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Chapter 1 Testbank: Introduction

Multiple Choice

1. Which statement best describes a computer program?

A) A program is a sequence of comments.
B) A program can decide what task it is to perform.
C) A program is a sequence of instructions and decisions that the computer carries out.
D) A program can only perform one simple task.

Ans: C
Section Ref: Section 1.1 Computer Programs
Title: Which statement best describes a computer program?
Difficulty: Easy

2. Which statement regarding computer programs is correct?

A) Computer programs can decide what task to perform.
B) Large and complex computer programs are generally written by only one programmer.
C) Computer programs are composed of extremely primitive operations.
D) Small computer programs are not documented.

Answer: c
Section reference: Section 1.1 Computer Programs
Title: Which statement regarding computer programs is correct?
Difficulty: Easy

3. What does CPU stand for?

A) Computer Programming Unit
B) Computer Processing Unit
C) Central Processing Unit
D) Central Programming Unit

Ans: C
Section Ref: Section 1.2 The Anatomy of a Computer
Title: What does CPU stand for?
Difficulty: Easy
4. Which one of the following is NOT a function of a CPU?
A) Performing arithmetic operations
B) Processing data and controlling programs
C) Querying a database
D) Fetching and storing data from storage and input devices

Ans: C
Section Ref: Section 1.2 The Anatomy of a Computer
Title: Which one of the following is NOT a function of a CPU?
Difficulty: Easy

5. Which type of storage is made from memory chips?

A) CD
B) hard disk
C) primary storage
D) DVD

Ans: C
Section Ref: Section 1.2 The Anatomy of a Computer
Title: Which type of storage is made from memory chips?
Difficulty: Easy

6. Which one of the following memory types provides storage that persists without electricity?
A) primary storage
B) RAM
C) memory
D) secondary storage

Ans: D
Section Ref: Section 1.2 The Anatomy of a Computer
Title: Which one of the following memory types provides storage that persists without electricity?
Difficulty: Easy

7. Which type of secondary storage consists of rotating platters, which are coated with a magnetic
material, and read/write heads, which can detect and change the patterns of varying magnetic flux on the
platters?
A) hard disk
B) flashdrive
C) DVD
D) RAM

Ans: A
Section Ref: Section 1.2 The Anatomy of a Computer
Title: Which type of secondary storage consists of rotating platters?
Difficulty: Easy

8. What are the electrical lines called that interconnect the CPU, RAM, and the electronics controlling the
hard disk and other devices?
A) bus
B) network
C) optical disk
D) power lines

Ans: A
Section Ref: Section 1.2 The Anatomy of a Computer
Title: What are the electrical lines called on a computer?
Difficulty: Easy

9. Which part of a computer contains the CPU, the RAM, and connectors to peripheral devices?
A) network
B) bus
C) motherboard
D) optical disk

Ans: C
Section Ref: Section 1.2 The Anatomy of a Computer
Title: Which part of a computer contains the CPU, the RAM, and connectors to peripheral devices?
Difficulty: Easy

10. For a program to be executed, where must it reside so that the CPU can read its instructions?
A) optical disk
B) primary memory
C) secondary memory
D) hard disk

Ans: B
Section Ref: Section 1.2 The Anatomy of a Computer
Title: For a program to be executed, where must it reside so that the CPU can read its instructions?
Difficulty: Easy

11. Which memory type does not provide persistent storage?

A) secondary storage
B) hard disk
C) primary storage
D) DVD
Answer: c
Section reference: 1.2 The Anatomy of a Computer
Title: Which memory type does not provide persistent storage?
Difficulty: Easy

12. Which of the following is not contained on the motherboard of a computer?

A) RAM
B) integrated circuit
C) hard disk
D) CPU

Answer: c
Section reference: 1.2 The Anatomy of a Computer
Title: Which of the following is not contained on the motherboard of a computer?
Difficulty: Easy

13. What term is used to refer to the computer instructions that are executed by a CPU, which are specific
to each CPU?
A) virtual machine
B) machine code
C) high-level code
D) instruction set

Ans: B
Section Ref: Section 1.3 The Java Programming Language
Title: What term is used to refer to the computer instructions that are executed by a CPU?
Difficulty: Easy

14. What is the JVM?

A) A vital machine that never fails to run compiled Java code.
B) A vital machine that compiles Java code into machine instructions.
C) A virtual machine that runs compiled Java code on any CPU.
D) A virtual machine that compiles Java code into machine instructions.

