L. Gmelin,” Heidelberg,
1837; “Entwickelungsgeschicte des Hundeeiess,” Brunswick, 1845;
“Entwickelungsgeschicte des Meerschweinschens,” Giessen, 1852;
“Entwickelungsgeschicte des Rehes,” Giessen, 1854; “Das
Hirngewicht des Menschen,” Bonn, 1880; and joint author with Carl
Voit of “Die Gesetze der Ernährung des Fleischfressers durch neue
Untersuchungen festgestellt,” Leipsig and Heidelberg, 1860; “Das
Studium und die Ausübung der Medicino durch Frauem,” Munich,
1872; Contrib. to Encyclopédie Anatomique.
Performed numerous experiments on dogs and goats, on the
accessory and vagus nerves, which he cut through between the
cranium and first vertebra, with the result that the sound of the
voice became changed. “Was most successful with a goat, in which
he succeeded in cutting both accessory nerves, when it could no
longer be said to have a voice at all.”

Bizzozero, Giulio. B. at Varese, Lombardy, 1846. M.D.

Pavia, 1866; Prof. of Histology, Pavia; Prof. of General Pathology,
1872; Professor of General Pathology, Royal Univ. Turin; Free Prof.
Microscopy applied to clinical medicine; Assistant to Mantegazza at
the experimental Laboratory of the University of Pavia. Has founded
a Laboratory at Turin. Knight of the Order of the Crown of Italy.
Author of “Studii comparativi sui nemaspermi e sulle ciglia
vibratili,” 1864; “Sulla neo formazione del tersuto connettivo e sulle
cettule sernoventi,” 1865; “Di alcune alterazioni dei linfatici del
cervello e della pia madre,” 1868; “Sul midollo delle ossa,” 1868-69;
“Sui rapporti della tubercolosi con altre malattie,” 1874; “Sui linfatici
e sulla struttura delle sierose umane,” 1876-78; “Recherches sur la
physiopathologie du sang” (for which the Acad. of Turin has lately
awarded him the prix Riberi of 20,000 frs.); “D’un nouvel element
morphologique du sang et de son importance dans la thrombose et
la coagulation,” dans Archives Italiennes de biologie, 1882-83; Editor
of “L’Archivio delle Scienze Mediche” (Turin), a journal which relates
the results of his experiments.
Experiments on constitution of blood. Animals cut open and
omentum or mesentery lifted out. Some under chloroform, but “to
avoid objection to the action of chloroform on the blood,” also
performed a great number of experiments on animals not under
anæsthetics, but tied to the table.—Archiv. Ital., Tom. II.

Blix, Magnus Gustaf. B. 1849. M.D., Professor Laboratory

of Experimental Physiology and Medical Physics, Univ. of Upsala,
1882.
Author of several treatises in “Transactions of Medical Society,
Upsala,” principally concerning the contraction of the muscles, viz.,
“Bidrag till laran om Muskelelasticiteter,” 1874; “Ennymyograph:
Ophthalmometriska studier I.,” 1880; “En lymphcardiograph; Till
Melysning affragan, Muravida varmenomfattes till mekaniskt arbete
vid Muskelcontractioner,” 1881; “Mya midsag till ophthalmometriens
utoeckling: en Zalfregistrerande perimeter,” 1882.
 Block, Carl Otto, Dantzig. M.D., 1876.
Made numerous experiments on healthy dogs, and found they did
not die if a piece of the lung was cut out. Hence he became desirous
of making the same experiment on men. His first victim was a girl of
fourteen, who died a few hours after the operation (resection of a
piece of the lung).

Blondlot, Nicolas. B. 1810. M.D. Paris, 1833; late Prof.

Chemistry and Pharmaceutics Medical School, Nancy.
Author of “Traité analytique de la Digestion,” Nancy, 1843; “Essai
sur les fonctions du foie et doses annexes,” Paris, 1846; “Recherches
sur la digestion des matières Grasses,” Paris, Nancy, 1855.
In his “Treatise on Digestion” Blondlot gives the results of
experiments on dogs with fistulous openings into the stomach. He is
generally spoken of as the first to obtain gastric juice by the
establishment of a fistula into the stomach of the lower animals. (His
method is given in detail in “Béclard’s Traité,” p. 85.) Longet, another
vivisector, mentions in his Treatise of Physiology that a Dr. Bassow
read a paper before the Imperial Society of Naturalists, in Moscow,
in 1842, in which he gave an account of a number of successful
attempts to establish a gastric fistula.

Boccardo, Giuseppe. Assistant, Physiological Institute, R.

University, Naples.

Bochefontaine, Louis Théodore. Prof. Experimental

Pathology, Medical Faculty, Paris.
Author of “Action physiologique de la quinine sur la rate. Essai de
critique expérimentale;” “Thèse pour le Doctorat, Paris,” 1873.
 “All the experiments which we describe on this subject have been
made on dogs and on a cat. Some few which are not mentioned
were made on rabbits and a few on guinea-pigs. The results
obtained amount to little or nothing. We must say once for all that
our experiments with strychnine and quinine have also given no
exact result.”—Collection de Thèses pour le Doctorat, Paris, 1873, p.
25.
“… Even in the same species of animals, though the experimenters
act under identical conditions, the results obtained are not always
the same.”—Ibid., p. 33.

