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Berg, Hager, Goodman, Baydack Visualizing The Environment, Canadian Edition
Ans: b
Section Ref: Chapter Opener
2. Which of the following can cause deformities like the ones shown?
a) pesticides
b) parasite infections
c) air and water pollution
d) all of these
Ans: d
Section Ref: Chapter Opener
Ans: b
Section Ref: Defining and Measuring Biological Diversity
4. Which type of biological diversity is best represented by the variation in corn kernels shown
here?
a) species richness
b) ecosystem diversity
c) genetic diversity
d) population diversity
Ans: c
Section Ref: The Importance of Conserving Biological Diversity
Ans: a
Section Ref: Measuring Biological Diversity at the Species Level
Ans: a
Section Ref: Measuring Biological Diversity at the Species Level
Ans: d
Section Ref: Measuring Biological Diversity at the Species Level
8. Which of the following terms best defines a group of distinct organisms capable of interbreeding
in the world but which do not interbreed outside their group?
a) species
b) population
c) community
d) family
Ans: a
Section Ref: Measuring Biological Diversity at the Species Level
Ans: b
Section Ref: Measuring Biological Diversity at the Species Level
Ans: d
Section Ref: Measuring Biological Diversity at the Species Level
Ans: c
Section Ref: Measuring Biological Diversity at the Species Level
12. Forests and grasslands are important because they provide what important ecosystem
service?
a) dilute and remove pollutants
b) provide humans with wood
c) moderate waterflow
d) absorb carbon dioxide
Ans: d
Section Ref: The Importance of Conserving Biological Diversity
Ans: a
Section Ref: The Importance of Conserving Biological Diversity
14. How long does it take to develop the genetic diversity found in most populations of
organisms?
a) several generations
b) hundreds of millions of years
c) millions of years
d) thousands of years
Ans: b
Section Ref: The Importance of Conserving Biological Diversity
15. The chemicals produced by this flower can be used for what purpose?
a) creating pesticides
b) producing steroids used in birth control
c) treating Hansen's disease ( leprosy)
d) treating cancers
Ans: d
Section Ref: The Importance of Conserving Biological Diversity
16. What is low-level extinction of species that has occurred throughout the history of life on Earth
called?
a) mass extinction
b) evolution
c) background extinction
d) human impact extinction
Ans: c
Section Ref: Extinction, Species at Risk, and Invasive Species
Ans: c
Section Ref: Extinction, Species at Risk, and Invasive Species
Ans: a
Section Ref: Extinction, Species at Risk, and Invasive Species
19. Why has the extinction rate increased so much in recent years?
a) naturally occurring climate change
b) an increase in the number of natural disasters
c) human activities
d) increased competition between species
Ans: c
Section Ref: Extinction, Species at Risk, and Invasive Species
20. Which of the following characteristics is known to make a species more vulnerable to
extinction?
a) herbivory
b) occupying a small (localized) range
c) living on a continent
d) population less than 1 million
Ans: b
Section Ref: Species at Risk
21. What is a species in imminent danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its
range called?
a) endemic
b) commercially extinct
c) endangered
d) threatened
Ans: c
Section Ref: Species at Risk
Ans: a
Section Ref: Areas of Declining Biological Diversity
23. Under the Canadian Species at Risk Act, what are considered extirpated species?
a) species that are no longer present in the wild in Canada, but formerly existed there
b) species that are facing imminent extinction
c) species that show a high probability of becoming endangered
d) species of special concern
Ans: a
Section Ref: Species at Risk
Ans: a
Ans: c
Section Ref:
Ans: b
Section Ref: Human Causes of Species Endangerment
a) tropical regions
b) rain forests
c) tectonic regions
d) biodiversity hotspots
Ans: d
Section Ref: Human Causes of Species Endangerment
a) green products
b) organic products that attract birds
c) organically grown bird-seed
d) shade-grown and organic coffee
Ans: d
Section Ref: Human Causes of Species Endangerment
29. What is the current conflict between humans and elephants is based on?
a) biotic pollution
b) over-hunting for ivory
c) water pollution
d) loss of habitat
Ans: d
Section Ref: Human Causes of Species Endangerment
Ans: d
Section Ref: Human Causes of Species Endangerment
b) Humans are responsible for many of the mass extinctions in the geologic record.
c) Natural climatic change is responsible for the current mass extinction.
d) There is no mass extinction happening at this time.