Answer: c
Section reference: 1.3 The Java Programming Language
Title: What is the JVM?
Difficulty: Easy

15. What is the term used to refer to Java code that runs in a browser?
A) applet
B) script
C) html
D) class

Answer: a
Section reference: 1.3 The Java Programming Language
Title: What is the term used to refer to Java code that runs in a browser?
Difficulty: easy
16. What term is used to refer to languages that allow programmers to describe tasks at a higher
conceptual level than machine code?
A) virtual
B) high-level
C) sophisticated
D) conceptual

Ans: B
Section Ref: Section 1.3 The Java Programming Language
Title: What term is used to refer to languages that allow programmers to describe tasks at a higher
conceptual level than machine code?
Difficulty: Easy

17. What translates high-level descriptions into machine code?

A) debugger
B) assembler
C) compiler
D) linker

Ans: C
Section Ref: Section 1.3 The Java Programming Language
Title: What translates high-level descriptions into machine code?
Difficulty: Easy

18. What translates Java source code into files that contain instructions for the JVM?
A) linker
B) compiler
C) assembler
D) interpreter

Ans: B
Section Ref: Section 1.3 The Java Programming Language
Title: What translates Java source code into files that contain instructions for the JVM?
Difficulty: Easy

19. Which statement is true about running a Java program on a different CPU?
A) You need different Java source code for each processor.
B) You can take code that has been generated by the Java compiler and run it on different CPUs.
C) You need to recompile the Java program for each processor.
D) You cannot run the program on a computer with a different processor because Java, being a high-level
programming language, is machine dependent.

Ans: B
Section Ref: Section 1.3 The Java Programming Langauge
Title: Which statement is true about running a Java program on a different CPU?
Difficulty: Medium

20. When was Java officially introduced?

A) 1989
B) 1995
C) 2005
D) 2000

Ans: B
Section Ref: Section 1.3 The Java Programming Language
Title: When was Java officially introduced?
Difficulty: Easy

21. Which statement best describes the portability characteristic of Java?

A) It is easy to copy Java source code from one machine to another.
B) The same Java class files will run on different operating systems without change.
C) It is easy to compile Java source code on different operating systems.
D) It is easy to change a Java program so that it will work on different operating systems.

Ans: B
Section Ref: Section 1.3 The Java Programming Language
Title: Which statement best describes the portability characteristic of Java?
Difficulty: Easy

22. When a Java application starts, what is the name of the method that is executed?
A) main
B) start
C) begin
D) Main

Answer: a
Section reference: 1.4 Becoming Familiar With Your Programming Environment
Title: When a Java application starts, what is the name of the method that is executed?
Difficulty: Easy

23. Text enclosed between this and the end of line is ignored by the compiler.
A) ''
B) //
C) ()
D) ""

Answer: b
Section reference: 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: Text enclosed between this and the end of line is ignored by the compiler.
Difficulty: Easy

24. What is the name of the file declaring the class named MyClass?
A) MyClass
B) myclass.java
C) MyClass.class
D) MyClass.java

Answer: d
Section reference: 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: What is the name of the file declaring the class named MyClass?
Difficulty : Easy

25. In a console window, how do you compile the declaration of the class MyClass?
A) javac MyClass.java
B) javac MyClass
C) java MyClass.java
D) java MyClass

Answer: a
Section reference: 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: In a console window, how do you compile the declaration of the class MyClass?
Difficulty : Medium