Böhm, R. Prof. in Marburg.

Experiments on cats with arsenic and muscarin concerning the
exfoliation of intestinal epithelium.—Virchow’s Archiv, Vol. XCII., part
3.

Bohr (Dr.). Prof. of Physiology, Copenhagen.

Bornhardt, A. Formerly pupil of Cyon, Lab. Physiol. Acad.

Med., St. Petersburg.
Author of “Experimentelle Beiträge zur Physiologie der
Bogengänge des Ohrlabyrinths.”—Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XII, p. 471.
Experiments on pigeons and rabbits after portions of their brains
had been extirpated.—Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XII. (1876), p. 471.

Bouchard, Charles. Prof. of Gen. Path., Paris.

Contributor to “Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences
Médicales.” Author of “De la Pathogénie des Hémorrhagies,” Paris,
1869; “Recherches nouvelles sur la pellagra,” Paris, 1862; “Éléments
d’Anatomie descriptive et d’Embryologie,” 1873.
 Bousfield, Edward Collins, Wellesley House, Ashley
Road, Bristol. L.R.C.P. Lond. 1879; M.R.C.S. Eng. 1878; (St.
Barthol.); Physiol. Prosect. St. Barthol. Hosp. 76-77-78. Contributed
“On a hitherto unnoted feature of the blood in Leucocythaemiæ,”
Lancet 1879; “Effects of the Electric Light on Vision,” Ibid. 1880;
“Case illustrating the Pathology of Herpes,” Ibid. 1880.
Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Medical School
1880 and 1881. No experiments returned.

Bowditch, H. P. Prof. Physiol. Lab. Harvard Med. School,

Boston, U.S.
Plethysmographic experiments on the vascular nerves of the
extremities.

Brachet, Jean Louis. B. at Eivors (France), 1789, d. at

Lyons, 1858. Hosp. Surg., Physician to Prisons, Professor of
Physiology School of Medicine, Physician to Hôtel Dieu, Lyons, Chev.
de la Leg. d’Honn., Prof. Materia Med. and Therap., Mem. Acads. of
Med. Paris, Vienna, Madrid, Turin; Mem. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Belles
Lettres of Lyons, Dijon, Toulouse, Genoa; Mem. Med. Socs. of Paris,
Lyons, Berlin, Göttingen, Toulouse, Marseilles, Copenhagen,
Hamburg, Bordeaux, New Orleans, Besançon, &c., &c.
Author of “Dissertation Physiologique sur la cause des mouvement
de dilatation des Cœur,” Thèse, Paris, 1813; “Recherches
Expérimentales sur les Fonctions du Système Nerveux
Ganglionnaire,” Paris, 1830; “Traité Complet de l’Hypochondrie,”
Lyons, 1844; “Considérations sur le Système Nerveux Ganglionnaire,”
Lyons, 1846; “Physiologie élémentaire de l’Homme,” Lyons, 1855;
“De la Glycogenie Hépatique,” Lyons, 1856. Made numerous
researches on the uses and functions of the Ganglionary system.
 Braidwood, Peter Murray, 17, Rodney Street,
Liverpool, and 2, Delamere Terrace, Birkenhead. M.D. Edin. (Thesis
Gold Medallist) 1863; F.R.C.S. Edin. 1881, L. 1863; (Edin., Berlin,
Prague, and Vienna); Astley Cooper Prizem. 1868; Honourable
mention from Roy. Acad. Sci. Havana, and from Imp. Council of
Russia 1872; Fothergillian Medallist 1877; F.R.M.S.; Ext. Mem. (late
Pres.) Roy. Med. Soc. Edin.; Exam. in Med. Jurisp. Univ. Edin.; Co-
Editor of Liverpool and Manchester Med. and Surg. Reports. Author
“On Pyæmia,” (Astley Cooper Prize Essay 1868); “On the Domestic
Management of Children.” Contrib. “On the Physiological Action of
Dajaksch,” Edin. Med. Journ. 1864; “First and Second Reports on the
Life History of Contagion,” Brit. Med. Journ. 1875-76-77-78, &c.
Held a License for Vivisection in 1878, also certificates, dispensing
with the obligation to kill, and for testing previous discoveries. No
experiments returned.

Brailey, William Arthur, 16, Orchard Street, Portman

Square, W. M.A.; M.D. Cantab. 1874; M.B. 1871; M.R.C.S. Eng. and
L.S.A. 1872; B.A. Lond. 1866; (Guy’s and Univ. Camb.); Fell. Down.
Coll. Camb. and late Inter. Coll. Lect. in Nat. Sci.; 1st Class Nat. Sci.
Tripos 1867; Exhib. in Biol. Prelim. Sci. Exam. M.B. Lond. 1865;
Mem. Path. Soc.; Mem. Comm. Ophth. Soc.; Lect. on Comp. Anat.
Guy’s and St. George’s Hosp. Med. Schs.; Curator and Regist. Roy.
Lond. Ophth. Hosp.; Ophth. Surg. Evelina Hosp.; late House Phys.
Addenbrooke’s Hosp. Camb. Contributed “On Pathology of Increased
Tension,” Roy. Lond. Ophth. Hosp.; Reps. 1877 and 1879; “A Theory
of Elancoma,” Roy. Lond. Ophth. Reps. 1880, &c.
Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital Museum and
Lecture Room in 1878-79-80. No Experiments returned in 1878 and
1880.