Ans: a
Section Ref: Human Causes of Species Endangerment
32. Which of the following would suffer most from habitat fragmentation?
a) elephants
b) poison dart frogs
c) toucans
d) pocket gophers
Ans: a
Section Ref: Human Causes of Species Endangerment
Ans: d
Section Ref: Human Causes of Species Endangerment
Ans: c
Section Ref: Human Causes of Species Endangerment
a) endangered
b) threatened
c) medically important
d) invasive
Ans: d
Section Ref: Human Causes of Species Endangerment
Ans: a
Section Ref: Human Causes of Species Endangerment
37. What is the term that can be defined as ‘the sensible and careful management of natural
resources’?
a) preservation
b) conservation
c) economic environmentalism
d) environmental cost/benefit analysis
Ans: b
Section Ref: Conservation versus Preservation of Resources
Ans: c
Section Ref: Conservation versus Preservation of Resources
Ans: c
Section Ref:
Ans: c
Section Ref: Conservation Biology
41. Under Canada’s SARA legislation it is illegal to do what to endangered or threatened species?
a) kill them
b) capture them
c) destroy their habitat
d) all of the above are illegal
Ans: d
Section Ref: The Species at Risk Act
42. What is one problem associated with protecting vulnerable habitat areas as a means of
conserving species richness?
a) That there are so few of these areas, less than 500 worldwide.
b) That multiple uses of the area sometimes conflict with the goal of preserving species.
c) That there is enough money, but not enough expertise to manage them effectively.
d) That too much of the protection is located in tropical rain forests and not enough is in remote
mountain areas.
Ans: b
Section Ref: Conservation Biology
Ans: c
Section Ref: Conservation Biology
Ans: b
Section Ref: International Conservation Policies and Laws
Ans: b
Section Ref: International Conservation Policies and Laws
46. These parrots were captured illegally and are bound for the pet trade. What agreement
protects endangered species from being traded on the international market?
a) CITES
b) EPA
c) IPCC
d) DIVERSITAS
Ans: a
Section Ref: International Conservation Policies and Laws
Ans: d
Section Ref: Landscape Ecology
48. When a landscape ecologist talks about landscape structure, to what is he or she referring?
a) the geology underlying the landscape
b) the dominant landforms in the area
c) the interaction among elements in the landscape
d) the composition, configuration and proportion of various patches across the landscape
Ans: d
Section Ref: Landscape Ecology
Ans: b
Section Ref: Conservation Biology
Ans: c
Section Ref: Conservation Biology
51. What must biologists do before attempting a reintroduction of captive-bred animals into the
wild?
a) restore disturbed lands to create appropriate biological habitat
b) teach social skills to animals in the wild for acceptance of captive-bred animals
c) determine what factors originally caused the species to become endangered
d) identify and locate biodiversity hotspots
Ans: c
Section Ref: Conservation Biology
52 What effect did the reintroduction of wolves into Yellowstone National Park ?
a) it led to a more lush and varied plant community
b) it caused a reduction in the population of ground squirrels, chipmunks and pronghorns
c) it increased overgrazing by elk
d) it caused none of the above since the reintroduction was unsuccessful
Ans: a
Section Ref: Case Study
Essay Questions
53. Why are species that go extinct in isolated environments like islands and mountains not
readily replaced?
Suggested Ans: Many species have difficulty reaching and successfully colonizing an island, and
locally extinct species are not readily replaced in isolated environments such as islands or
mountaintops.
Section Ref: Measuring Biological Diversity at the Species Level
54. Explained the difference between the three types of biological diversity.
Suggested Ans: Species richness is the number of different species in a community. Genetic
diversity is the genetic variety within all populations of that species. Ecosystem diversity is the
variety of interactions among organisms in natural communities.
Section Ref: Measuring Biological Diversity at the Species Level
55. Explain how beavers create a diversity of habitats through their activities and help to increase
the overall biodiversity of an area.
Suggested Ans: Beavers play an important role in their natural ecosystem. Through their
damming activities, beavers alter water levels and produce a variety of moist and dry meadows,
wet forests, marshes, bogs, streams, and open water that change the climate, nutrient flow,
vegetation, wildlife, hydrology, and geomorphology of an entire watershed. Dead trees left by
beavers or killed by beaver flooding become new homes for a plethora of animals and microbes.