26. In a console window, assuming that MyClass includes the main method, how do you run the
program?
A) java MyClass.class
B) javac MyClass
C) java MyClass
D) javac MyClass.java

Answer: c
Section reference: 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: In a console window, how do you run a Java program?
Difficulty: Medium

27. A(n) ____ is a collection of code that has been programmed and translated by someone else, ready
for use in your program.
A) method
B) class
C) parameter
D) library

Answer: d
Section reference: 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: A(n) ____ is a collection of code ...
Difficulty: Easy

28. Every Java program consists of one or more of these fundamental building blocks.
A) class
B) CPU
C) applet
D) parameter

Ans: A
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: TB Every Java program consists of one or more of these fundamental building blocks.
Difficulty: Easy

29. What is the name of the file that contains the Java source code for the class BankAccount?
A) BankAccount
B) BankAccount.java
C) BankAccount.class
D) BankAccount.txt

Ans: B
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: What is the name of the file that contains the Java source code for this class?
Difficulty: Easy

30. A __________ contains sequences of instructions to perform a particular task.

A) parameter
B) label
C) variable
D) method

Ans: D
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: A __________ contains sequences of instructions to perform a particular task.
Difficulty: Easy

31. What term is used to refer to an instruction in a method?

A) statement
B) constant
C) comment
D) object

Ans: A
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: What term is used to refer to an instruction in a method?
Difficulty: Easy
32. In Java, every statement must end with this symbol.
A) .
B) )
C) !
D) ;

Ans: D
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: In Java, every statement must end with this symbol.
Difficulty: Easy

33. What term is used to refer to text in a program that helps human readers understand the program?
A) methods
B) comments
C) constants
D) statements

Ans: B
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: What term is used to refer to text in a program that helps human readers understand the program?
Difficulty: Easy

34. The Java compiler ignores any text between ____.

A) (* and *)
B) /* and */
C) {* and *}
D) // and //

Ans: B
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: The Java compiler ignores any text between ____.
Difficulty: Easy

35. What term is used to refer to a sequence of characters enclosed in quotation marks?
A) string
B) object
C) comment
D) variable

Ans: A
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: What term is used to refer to a sequence of characters enclosed in quotation marks?
Difficulty: Easy
36. What entity belongs to a class and is manipulated in a program?
A) constant
B) package
C) object
D) comment

Ans: C
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: What entity belongs to a class and is manipulated in a program?
Difficulty: Easy

37. A method is called on what entity in the program?

A) constant
B) statement
C) comment
D) object

Ans: D
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: A method is called on what entity in the program?
Difficulty: Easy

38. What term is used to refer to information passed in to a method on a call?

A) class
B) object
C) parameter
D) comment

Ans: C
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: What term is used to refer to information passed in to a method on a call?
Difficulty: Easy

39. Parameters to methods are enclosed by these symbols.

A) ()
B) ""
C) {}
D) //

Ans: A
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
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Title: Parameters to methods are enclosed by these symbols.
Difficulty: Easy

40. A method may be called by specifying which 3 items in the specified order?
A) method name, parameters, object
B) object, parameters, method name
C) object, method name, parameters
D) class, parameters, method name

Ans: C
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: A method is called by specifying which 3 items in the specified order?
Difficulty: Easy

41. What is the syntax for calling the println method on the object System.out?
A) println("Any message").System.out;
B) System.out("Any message").println;
C) System.out.println("Any message");
D) println(System.out, "Any message");

Ans: C
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: What is the syntax for calling the println method on the object System.out?
Difficulty: Easy

42. What is the object in the given method call?

System.out.println("Welcome");

A) println
B) System.out
C) System.out.println
D) System

Ans: B
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: What is the object in the given method call?
Difficulty: Easy

43. What is the name of the method in the given method call?

System.out.println("Welcome");
A) "Welcome"
B) System
C) println
D) out

Ans: C
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: What is the name of the method in the given method call?
Difficulty: Easy

