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Physics Investigatory Project

The document is a research project report submitted by Hiren Kodwani under the guidance of Mr. Lokendra Singh Chauhan, focusing on the investigation of the relationship between input and output voltage ratios in transformers. It includes sections such as objectives, theory, procedure, and conclusion, detailing the workings of transformers and their applications. The project emphasizes the importance of transformers in electrical systems and outlines the sources of error and precautions taken during the experiment.

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Hiren Kodwani
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2 views

Physics Investigatory Project

The document is a research project report submitted by Hiren Kodwani under the guidance of Mr. Lokendra Singh Chauhan, focusing on the investigation of the relationship between input and output voltage ratios in transformers. It includes sections such as objectives, theory, procedure, and conclusion, detailing the workings of transformers and their applications. The project emphasizes the importance of transformers in electrical systems and outlines the sources of error and precautions taken during the experiment.

Uploaded by

Hiren Kodwani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

Under the Guidance of: MR.

Lokendra
Singh Chauhan Sir
Submitted By: Hiren Kodwani
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that HIREN KODWANI a student of class


12th D has successfully compeated the reaserch on the below
mention project under the guidance of Mr LOKENDRA
SINGH CHOUHAN SIR (subject teacher) During the Year
2022-23 in fulfilment of physics Investigatory project.

Signature of Principal:

Signature of Physics teacher:


DECLARATION
I here by declare that this Project work based on. To
investigate:

1.the relation between the ratio of Input and output voltage.

2. Number of turnings in the secondary sell and primary sell


of self made transformer.

is a bonafide piece of work done by me, under the


supervision and guidance of MR.LOKENDRA CHOUHAN
sir. And no part of this work has been presented earlier or
similar to any other Institutional work.

INDORE: HIREN KODWANI

Date: 12th Physics


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many


people have best owned upon me their blessings and the heart
pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the
people who have been concerned with project.

Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this


project with success. Then would like to thank my principal
Fr. Sibi Joseph and physics teacher Mr. Lokendra Singh
Chouhan, whose valuable guidance has been the ones that
helped me patch this project and make it full proof success his
suggestions and his instructions has served as the major
contributor towards the completion of the project

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have


helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has
been helpful in various phases of the completion of the
project.

Last but not the least would like to thank my classmates who
have helped me a lot.
INDEX
1. CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

3. OBJECTIVE

4.INTRODUCTION

5. THEORY

6. APPARATUS REQUIRED

7. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED

8. OBSERVATION

9. CONCLUSION

10. PRECAUTION

11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
OBJECTIVE
To investigate:

1.the relation between the ratio of Input and output voltage.

2. Number of turnings in the secondary sell and primary sell


of self made transformer.
INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa

A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction


according to this principle the amount of magnetic flux linked
with a ceil changing, an EMF is induced in the neighbouring
cell.

A transformer is on electrical device which is used for


changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely
used device in both low and high current circuit. As such
transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes, in
electronic measurement and control circuits, transformer size
may be so small that it weight only a few tons of grams where
as in high voltage power circuits, it may weight hundreds of
tones.

A transformer the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to


another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts A
transfer which increases the voltages is called a step up
transformer. Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current circuits.
THEORY
When an altering is supplied to the primary call pipe an
alternating current starts failing in it. The altering current in
the primary produces a changing magnetic fox weich induces
altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary, in
good. transformer, while of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the
induced emf induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to
that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus of E1 and E2
the instantaneous values of the EMFs induced in the primary
and the secondary and, and Np and Ns are the no of turns of
the primary secondary coils of the transformer.

So,

d /dt= rate of change of flux in each turnoff


the coil at this instant.

Ep=-Np.d /dt

Ep= -Ns d /dt


Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing 2 by 1, we get

Es/Ep=-Ns/Np

As E, is the instantaneous value of back EMF induced in the


primary cell p so the instantaneous current in primary call is
shing to the difference (8-5) In the instantaneous values of the
implied and back EMF further if Rp is the resistance O P1 P2
coil, then the Instantaneous current ip in the primary sell is
given by

Ip = E-Ep/Rp

E-Ep = IpRp

When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp, Ip can be


neglected so therefore :

E-Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back EMF = input EMF

Hence equations 3 can be written as


Es/Ep = Es = output EMF/ input EMF=Ns/Np = K

Where K is constant called or transformation ratio.

Es < Es K < 1. hence Ns <Np

Ip = value of teary current at the same instant

Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then

Input power at the instant = Ep.Ip

Output power at the same instant = Es.Is

if there are no losses of power in the transformer, then

input power = output power

EpIp = EsIs

Es/Ep = Ip/Is = K
Es > E 5o K > 1, hence

As, K > 1, 50 Ip>Is or Is<Ip

i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is


higher.

Hence Whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the


same ratio.

Similarly it can be shown that in a step down transformer.


whatever we lose in voltage we gain in current in the same
ratio.

Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current


epsilon a step down transformer steps up the current.
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output
power to the input pover

N= output power/input power = EsIs/EpIp

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there lone power losses,


N=1. But in actual practice, there are many power losses
therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than one

efficiency. - Output Power/Input Power X 100%

Input Power-Losses /Input Power x 100%

1-Losses/Input Power x 100%


Following are the major sources of energy loss in a
transformer

1.Copper Loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the


copper calls of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of
conducting wires.

2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron
core of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy
currents in iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated
cores.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs in spite of best


insulations Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked
with each turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of change of
magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1P2.

4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated


magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when
A.C. is fed to it.

5. Magneto striation it humming noise of a transformer.


APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. IRON ROD

2.COPPER WIRE:

3.VOLTMETER:

4.AMMETER:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and
wind a large number of turns of thin cu wire on thick
paper (say 60). This constitutes primary sell of the
transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and
wound relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of
thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary
coil. It is a step down transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input
voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter
respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current
through stand S2.
5. Now connect stand S1and S2 A.C main and again
measure voltage and current through primary and
secondary coil of step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by
changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
USES OF
TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all AC operations:

1.In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air


conditioner, etc.

2A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.

3.A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.

4.A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays


and NEON advertisement.

5. Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized


power supplies.

6.Transformers are used in the transmissions of AC over long


distances.

7.Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, Loud


speakers and electric bells etc.
CONCLUSION
1.The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary
coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input
voltage.

2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary


coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input
voltage.

3. There is a less of power between input and output coil of a


transformer.
SOURCES OF
ERROR
1. Values of current can be changed
due to heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the
readings.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Keep safe yourself from high
voltage.
2. While taking the readings of current
and voltage the A.C should remain
constant.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Help from NCERT Books.
2. Help from Physics lab manual.
3. Help from Internet.
4. Help from google.co.in
5. Help from teachers.

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