Tree cutting also changes the tree canopy by opening up the understory to sunlight, which
changes the ecological succession of the forest. Light loving plants grow, creating new homes
and food sources for a variety of different species. The excess wood chips left behind from beaver
cutting also become new shelter and food sources for insects, small mammals, and birds.
Downed vegetation and debris picked up by water during flooding produces large amounts of
nutrients that flow into the water where growing plants and animals trap them and then begin to
cycle them. This increase in nutrients and overall biodiversity draws more fish, birds, and animal
species into beaver ponds.
Section Ref: The Importance of Conserving Biological Diversity
56. Explain what this label means and how it preserves biodiversity.
Suggested Ans: The SMBC allows certified shadegrown and organic coffee farmers to use this
label on their product. Many species of migratory songbirds, favorites among North American bird
lovers, are in decline, and Americans' coffee habits may play a role. In the tropics, high-yield
farms cultivating coffee in full sunlight—known as sun plantations—are rapidly replacing
traditional shade plantations. This switch is affecting wintering birds common to southern Mexico,
the Caribbean, Costa Rica, and Colombia. Shade plantations grow coffee plants in the shade of
tropical rainforest trees. These trees support a vast diversity of songbird species that winter in the
tropics (one study counted 150 species in 5 hectares [12.4 acres]), as well as large numbers of
other vertebrates and insects. In contrast, sun plantations provide poor bird habitat. Sun-grown
varieties of coffee, treated with large inputs of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, outproduce the
shade-grown varieties but lack the diverse products that come from the shade trees. About half of
the region's shade plantations have been converted to sun plantations since the 1970s. Songbird
populations have declined alarmingly during this period. Researchers counted 94 to 97 fewer bird
species on sun plantations in Colombia and Mexico than on shade-grown coffee plantations.
Various conservation organizations and development agencies, such as the Smithsonian
Migratory Bird Center (SMBC) and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) have
initiated programs to certify coffee as “shade grown,” which allows consumers the chance to
support the preservation of tropical rain forest.
Section Ref: Human Causes of Species Endangerment
57. Define extinction and give the possible causes of mass extinction. What single human activity
increases the susceptibility of a given species to extinction? Why?
Suggested Ans: Extinction is the irreversible elimination of a species from Earth. The causes of
past mass extinctions are not well understood, however possible causes include a major climate
change or a catastrophic collision of Earth and a large asteroid or comet. Human activity disrupts
or destroys the habitat of many organisms. If an organism's habitat is altered, this impacts the
organism's ability to find a mate, food sources, and territory necessary for survival and shelter.
Some species have an extremely small range and when this is disturbed, the species will perish.
Section Ref: Human Causes of Species Endangerment
58. Identify and explain the significance of the various components of biological diversity. Supply
one specific example of each type of diversity in your explanation.
Suggested Ans: Biological diversity is the variety of life in all forms, at all levels, and in all
combinations in a defined area.. The components of biological diversity include genetic diversity,
species richness, and ecosystem diversity. Genetic diversity takes into account the genetic
variety within all populations of that species. These differences provide a broad genetic base for
each species' long-term health and survival. If all members of a species were genetically identical,
then they would all be susceptible to the same pests and disease. Species richness refers to the
number of species found in an ecosystem. Species richness within an ecosystem provides the
ecosystem with resilience, the ability to recover from environmental disasters. The removal of one
species from a community makes an ecosystem run less smoothly. Ecosystem diversity is the
variety of interactions among organisms in natural communities, including forests, prairies,
deserts, coral reefs, lakes, coastal estuaries and other ecosystems. A forest community with trees,
shrubs, vines, insects, worms, animals, fungi and bacteria has greater ecosystem diversity than a
cornfield.
Section Ref: Defining and Measuring Biological Diversity
59. What is the goal of conservation biology? What are in situ and ex situ conservation practices,
and how are they used to meet the goal of conservation biology? What gets in the way of each of
these conservation practices being effective and highly successful?
Suggested Ans: The goal of conservation biology is to study how humans impact organisms and
develop strategies to cope with declining biological diversity. In in situ conservation, parks and
reserves are established to concentrate on preserving biological diversity in nature. Currently,
more than 3,000 national parks, sanctuaries, refuges, forests and other protected areas exist
worldwide. Also the land that is set aside for the preserve is often in lightly populated mountain
areas, tundra, and desert. These places often have relatively few kinds of species. In ex situ
conservation human-controlled settings are used to conserve biological diversity. This includes
the breeding of captive species in zoos and the seed storage of genetically diverse plant crops.