44. What is the parameter in the given method call?

System.out.println("Welcome");

A) out
B) println
C) "Welcome"
D) System

Ans: C
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: What is the parameter in the given method call?
Difficulty: Easy

45. What is the output of the following Java statement?

System.out.println("4 + 6");

A) 10
B) 46
C) 4
D) 4 + 6

Ans: D
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: What is the output of the following Java statement?
Difficulty: Easy

46. What is the output of the following Java statement?

System.out.println(4 + 6);

A) 4 + 6
B) 4
C) 10
D) 46

Ans: C
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: What is the output of the following Java statement?
Difficulty: Easy

47. What type of program can you use to enter your Java program?
A) compiler
B) editor
C) spreadsheet
D) database

Ans: B
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: What type of program can you use to enter your Java program?
Difficulty: Easy

48. Which statement is true about a Java program?

A) Java forces the programmer to use a particular layout for readability.
B) Java requires that at most one statement appear on one line.
C) The first method that is executed in a Java program is called Main.
D) Java is case sensitive.

Ans: D
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: Which statement is true about a Java program?
Difficulty: Easy

49. What is the name of the class declared in the file MyClass.java?
A) MyClass
B) MyClass.class
C) MyClass.java
D) myclass

Ans: A
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: What is the name of the class declared in the file MyClass.java?
Difficulty: Easy
50. The Java compiler translates source code into what type of file?
A) document
B) object
C) class
D) text

Ans: C
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: The Java compiler translates source code into what type of file?
Difficulty: Easy

51. What is the name of the file created after a successful compilation of MyClass.java?
A) MyClass.java
B) MyClass.class
C) myClass.class
D) MyClass

Ans: B
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: What is the name of the file created after a successful compilation of MyClass.java?
Difficulty: Easy

52. What does a class file contain?

A) Instructions for the specific CPU on the computer.
B) Instructions for the Java Virtual Machine.
C) The JVM instructions for all classes in the Java application.
D) The Java source code for a class.

Ans: B
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: What does a class file contain?
Difficulty: Easy

53. What is the file extension of a Java class file?

A) .java
B) There is no file extension.
C) .class
D) .txt

Ans: C
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: What is the file extension of a Java class file?
Difficulty: Easy
54. In a console window, what is the name of the command used to compile Java source code?
A) javac
B) javadoc
C) compile
D) java

Ans: A
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: In a console window, what is the name of the command used to compile Java source code?
Difficulty: Easy

55. In a console window, what is the name of the command used to run a Java program?
A) javadoc
B) javac
C) java
D) run

Ans: C
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: In a console window, what is the name of the command used to run a Java program?
Difficulty: Easy

56. In a console window, how do you compile the declaration of the class BankAccount?
A) java BankAccount
B) javac BankAccount
C) javac BankAccount.java
D) java BankAccount.java

Ans: C
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: In a console window, how do you compile the declaration of the class BankAccount?
Difficulty: Medium

57. In a console window, assuming that BankAccountTester includes the main method, how do you
run the program?
A) javac BankAccountTester
B) java BankAccountTester.class
C) javac BankAccountTester.java
D) java BankAccountTester

Ans: D
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: In a console window, how do you run a Java program?
Difficulty: Medium

58. What is a Java library?

A) A collection of Java source code that has been programmed and can be reused.
B) A collection of books on Java.
C) A collection of electronic documentation on Java.
D) A collection of code that has been programmed and translated by someone else, ready for you to use in
your program.

Ans: D
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: What is a Java library?
Difficulty: Easy

59. Which of the following statements is true about running a Java program?
A) The Java compiler executes your program.
B) The Java virtual machine loads the instructions for the program that you wrote, starts your program,
and loads the necessary library files as they are required.
C) The java compiler signals the JVM to execute the program.
D) The javadoc utility runs the documentation of the program.