Brewer (Dr.), Norwich, Connecticut, U.S.A.

 Dr. Brewer published in the Detroit Therapeutic Gazette for
September, 1882, an account of fifty experiments made by him on
frogs, kittens, cats, and dogs, with the liquid extract of Manaca (a
Brazilian plant) which he either exhibited “per oram” (to quote
literally) or injected subcutaneously. The experiments were evidently
made with great care, and entailed a good many difficult
vivisectional operations, such as the cutting of the crural and sciatic
nerves, the tying of the femoral artery, the cutting of the spinal cord,
and the ablation of the cerebrum. Great pains were taken, and no
fewer than eight experiments were instituted, for the sole purpose of
ascertaining whether Manaca affected the nerves directly or through
the intermediation of the blood, as most poisons do, prussic acid not
excepted.

Brodie, Sir Benjamin. B. 1783, d. 1862. M.R.C.S.E. 1805;

Asst. to Mr. Wilson as Demonst. of Anat.; Asst. Surg. St. George’s
1810; Croonian Lecturer to Roy. Soc.; Prof. Anat. and Surg. Roy. Coll.
Surg. 1819; Sergeant Surgeon to William IV. 1832; was created a
Baronet 1834; Mem. Court of Exam. Coll. Surg. 1835; President Roy.
Coll. Surg. 1844; President Roy. Soc. 1858.
Author of “Experiments and observations on the different modes
in which Death is produced by certain Vegetable Poisons.” Edin.
Review, Vol. XVIII., p. 370, 1811.
As a young hospital surgeon Brodie employed his leisure in
observations and experiments. Tied the bile ducts in cats.—Quar.
Jour. Science and the Arts, Jan., 1823, p. 341.

Brondgeest, P. J.
Author of “Ueber den Tonus der Willkürlichen Muskeln,” Mueller’s
Archiv., 1860.
The following is an experiment of J. P. Brondgeest’s:—“Cut the
spinal cord beneath the bulb, and lay bare the sciatic nerves on each
posterior limb. Cut one of these two nerves, and suspend the
creature by the head. If we then observe the situation of the two
limbs, a difference is perceived, which has been shown to be
invariable in sixty-two experiments. The foot of which the nerve is
cut is limp and pendant; that of which the nerve is intact is slightly
bent in all its articulations. M. Brondgeest made similar experiments
on rabbits and birds.… If we detach by one of its extremities a
muscle newly prepared on a living animal, taking care to preserve its
nerve, and attach to the extremity of this muscle a certain weight, …
we shall see that it will augment in weight.”—Traité de Physiologie,
Béclard, 1862, pp. 640-41.

Brouardel, Paul. M.D., Paris, 1865; Phys. St. Andrew’s

Hosp. 1873; Prof. Med. Juris., Med. Fac., Paris, 1879.
Author of “Étude critique des diverses médications employées
contre le diabète sucré,” Paris, 1869; Editor of “Annales d’hygiène
publique et de médecine légale.”

Browne, James Crichton. M.D.; Medical officer of the

West Riding Lunatic Asylum.
“Has for ten years given attention to the subject; has performed
two series of experiments, one not involving destruction of life, to
ascertain the action of nitrite of amyl, and one with regard to
pycrotoxine, the essential constituent of coculus indicus; 46 animals
in all, gives details, were operated on; was successful in discovering
an antidote, chloral, for this poison; no opportunity of testing it on
human beings has yet occurred; witness has been denounced for
this cruelty, although pycrotoxine is much used for poisoned wheat;
in each case the animal dies in convulsions.”—Dig. Ev. Roy. Com.,
London, 1876, p. 25.
 Brown-Séquard, Charles Edouard, Laboratory of
Exper. Med., Collége de France, Paris. B. at Mauritius, 1818. M.D.
Paris, 1840; Prof. Med. Fac., Paris, 1869; Suc. Claude Bernard as
Prof. Exper. Med. at College of France.
Author of “Dual Character of the Brain,” Toner Lectures,
Smithsonian Institution; “Diseases of the Nerves,” Holmes’s System
of Surgery, Vol. III., 1860; Edit. of Archives of Scientific and Practical
Med., New York; “Advice to Students,” a lecture delivered at the
opening of the Medical Lectures, Harvard Univ., 1876; Lectures on
the Physiology and Pathology of the Central Nervous System, Roy.
Coll. Surg. Eng., May, 1858; Lectures on Diagnosis and Treatment of
functional Nervous Affections, 1868, &c., Philadelphia, Cambridge,
U.S., &c.
“The laying bare of the spinal cord, and its free exposition to the
action of the atmosphere, instead of being a cause or loss or
diminution of sensibility, as it had been said, seems to be followed
by a marked increase of sensibility in the parts of the body which are
behind the place where the cord is exposed.… Deep injuries to the
posterior columns of the spinal cord are always followed by a degree
of hyperæsthesia greater than after the laying bare of the nervous
centres—hyperæsthesia which appeared in all parts of the body
behind the place injured.… Before the operation in rabbits the most
energetic pinching of the skin produces agitation but no shrieking;
after the operation, on the contrary the least pinching produces
shrieking and a much greater agitation. Sometimes the
hyperæsthesia is so considerable that the least pressure upon the
skin makes the animal shriek. Whether the operation is performed
on the lumbar, the dorsal, or the cervical region, the phenomena are
always the same—that is, there is manifest hyperæsthesia in the
various parts of the body which receive their nerves from the part of
the spinal cord which is behind the section. It has been so in all the
animals I have operated upon, and I have already made this
experiment upon animals belonging to more than twenty species. As
long as the animals live after the section of the posterior columns,
hyperæsthesia continues to exist, except in the cases where re-
union takes place between the two surfaces of the section; but
hyperæsthesia is greater during the first week after the operation
than it is after a month or many months.”—Brown-Séquard, “Lancet”
1,823 and 1,819.
M. Brown-Séquard has devoted his time since his graduation
almost exclusively to experimental investigations on physiological
topics, especially on the spinal column, the muscular system, the
sympathetic nerves and ganglions, and on the effect of the removal
of the supra-renal capsules, &c. Author of many Essays and Papers
giving details of his Experiments.