Problems that must be overcome with this practice include prioritizing which species to be saved.
Public support favors charismatic species such as pandas and bald eagles to the detriment of less
“attractive” endangered species. Before attempting a reintroduction, conservation biologists now
make a feasibility study to determine what factors originally caused the species to become extinct
and whether or not these factors still exist. Seed bank must overcome the drying out of seeds,
loss of electricity needed to freeze the seeds and the fact that seeds don't remain alive indefinitely
and must be germinated periodically so new seeds can be collected.
Section Ref: Conservation Biology
Suggested Ans: Human development threatens some protected areas—for example, the harvest
of natural resources for human use. Human knowledge of ecosystems is limited, and more
scientific data are needed to make good management decisions. Conservation management
must be adaptive (flexible to meet new problems) rather than adhere to old procedures because
“that's what has always been done.” Human-affected environments often surround protected
areas, threatening them with invasive species, pollution, and other problems. Protected areas are
often too small to support certain populations and ecological processes in the long term.
Protected areas are often so fragmented that, when a local population declines in number, natural
migration to rebuild the population can't occur. Humans are an important part of nature. Human
values, needs, and desires must be considered when making management decisions.
Section Ref: Conservation Biology
61. What is the Nature Conservancy of Canada and what methods does it use to conserve
nature?
Suggested Ans: The Nature Conservancy of Canada (NCC), a private non-profit group, is the
leading national land conservation organization in Canada. Through successful partnerships with
governments, corporations, and landowners, NCC works to protect valuable ecosystems by
securing property and committing to long-term stewardship. Over the last 45 years, NCC and their
associated partners have conserved more than 2 million acres of land nationwide. Much of the
land that NCC protects is ecologically valuable and in some cases is vulnerable and disappearing.
NCC strives to secure land through purchases, donations, and conservation agreements. The
Ecogift Program, a federal program administered by Environment Canada, was created in 1995 to
provide tax incentives to landowners wanting to protect their ecologically sensitive lands. NCC
also receives land donated as capital properties and as assets that are sold, with the proceeds
being used to purchase land with higher priority conservation needs. Other efforts include
conservation agreements that are established between private landowners and NCC to
permanently limit land use to protect its conservation value.
Section Ref: Conservation Biology
62. Compare and contrast the designations of threatened, endangered, and extinct species.
Describe three human causes of species endangerment and/or extinction and explain which is
the most threatening.
Suggested Ans: A threatened species is one whose population has declined to the point that it
may be at risk of extinction. An endangered species faces threats that may cause it to become
extinct within a short period and an extinct species is one whose last individual member has died.
Humans contribute to species endangerment through habitat destruction / disruption, spread of
invasive species, pollution, and overexploitation. When humans alter or demolish habitat to build
roads, parking lots, bridges, businesses, mine for minerals, go off-roading, log for timber or clear
land for agriculture, those species that depend on those resources for survival are at a loss. As
the human population expands, the habitat for endangered species shrinks. Loss of habitat is the
most threatening to species continued existence. Invasive species that spread rapidly in a new
area where they are free of predators are crowding out native species. Humans introduce these
foreign species knowingly or unknowingly with the same result. Human-produced acid rain,
stratospheric ozone depletion, and climate warming degrade even wilderness habitats. Other
types of pollutants that affect organisms include industrial and agricultural chemicals, sewage,
and thermal pollution from heated wastewater. Some species become endangered as a result of
deliberate efforts to eradicate or control their number. Unregulated hunting, over-hunting, and
poaching endanger animals from the passenger pigeon to the snow leopard.
63. Amphibians merit attention because of precipitous declines in their populations occurring
around the world.
a) Discuss possible causes for the current status of current amphibian populations.
b) What characteristics of amphibians (frogs) make them particularly important bellwether
species?
c) What environmental issues need to be addressed as signaled by the amphibians?
Suggested Ans: The declines of amphibian populations are not limited to areas with obvious
habitat destruction. Some remote, pristine locations show dramatic declines in amphibians.