Ans: B
Section Ref: Section 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program
Title: Which of the following statements is true about running a Java program?
Difficulty: Easy

60. Suppose that a computer virus infects your computer and corrupts the files you were going to submit
for your current homework assignment. What precaution could have saved you from a disastrously bad
grade for this assignment?
A) Defragment the hard drive.
B) Purchase an anti-virus program to remove the virus from your computer.
C) Make regular backups of all your important files.
D) Purchase an extended warranty for your computer.

Ans: C
Section Ref: Programming Tip 1.1 Backup Copies
Title: What can prevent you from losing files that get corrupted?
Difficulty: Easy

61. Which one of the following statements regarding backup strategies for Java files is correct?
A) You should have multiple copies of your source files in different locations.
B) You should regularly print out your work so you can retype it in case of data loss.
C) You should regularly back up the Java virtual machine instructions to prevent loss of valuable work.
D) Your compiler automatically makes backups of your source files.

Answer: a
Section reference Programming Tip 1.1
Title: Which one of the following statements regarding backup strategies for Java files is correct?
Difficulty: Easy

62. Which statement is true about the following Java statement:

System.out.println("Hello!);
A) There is a run-time error.
B) There are no errors.
C) There is a compile-time error.
D) There are multiple errors.

Answer: c
Section reference: 1.6 Errors
Title: Which statement is true about the following Java statement?
Difficulty: Easy

63. Assuming the programmer wishes to display "Hello!" on the screen, which statement is true about the
following Java statement:

System.out.println("Helo!");
A) There is a run-time error.
B) There are no errors.
C) There is a compile-time error.
D) There are multiple errors.

Answer: a
Section reference: 1.6 Errors
Title: Which statement is true about the following Java statement?
Difficulty: Easy

64. Assuming the programmer wishes to display "Hello!" on the screen, which statement is true about the
following Java statement:

System.out.println("Hello!");
A) There is a run-time error.
B) There are no errors.
C) There is a compile-time error.
D) There are multiple errors.

Answer: b
Section reference: 1.6 Errors
Title: Which statement is true about the following Java statement?
Difficulty: Easy

65. Assuming the programmer wishes to display "Hello!" on the screen, which statement is true about the
following Java statement:
 System.out.printn("Helo!");
A) There is a run-time error.
B) There are no errors.
C) There is a compile-time error.
D) There are multiple errors.

Answer: d
Section reference: 1.6 Errors
Title: Which statement is true about the following Java statement?
Difficulty: Easy

66. Assume that the following Java statement is contained in the main method of the class named
Hello:

System.out.printLine("Hello!");

What is the name of the file generated by the Java compiler?

A) Hello.java
B) Hello
C) No file is generated due to an error.
D) Hello.class

Answer: c
Section reference: 1.6 Errors
Title: What is the name of the file generated by the Java compiler?
Difficulty: Easy

67. What is defensive programming?

A) Writing a program that does not contain run-time errors.
B) Programming in a language that allows programmers to describe tasks at a higher conceptual level
than machine code.
C) Structuring programs and development processes in such a way that an error in one part of the program
does not trigger a disastrous response.
D) Writing a program that does not contain compile-time errors.

Answer: c
Section reference: 1.6 Errors
Title: What is defensive programming?
Difficulty: Easy

68. What is the term used to describe an error detected by the compiler that is a violation of the
programming language rules?
A) logic error
B) compile-time error
C) run-time error
D) typo

Ans: B
Section Ref: Section 1.6 Errors
Title: Term describing an error violating the programming language rules.
Difficulty: Easy

69. What is another term used to describe an error detected by the compiler that is a violation of the
programming language rules?
A) typo
B) logic error
C) semantic error
D) run-time error

Ans: C
Section Ref: Section 1.6 Errors
Title: Another term describing an error violating the programming language rules.
Difficulty: Easy

70. What is the term used to describe an error causing a program to take an action that the programmer
did not intend?
A) typo
B) run-time error
C) compile-time error
D) syntax error

Ans: B
Section Ref: Section 1.6 Errors
Title: Term describing an error causing a program to take an action that the programmer did not intenD)
Difficulty: Easy

71. What is another term used to describe an error causing a program to take an action that the
programmer did not intend?
A) syntax error
B) logic error
C) mistake
D) compile-time error

Ans: B
Section Ref: Section 1.6 Errors
Title: Another term describing an error causing a program to take an action that the programmer did not
intenD)
Difficulty: Easy

72. Which statement is true about the following Java statement:

System.out.Println("Welcome!");

A) There are multiple errors.