Bruns, Paul Victor. B. in Helmstedt, 1812. Stud. Tübingen,

1833; M.D., 1837; Prof. Anat. College, Brunswick, 1839; Prof. Surg.,
Tübingen, 1840.
Author of “Handbuch der practischen Chirurgie,” Tübingen, 1854-
60; “Chirurgische Atlas,” Tübingen, 1853; “Die Durchschneidung der
Gesichtsnerven,” Tübingen, 1859; “Die Behandlung schlechtgeheilte
Beinbrüche,” Berlin, 1861; “Die erste Ausrottung eines Polypen in der
Kehlköpfröhre,” Tübingen, 1862; “Die Laryngoskopie,” Tübingen,
1862; “Chirurgische Heilmittellehre,” Tübingen, 1868-73; “Arznei-
operationen,” Tübingen, 1869; “Die Galvano-Chirurgie,” Tübingen,
1870.

Brunton, Thomas Lauder, 50, Welbeck Street,

Cavendish Square, W. M.D., Edin., 1868; M.B. and C.M. (Honours
and Gold Medal for Thesis), 1866; B.Sc., 1867; D.Sc., 1870; F.R.C.P.,
Lond., 1876; M. 1870; (Univ. Edin., Vienna, Berlin, Amsterdam, and
Leipsig); Baxter Nat. Sci. Schol., Univ. Edin., 1868; F.R.S.; Fell. Roy.
Med. Chir. Soc., Bot. Soc., and Med. Soc., London; Mem. (late Sen.
Pres.) Roy. Med. Soc., Edin.; Lect. on Mat. Med. and Therap., and
Asst. Phys. St. Barthol. Hosp.; Exam. in Mat. Med., Univ. Edin., and
R.C.P., London; late Exam. in Mat. Med., Univ. London; Member of
the Association for the Advancement of Med. by Research.
Author of “On Digitalis, with some observations on Urine” (Prize
Thesis); “Experimental Investigation of the Action of Medicines;”
“Digestion and Secretion,” Sanderson’s Handbook for the
Physiological Laboratory; “Tables of Materia Medica; Pharmacology
and its Relations to Therapeutics,” Goulst. Lectures R.C.P., 1877;
“Diabetes Mellitus,” Reynolds’ Syst. of Med.; “Diabetes Insipidus,”
Ibid.; “The Bible and Science;” Joint Author (with Sir Joseph Fayrer)
of “Nature and Physiological Action of the Poison of Indian
Venomous Snakes,” Proc. Roy. Soc., Contrib. “On the Use of Nitrite of
Amyl in Angina Pectoris,” Lancet, 1867; “On the Chemical
Composition of the Nuclei of Blood Corpuscles,” Journ. Anat. and
Physiol., 1869; “On the Influence of Temperature over the Pulsations
of the Mammalian Heart and over the Action of the Vagus,” St.
Barthol. Hosp. Reports, and Papers in Philos. Trans., &c.
“The number of animals required in experiments for research
varies enormously; has himself used in all about 150 animals of
different kinds, chiefly cats, because they are a convenient size, and
cheaper than rabbits. Dogs cannot be got; asks no questions as to
how the cats are obtained.”.… “Used 90 cats in the first series of
investigations with regard to cholera, describes the method pursued,
and gives reasons for it. No beneficial discovery has yet been arrived
at; the experiments are still proceeding.”—Dig. Ev. Roy. Com.,
London, 1876, pp. 38-9.
“Action of Inflammation.… For this purpose we curarise a frog and
lay it on a large plate of cork with a hole at one side, and another
piece of cork half an inch high at the other. We fix the body of the
frog to the raised piece, open its abdomen with a pair of scissors,
draw out the intestines, and fasten the mesentery with very fine pins
over the hole. In an hour and a half, or two hours afterwards, white
corpuscles come rapidly out of the vessels and wander over the field.
We may then inject our drug into the circulation, or apply it locally to
the mesentery.”—Experimental Investigation into the action of
Medicines, T. Lauder Brunton, London, 1875, p. 23.
Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital
Medical School in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates in 1878 for
Illustrations of Lectures, for Experiments without Anæsthetics, and
for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules and Asses; in 1879
Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and for Experiments without
Anæsthetics (this Certificate not acted upon); in 1880 and 1881
Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures; in 1882 and 1883
Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and also for Experiments
without Anæsthetics. No experiments on Horses, Mules or Asses in
either year.