Potential factors contributing to the amphibian decline include pollutants, increased UV radiation,
agricultural chemicals, infectious diseases, and global climate warming. Amphibian deformities
have been reported in almost all of the U.S. and four continents. Scientists have demonstrated
that pesticides, parasitic flatworms, and multiple environmental stressors such as habitat loss,
disease, and air and water pollution may cause the deformities. A bellwether species provide an
early warning of environmental damage with the potential to affect other species. Amphibians are
remarkable sensitive environmental indicators in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
Additionally, frogs breathe primarily through their permeable skin. This moist, absorptive skin
makes frogs susceptible to environmental contaminants. The environmental issues that need to
be addressed include the stratospheric ozone thinning that is causing an increase in UV radiation.
Additionally, increasing global temperatures must be addressed as the climate warming has
reduced moisture levels in cloud forests. And, of course, we must address habitat loss, air and
water pollution, and pesticide residues as species endangerments.
Section Ref: Chapter Opener
64. How does the Canadian SARA attempt to maintain national biodiversity? What are its
perceived advantages and disadvantages?
Suggested Ans: The Canadian Species at Risk Act (SARA) was passed in 2002 to provide legal
authority to the federal government to ensure the conservation of biological diversity at the
national level. SARA was formulated to meet the following objectives:
• To prevent Canadian indigenous species, subspecies, and distinct populations from becoming
extirpated or extinct
• To provide for recovery of endangered or threatened species
• To encourage management of other species to prevent them from becoming at risk
In order to achieve the objectives, the Act created the Committee on the Status of
Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC), an independent body of experts responsible for
assessing and identifying to the Minister of Environment designations for different species at risk.
The designations can fall into one of five categories: extinct species, extirpated species,
endangered species, threatened species, and special concern species. For any species listed as
extirpated, endangered, or threatened under SARA, it is illegal to kill, harm, harass, or capture the
species. Possessing, collecting, buying/selling, or trading any part of a listed species, or causing
damage or destruction to their habitat, is also illegal under SARA. These restrictions do not apply
to wildlife listed as species of special concern. Many environmentalists and scientists in Canada
have protested against SARA, suggesting that the Act is too weak to protect species and
associated habitat adequately. Many studies indicate that far too often politics and economics
override science and COSEWIC recommendations, resulting in species being turned down from
achieving protected status. However, the Act does represent an important step toward protecting
Canada’s biological diversity. It also acknowledges government commitment to sustainable
stewardship of nature and wildlife for future generations.
Section Ref: The Species at Risk Act
65. Why were some of the people living adjacent to Yellowstone National Park against the
reintroduction of wolves to the park in 1995? What was done to address their concerns?
Suggested Ans: Ranchers and farmers who live in the area were against the reintroduction
because their livelihood depends on livestock being safe from predators. To address this concern,
ranchers are allowed to kill Yellowstone wolves that attack their cattle and sheep, and federal
officers can remove any wolf that threatens humans or livestock. Also, ranchers are reimbursed
the full market value for cattle, sheep, and other livestock lost to wolves.
Section Ref: Case Study
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KUNINGATTAREN AAMU-VASTAANOTTO
Näkyi tulevan ihana päivä, täynnä sitä suloa, jota liian pikainen
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kääntynyt pohjoisesta itään. Jos tuulen suunta pysyisi tällaisena, olisi
talvi, 1784 vuoden ankara talvi, lopussa.
"Teitä ei ole toruttu", sanoi hän, "te kun olette vapaa ja ylväs, jota
kaikki hieman pelkäävät, sillä te olette jumalallisen Minervan lailla
liian viisas."
"Mitä, madame?"
"Mikä isäntä?"
"Ettekä vielä ole häntä tavannut! Niin itsekäs minä olen, että
tempasin teidät hänen näkyvistään ja vein Pariisiin; sitä ei
todellakaan voi anteeksi antaa."
"Voi, madame", sanoi Andrée hymyillen, "koko sydämestäni suon
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"Onko varmaa?"
"Siitä vastaan."
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"Kolmenkymmenenkahden."
"Ja aamun?"
"Oikein hyvin."
Ovi avautui.
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kysyttävää Andréelta, niin tuossa hän tulee."
"Itseänne vastaan."
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"Siis myönnätte…"
"Valitettavasti, monseigneur!"
"Ja te tottelitte?"
Andrée puki ylleen yhtä nopeasti. Filip otti taas hatun kainaloonsa
ja seurasi naisia.