B) There are no errors.
C) There is a run-time error.
D) There is a compile-time error.

Ans: D
Section Ref: Section 1.6 Errors
Title: Which statement is true about the following Java statement?
Difficulty: Easy

73. Assuming the programmer wishes to output the phrase "Hello!", which of the following is true about
the following Java statement.

System.out.println("Welcme!");

A) There are multiple errors.

B) There is a run-time error.
C) There are no errors.
D) There is a compile-time error.

Ans: B
Section Ref: Section 1.6 Errors
Title: Which statement is true about the following Java statement?
Difficulty: Easy

74. Which statement is true about the following Java statement:

System.out.println("Welcome!");

A) There are no errors.

B) There is a run-time error.
C) There are multiple errors.
D) There is a compile-time error.

Ans: A
Section Ref: Section 1.6 Errors
Title: Which statement is true about the following Java statement?
Difficulty: Easy

75. Assuming the programmer wishes to output the phrase "Welcome!", which of the following is true
about the following Java statement.

System.out.Println("Wlcome!");

A) There are no errors.

B) There is a compile-time error.
C) There is a run-time error.
D) There are multiple errors.
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Ans: D
Section Ref: Section 1.6 Errors
Title: Which statement is true about the following Java statement?
Difficulty: Easy

76. Assume that the following Java statement is contained in the main method of the class named
Welcome:

System.out.printLine("Welcome!");

What is the name of the file generated by the Java compiler?

A) Welcome.class
B) Welcome.java
C) No file is generated due to an error.
D) Welcome

Ans: C
Section Ref: Section 1.6 Errors
Title: What is the name of the file generated by the Java compiler?
Difficulty: Easy

77. Which statement is true about the compilation process?

A) The compiler will generate CPU specific instructions even if it detects an error.
B) The compiler will generate Java virtual machine instructions even if it detects an error.
C) The compiler will stop compiling when it finds the first error.
D) The compiler will continue compiling after it finds an error.

Ans: D
Section Ref: Section 1.6 Errors
Title: Which statement is true about the compilation process?
Difficulty: Easy

78. Who or what is responsible for inspecting and testing the program to guard against logic errors?
A) JVM
B) programmer
C) end-user
D) compiler

Ans: B
Section Ref: Section 1.6 Errors
Title: Who/what is responsible for ... guarding against logic errors?
Difficulty: Easy
79. Structuring programs and development processes in such a way that an error in one part of the
program does not trigger a disastrous response is referred to as ____.
A) high-level programming
B) offensive programming
C) defensive programming
D) low-level programming

Ans: C
Section Ref: Section 1.6 Errors
Title: Structuring programs and development processes in such a way that an error in one part of the
program does not trigger a disastrous response is referred to as ____.
Difficulty: Easy

80. What are special software tools called that let you trace through a program to find run-time errors?
A) compiler
B) debugger
C) CPU
D) virtual machine

Ans: B
Section Ref: Section 1.6 Errors
Title: What are special software tools called that let you trace through a program to find run-time errors?
Difficulty: Easy

81. A step sequence that contains precise instructions for what to do at each step and where to go next is
______________.
A) unambiguous
B) terminating
C) executable
D) documented

Answer: a
Section reference: 1.7 Problem Solving: Algorithm Design
Title: A step sequence that contains precise instructions ...?
Difficulty:

82. A step sequence that can be carried out in practice is ______________.

A) unambiguous
B) terminating
C) executable
D) documented

Answer: c
Section reference: 1.7 Problem Solving: Algorithm Design
Title: A step sequence that can be carried out in practice ...?
Difficulty: Easy

83. A step sequence that eventually comes to an end is ______________.

A) unambiguous
B) terminating
C) executable
D) documented

Answer: b
Section reference: 1.7 Problem Solving: Algorithm Design
Title: A step sequence that eventually comes to an end ...?
Difficulty: Easy

84. What is the purpose of the following algorithm?

somenum = 0
Repeat the following steps for 15 times
input variable1
if variable1 < somenum then
somenum = variable1
end of if
end of repeat
print somenum

A) To search for a particular number among 15 numbers.

B) To find the largest among 15 numbers.
C) To print out the 15 numbers.
D) To find the smallest among 15 numbers.

Answer: d
Title: What is the purpose of the following algorithm?
Section reference: 1.7 Problem Solving: Algorithm Design
Difficulty: Easy

85. Evaluate the given pseudocode to calculate the efficiency of a vehicle's fuel consumption using the
following test values:
The trip odometer reading (odometer) = 350
The amount to fill the gas tank (amount) = 12

input odometer
input amount
output odometer/amount

What is the final output?

A) 27.7
B) 29.2
C) 34.4
D) 32.3

Answer: b
Section reference: 1.7 Problem Solving: Algorithm Design
Title: What is output of this pseudocode with these test values?
Difficulty: Medium

86. Evaluate the given pseudocode to calculate the weighted score for a student:
The average homework score (homework) = 95
The weight of homework (hwWeight) = 35%
The average exam score (exams) = 87
The weight of exams(exWeight) = 65%

input homework
input hwWeight
input exams
input exWeight
output homework*hwWeight + exams*exWeight

What is the final output?

A) 89.20
B) 89.80
C) 87.80
d.92.20

Answer: b
Section reference: 1.7 Problem Solving: Algorithm Design
Title: What is output of this pseudocode with these test values?
Difficulty: Medium

87. Evaluate the given pseudocode to calculate the payment (pmt) with the following test values:
The total number of hours worked (working_hours) = 60
The rate paid for hourly work (rate) = 12

input working_hours
input rate
pmt = working_hours * rate
if working_hours > 40 then
extra_hours = working_hours – 40
extra_pmt = extra_hours * rate
pmt = pmt + extra_pmt
end of if
output pmt

What is the final output?

A) 960
b.840
c.240
d.720

Answer: a
Section reference: 1.7 Problem Solving: Algorithm Design
Title: What is output of this pseudocode with these test values?
Difficulty: Hard

88. What term is used to refer to an informal description of a sequence of steps for solving a problem?
A) assembly language instructions
B) pseudocode
C) machine instructions for a specific CPU
D) Java virtual machine instructions

Ans: B
Section Ref: Section 1.7 Problem Solving: Algorithm Design
Title: What term is used to refer to an informal description of a sequence of steps for solving a problem?
Difficulty: Easy

89. What term is used to refer to a sequence of steps for solving a problem that is unambiguous,
executable, and terminating?
A) documentation
B) pseudoprogram
C) algorithm
D) comments

Ans: C
Section Ref: Section 1.7 Problem Solving: Algorithm Design
Title: What term is used to refer to a sequence of steps for solving a problem that is unambiguous,
executable, and terminating?
Difficulty: Easy

90. Which of the following options is true about algorithms?

A) Algorithms are described informally and can contain ambiguous steps.
B) Algorithms are written in a programming language.
C) Algorithms can replace the source code in programs.
D) You must create an algorithm for a problem before you can create a program to solve the problem.

Ans: D
Section Ref: Section 1.7 Problem Solving: Algorithm Design
Title: Which of the following options is true about algorithms?
Difficulty: Easy

91. A step sequence is unambiguous when ___________________________

A) it will eventually come to an end.
B) it is clearly documented.
C) it can be carried out in practice.
D) there are precise instructions for what to do at each step and where to go next.