Budge, Julius (Prof.) B. 1811. M.D. Berlin, 1833; (Univs.

Marburg, Wurzburg and Berlin); Prof. Anat. P. and Zoology Univ.
Bonn, 1855; Director of the Physiological Institute of Greifswald,
1856.
Author of “Untersuchungen über das Nervensystem,” Frankfort-on-
the-Maine, 1841-42; “Handbuch der Physiologie,” 1875; “Allgemeine
Pathologie als Erfahrungswissenschaft basirt auf Physiologie,” Bonn,
1845; “Memoranda der Speciellen Physiologie des Menschen,”
Weimar, 1850; “Über die Zwecke des Athems,” Weimar, 1860;
“Compendium der Physiologie des Menschen,” Leipsig, 1864; “Ueber
den Schmerz,” Leipsig, 1866.
“From observations on human patients we have already learnt that
pain causes movements of the bladder. But we can also demonstrate
this fact experimentally. Not always, but in many instances I have
seen that in curarised animals in whom it is well known the
sensibility of the nerves long outlasts their mobility, that the pressure
of the water rose when I galvanized the trigeminal nerve, that is, if I
placed the electrode on the eye or on the mucous membrane of the
nose, or when I irritated the central end of a nervus vagus, which
fact Oehl has also observed (C. r. 1865, II., p. 340). Also other
sensitive nerves can occasion movements of the bladder,”—“Über die
Reizbarkeit der Vorderen Rückenmarkstänge.” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol.
II., p. 515.

Bufalini, Giovanni. Prof. Siena University.

Author (with L. Luciani) of “Sol de Corso dell’ inanizione; récerche
Sperimentali;” Archives per le Scienze Mediche, Vol. V., p. 338.
Engaged with Luciani on experiments on inanition by the
starvation of dogs.—Archiv. per le Scienze Mediche, Vol V., p. 338.
“A very interesting contribution to the doctrine of inanition. The
authors present a graphic table, indicating the quantity of
hæmoglobin in the blood, the temperature, and, according to daily
observations on a bitch subjected for 43 days to an absolute fast
with the exception of one ration of water. At the last there were
quick oscillations in the temperature … an interesting fact, which
deserves to be confirmed by further experiments, which the authors
engage to make. A second series of experiments was made on
fasting dogs, on which every three days was practised the
transfusion of blood.”—Archives Italiennes, Tom. II., p. 253.

Burkart, Rudolph. M.D. Bonn, 1869.

Author of “Die physiologische Diagnostic der Nervenkrankheiten,”
Leipsig, 1875. Contrib. “Ueber den Einfluss des N. Vagus auf die
Athemsbewegungen,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. I., p. 107; “Studien
ueber die automatische Thätigkeit des Athemcentrums, und ueber
die Beziehungen derselben zum nervus vagus und anderen
athemnerven,” Ibid., Vol. XVI., p. 427.
The last-named article contains records of experiments on rabbits,
such as inducing cramp through loss of blood, experiments with
electricity on the nervus vagus dexter and nervus vagus sinister; the
abdomen cut open to expose the action of the diaphragm. (In Exp.
VII., after a continuation of the electrical excitement for 2h. 20m.,
the action of the diaphragm ceased.) Experiments on frogs are also
recorded.

Cadiat (Dr.), 7, Rue du Bac, Paris. Agrégé Histol. Practical

Courses.

Capparelli, A., M.D. Lab. Physiol. Turin.

Experiment on the bladders of dogs and rabbits. Some dogs under
chloroform; others curarized.—Communicated to Academy of
Medicine, Turin, June, 1882.

Cash, John Theodore. M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), 1879.

M.B. and C.M., 1876; M.R.C.S. England, 1876; (Edin., Berlin, Vienna,
and Leipsig); Lab. St. Barthol., London.
Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew Hospital Medical
School in 1880-81-82-83. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures in
1882-83. No experiments returned in 1881. Dr. Cash can also
perform experiments at the Physiological Laboratory, King’s College,
London, and at the Brown Institution, Wandsworth Road.

Cerradini, Giulio. Prof. Univ. of Genoa.

Chambard (Dr.), 97, Rue Saint-Lazare, Paris. Phys. Hosp.

Mental Dis.

Charcot, Jean Martin, Paris. B. 1825. M.D. Paris, 1853;

Phys. to La Salpétrière; Prof. Med. Faculty, Paris; Mem. Acad. of
Med., Director of “Archives de Physiologie.”
 Author of “De l’Expectation en Médecine,” Paris, 1857; “De la
Pneumonie chronique,” Paris, 1860; “La Médecine empirique et la
Médecine scientifique,” Paris, 1867; “Leçons cliniques sur les
maladies des vicillards et les maladies chroniques,” Paris, 1868;
“Leçons sur les maladies du système nerveux,” 1873; “Leçons sur les
maladies du foie; des voies biliaires et des reins,” 1877; Joint Editor
of “Archives de Physiologie.” Contrib. “Galvanism and Hypnotism,”
Brit. Med. Journ.

Charles, T. W. Cranstoun, St. Thomas’ Hospital,

London, S.E. M.D. and M. Ch. (with 1st of 1st Honours and Gold
Medal), Qu. Univ. Irel., 1869 (Belf., Dub., Lond., Paris, etc.); 1st
Schol. Qu. Coll. Belfast, 1865-69; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem.
Path. Soc.; Lect. on Pract. Physiol. St. Thomas’s Hosp. Med. Sch.;
late Med. Regist. and Demonst. of Physiol. St. Thomas’ Hosp.;
formerly Demonst. and Asst. Lect. in Chem. Qu. Coll., Belfast.
Contrib. “Medical Reports of St. Thomas’s Hosp.,” etc., etc.
Held a license for Vivisection at St. Thomas’s Hospital Physiological
Laboratory in 1878 and 1879. No experiments returned in 1879.

Chauveau, A., 22, Quai des Brotteaux, Lyons. Chef des

Travaux d’Anatomie et de physiologie à l’école Vétérinaire de Lyons.
Author of “De l’excitabilité de la moëlle épinière;” “Du nerf
pneumogastrique,” &c.
Describes his own experiments in Brown-Séquard’s Journal de
Physiologie. The object was “to ascertain the excitability of the spinal
marrow, and the convulsions and pain produced by that excitability.”
His studies were made almost exclusively on horses and asses, who
“lend themselves marvellously thereto by the large volume of their
spinal marrow,” and he “consecrated 80 subjects to his purpose.”
“The animal is fixed on a table; an incision is made on its back of
from thirty to thirty-five centimetres; the vertebræ are opened with
the help of chisel, mallet, and pincers, and the spinal marrow
exposed.” No mention of anæsthetics. Case 7. A vigorous mule.
“When one pricks the marrow near the line of emergence of the
sensitive nerves, the animal manifests the most violent pain.… Case
10. A small ass very thin, pricked on the line of emergence—douleur
intense. Case 20. Old white horse lying on the litter, unable to rise,
but nevertheless very sensitive. At whatever point I scratch the
posterior cord, I provoke signs of the most violent suffering.”—
Journal de Physiologie, Vol. IV., No. XIII., p. 48.

Cheyne, Wm. Watson, 6, Old Cavendish Street,

Cavendish Square, London, W. M.B. Edin., and C.M. (1st Class
Honours), 1875; F.R.C.S., Eng. (Exam.) 1879; (Edin., Vienna, and
Strasbourg); Syme Surg. Fell., 1877; Boylston Med. Prizeman and
Gold Medallist, 1880; Jacksonian Prizeman, 1881; Fell. Roy. Med.
Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc; Asst. Surg., King’s Coll. Hosp.; Demonst.
of Surg. King’s Coll.; Late Surg. Regist., King’s Coll. Hosp.; Demonst.
Anat., Univ. Edin.; House Surg., Edin. Roy. Infirm. and King’s Coll.
Hosp., London.
Author of “Antiseptic Surgery, its Principles, Practice, History and
Results,” 1881; Art. “On the Antiseptic Method of Treating Wounds,”
Internat. Encyl. Surg. Contribs. to Brit. Med. Journ., and Lond. Med.
Record, &c.
Held a License for Vivisection at King’s College, London
Physiological Laboratory, also Certificates Dispensing with Obligation
to Kill in 1880-81-82-83.
“Two tubes of serum containing micrococci were obtained from M.
Toussaint, who holds that micrococci are the cause of the disease.
Toussaint obtains the organisms by inoculation of flasks containing
serum, or infusion of rabbit with the blood of tuberculous animals;
and he has in some cases succeeded in producing tuberculosis by
the injection of these cultivations into other animals. The material
obtained from M. Toussaint was injected into three rabbits, two
guinea-pigs, one cat, and one mouse, and of these seven animals six
were under observation for a sufficient length of time for the
development at least of local tuberculosis. In no instance did
tuberculosis ensue. (In all the experiments detailed in this report
inoculation was made into the anterior chamber of the eye whenever
this was practicable; syringes purified by heat were employed for the
purpose.) Cultivations of these micrococci were also made, and
injected into nine rabbits, and three guinea-pigs. Of these, four
rabbits and three guinea-pigs were under observation for a
considerable time without the development of tuberculosis in any
case. The total result is that thirteen animals were inoculated with
the micrococci with which Toussaint works, and obtained from
Toussaint himself, and in no case did tuberculosis occur.”—Lancet,
March 17, 1883, pp. 444-5.
“Experiment. V., November 7th, 1882.—Experiment with pus from
the wound of a patient suffering from pyæmia. The pus was thick
and foul smelling.
“1. One minim was injected into the left eye of a rabbit.
Panophthalmos [inflammation of the eye, involving every part of it]
resulted and the animal was ill for some time. It, however, gradually
recovered, and in December was apparently well. It died on January
10th, 1883. Lived 64 days.” (P. 267.)
“Experiment XIV., November 2nd, 1882.—The bacilli were rubbed
up with boiled distilled water as usual. A little of the pure material
was injected into the right eyes of three rabbits. Into the left eyes
the following materials were injected:—
“No. 1.—One part of the fluid containing bacilli was mixed with
one part of a 1 per 1,000 watery solution of bichloride of mercury.
This mixture was allowed to stand for twelve minutes, and then
injected into the left eye of No. 1.
“Result in No. 1.—On November 23rd, 1882, it was found there
was a well-developed tubercular iritis [inflammation of the iris—the
coloured part of the eye surrounding the pupil] in the right eye, but
apparently nothing in the left. On December 10th, 1882, the left eye
was beginning to show appearances of tubercular iritis; the right eye
become converted into a caseous [cheese-like] mass. This animal
died on January 7th, 1883. Lived 66 days.” (P. 285.)—“Report to the
Association for the Advancement of Medicine by Research.”—
Practitioner, April, 1883.

Chirone, Vincenzo. Prof. at Palermo.

Engaged with Curci in experiments on biological action of
pirotoxine and cinchonidine.
Author of “Contribuzione sperimentale alla storia del Gloralio,
Opuscolo,” Napoli, 1870; “Manuale di Materia medica e di Terapia,
compilato secondo gli ultimi progressi della scienza,” Napoli, 1871—
Presso V. Pasquale, nella R. Università; “Sul valore febbrifugo della
chinina; studii sperimentali e clinici, Memoria di concorso, con
medaglia di 1ᵃ categoria dalla Facoltá medica di Napoli, 1872”—
Presso l’Autore; “Se la dilatazione patologica del cuore avvenga
durante la diastole, Lettera al Prof. L. Luciani (Lo Sperimentale),”
1873; “L’infezione malarica e l’azione della chinina del Prf. Cantani.
Considerazioni critiche (Lo Sperimentale),” 1873; “Meccanismo di
azione della chinina sulla circolazione ed azione sulla fibra muscolare
in generale. Esperienze eseguite nel laboratorio del Prof. A. Bernard
nel Giardino della Piante, in Parigi;” “Parte prima (Lo Sperimentale),
1874; parte seconda (Lo Sperimentale),” 1875; “Mécanisme de
l’action de la quinine sur la circulation. Recherches expérimentales,
executées au Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle,” Paris, 1875—Masson
éditeurs; “Due parole sul nesso naturale tra le funzioni del pulmone
e quelle del cuore. Lettera al Prof. F. Pacini (Lo Sperimentale),” 1874;
“Due parole sull’ iniezione nelle vene dell’ idrato dictoralis. Lettera al
Prof. Cav. Carlo Ghinozzi (Lo Sperimentale),” 1875; “Ricerche
sperimentali sull’ azione biologica della ciclamina. Comunicazione
preventiva (La Clinica),” 1876; “Azione comparativa degli alcooli
omologhi ottenuti per fermentazione. Lezione dettata nella R.
Università di Napoli, raccolta e redatta da Gaetano Materazzo (Lo
Sperimentale),” 1876; “La doppia attivitá muscolare e l’azione della
chinina. Critica e sperimenti, Risposta ai Dott. A. Mosso e L. Pagliani
(La Rivista clinica di Bologna),” 1876; “Due parole di risposta alla
lettera dei Dott. A. Mosso e L. Pagliani (L’Osservatore, Gazzetta delle
cliniche di Torino),” 1876; “Ricerche sperimentali sull’ azione
biologica della Ciclamina (Renditonto della R. Accademia delle
Scienze fisiche e matematiche di Napoli, fasc, di giugno),” 1877;
“Azione fisiologica della chinina sulla circolazione del sangue,
Esperienze fatte nel laboratorio di Fisiologia dell’ Università di
Bruxelles” (1876), dal Dott. Leone Stiénon. “Rivista critica (Lo
Sperimentale),” 1876; “La Scienza e l’arte del ricettare, manuale
pratico per gli studenti, pei medici e pei farmacisti.” Napoli, 1877,
Presso l’Autore, L. 10; Collaborazione all’ “Enciclopedia Medica
Italiana,” Articoli, Bettonica, Bezoardo, Bile, Brodo (monografia),
Cainea, Calabar (Fava del), Calaguala, Calamo aromatico,
Cammomilla, Campegio, Cedron, Cera, Cerato, Cerfoglio, Chelidonia,
Chenopodio, Chermes animale, China (monografia), Chiodi di
garofano, Cibozio, Cicoria, Circuta (monografia), Cioccolatte
medicinali, Cloralio (monografia).

Chossat, Charles Etienne. B. 1796. M.D., Paris, 1820.

Prof. Univ. Geneva. Mem. Soc. Nat. Geneva.
Author of “Recherches expérimentales sur l’inanition,” Paris, 1843;
“De l’Influence du système nerveux sur la chaleur animale,” Paris,
1823.
“… During all the operations, and in a great number of
thermometrical observations, the animal has been placed upon its
back, the fore and hind feet secured to make certain that the body
should remain motionless. This position, which is extremely
convenient for the experimenter, is no doubt far less so for the
animal experimented upon.… As Legallois had affirmed, probably
from the results of his own experiments on rabbits, ‘that by tying an
animal down on its back its temperature may be sufficiently lowered
so as even to cause death, if it is kept long enough in that position,’
I thought I ought to repeat that experiment by prolonging its
duration.”—Mémoire sur l’Influence du Système Nerveux sur la
Chaleur Animale, Paris, 1820, pp. 11 and 12.
“After long and conscientious researches, M. Chossat concluded
that the sympathetic nerve is the real heat-producing agent in
animals. But if, after having cut the brain transversely in front of the
pons varolis, after having suppressed all nervous action by a cerebral
shock violent enough to cause death, after having cut both the
pneumo-gastric nerves, after having made various sections of the
spinal cord, after having dissected out the sympathetic nerve above
the solary plexus, after having practised ligature of the aorta below
the diaphragm; if after all this, the temperature of the animals
submitted to these mutilations has been lowered and they have
died, notwithstanding that pains were taken to keep up artificial
breathing when natural respiration was becoming impossible, it
cannot be right to affirm that these animals died from the effects of
cold. In the experiments made by M. Chossat, the decreased
temperature was evidently the consequence and not the cause of
death.”—Gavarret, Art. “Chaleur Animale” Dict. des Sciences
Médicales, Vol. XV., 1874, p. 27.
“M. Chossat and M. Strelzoff (very recently) have made
experiments on pigeons, turtle-doves, hens, guinea-pigs, rabbits,
and cats, and have arrived at this result—that the animals die when
they have lost in weight thirty per cent., that is to say, one-third of
their original weight.”… “M. Chossat subjected twelve animals to
complete deprivation of food and drink, and abandoned them thus
until they died. He examined them all every twenty-four hours at
noon and at midnight.”—Gavarret’s “Animal Heat” p. 394.

Chudzinski (Prof.), Paris. Professor at the Institute of

Anthropology.

Ciaccio (Prof.), Bologna. Scuola Veterinaria.

 Ciniselli, Giuseppe. Prof. Pavia University.

Cleland, John, 2, The College, Glasgow. M.D. Edin., 1856;

L.R.C.S. Edin., 1856; F.R.S.; Prof. of Anat. Univ. Glasgow; formerly
Prof. of Anat. and Physiol. and Clin. Lect. Qu. Coll. Galway.
Author of “Animal Physiology,” 1874; “Directory for the Dissection
of the Human Body,” 1876. Contrib. to Philos. Trans. and various
other papers.

Coats, Joseph, 7, Elmbank Crescent, Glasgow, N.B. M.D.

Glasgow, 1870; M.B. (Honours), 1867; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1872; (Univ.
Glasg., Leipsig, and Wurzburg); Hon. Sec. Med. Chir. Soc. Glasg. and
Glasg. Br. Brit. Med. Assoc.; Mem. (late Pres.) Path. and Chir. Soc.,
Glasg.; Lect. on Path. and Pathologist Glasg. Western Infirm.; Exam.
in Path. Univ. Glasg.; Editor of Glasg. Med. Journal. Contrib. “Arbeit
des Herzens,” Ludwig’s Arb., 1869; “Results of some Injections of
Kidneys in Bright’s Disease,” Glas. Med. Journ., 1875, etc. etc.
Held a License for Vivisection at the University of Glasgow
Physiological Laboratory 1878 and 1879; also in 1882 with Certificate
dispensing with obligation to kill. No experiments in 1882.

Cocco-Pisano, Adolfo. Prof. Sassari University.

Cohnheim, Julius. B. 1839, at Demmin, Pomerania; d.

Aug. 14, 1884. Leipsig University Path. Institute. M.D. Berlin (Univs.
Berlin, Wurzburg, Greifswald, and Prague); Assist. to Virchow at
Path. Inst. Berlin, 1864; Prof. Path. Anat. at Kiel, 1868; Prof. Path.
Anat. at Breslau, 1872, where was founded under his direction a
new Pathological Institute. Accepted the Professorship of Gen. Path.
and Anatomy at Leipsic, 1876.
 Author of numerous articles in Medical Journals, “Lectures on
General Pathology,” 1871; joint author with Dr. Anton von Schultheis
Rechberg, of Zurich, of “Ueber die Folgen der
Kranzarterienverschliessung für das Herz.”
Made experiments, in conjunction with Prof. Roy (whom see) “to
elucidate a number of questions bearing upon the relation which
exists between certain diseases of the kidney and cardiac
hypertrophy.”
“If we now try to explain the striking phenomena which so
invariably accompany our experiments, it is quite impossible not to
conclude from the outset that they are the result of the closing of
the coronary artery. It is quite true that less frequent beating of the
heart, and even irregularities of the pulse, may occur spontaneously,
and certainly without ligature of the coronary artery. Any one who
has made frequent experiments on dogs in which the pressure of the
blood has been noted down during a long period, knows very well
that intermittent pulsation, and even greater irregularities, are not
unfrequent occurrences in narcotised and bound or curarised
animals—irregularities which disappear or re-appear, as the case
may be. But the sudden ceasing of the diastolic beating of the heart
may also occasionally be observed in dogs whose coronary arteries
have not been touched. However, this only happens spontaneously
(according to our experience) in dogs which have already been used
for a long succession of experiments, which have resulted in the
natural alteration of the action of the heart, and in whom the arterial
pressure has been lowered to a great degree, more especially when
for hours the thorax has been open, and experiments have been
made on the greater vessels, or the functions of the heart, or on
pericardial pressure, etc.… However, there can be no question that
the manipulations of the heart, which are inseparable from our
experiments, should be the cause of this result.” … (Here M.
Cohnheim makes this naif remark), “Many observers have expressed
surprise at the amount of pain which a dog’s heart can
bear!”—“Ueber die Folgen der Krauzarterienver schliessung für das
Herz,” Virchow’s Archiv., Vol. 85, 1881, pp. 520-21.