Ans: D
Section Ref: Section 1.7 Problem Solving: Algorithm Design
Title: A step sequence is unambiguous when ...?
Difficulty: Easy

92. A step sequence is executable when ___________________________

A) it will eventually come to an end.
B) it can be carried out in practice.
C) it is documented.
D) there are precise instructions for what to do at each step and where to go next.

Ans: B
Section Ref: Section 1.7 Problem Solving: Algorithm Design
Title: A step sequence is executable when ...?
Difficulty: Easy

93. A step sequence is terminating when ___________________________

A) there are precise instructions for what to do at each step and where to go next.
B) it will eventually come to an end.
C) it can be documented.
D) it can be carried out in practice.

Ans: B
Section Ref: Section 1.7 Problem Solving: Algorithm Design
Title: A step sequence is terminating when ...?
Difficulty: Easy

94. What is the purpose of the following algorithm?

num = 0
Repeat the following steps for 10 times
input var1
if var1 > num then
num = var1
end of if
end of repeat
print num
A) To print out the 10 numbers
B) To search for a particular number among 10 numbers
C) To find the largest among 10 numbers
D) To find the smallest among 10 numbers

Ans: C
Section Ref: Section 1.7 Problem Solving: Algorithm Design
Title: What is the purpose of the following algorithm?
Difficulty: Easy

95. Evaluate the given pseudocode to calculate the efficiency of a vehicle's fuel consumption using the
following test values:
The trip odometer reading (odometer) = 300
The amount to fill the gas tank (amount) = 15

input odometer
input amount
output odometer/amount

What is the final output?

A) 15
B) 10
C) 30
D) 20

Ans: D
Section Ref: Section 1.7 Problem Solving: Algorithm Design
Title: What is output of this pseudocode with these test values?
Difficulty: Medium

96. Evaluate the given pseudocode to calculate the weighted score for a student:
The average program score (program) = 92
The weight of programs (pgmWeight) = 40%
The average exam score (exams) = 85
The weight of exams(exWeight) = 60%

input program
input pgmWeight
input exams
input exWeight
output program*pgmWeight + exams*exWeight

What is the final output?

A) 89.20
B) 87.80
C) 89.80
D) 92.20

Ans: B
Section Ref: Section 1.7 Problem Solving: Algorithm Design
Title: What is output of this pseudocode with these test values?
Difficulty: Medium

97. Evaluate the given pseudocode to calculate the payment (pmt) with the following test values:
The total number of hours worked (working_hours) = 50
The rate paid for hourly work (rate) = 10

input working_hours
input rate
pmt = working_hours * rate
if working_hours > 40 then
extra_hours = working_hours – 40
extra_pmt = extra_hours * rate
pmt = pmt + extra_pmt
end of if
output pmt

What is the final output?

A) 540
B) 580
C) 500
D) 600

Ans: D
Section Ref: Section 1.7 Problem Solving: Algorithm Design
Title: What is output of this pseudocode with these test values?
Difficulty: Hard

98. What is the correct order of the steps in the program development process:
i. Develop and describe the algorithm.
ii. Translate the algorithm into Java.
iii. Understand the problem.
iv. Compile and test the program.
v. Test the algorithm with different inputs.

A) iii, i, ii, iv, v

B) i, ii, iv, v, iii
C) iii, i, v, ii, iv
D) i, iii, v, ii, iv

Ans: C
Section Ref: Section 1.7 Problem Solving: Algorithm Design
Title: What is the order of the steps in the program development process?
Difficulty: Easy
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Quezaltenango the first treaty of a similar nature
between the new state of Los Altos and Salv. Marure,
Efem., 48-50. Costa Rica had in Nov. 1838 assumed
the plenitude of her sovereignty. In obedience to a
decree of Braulio Carrillo, the supreme chief of the
state, dated Aug. 4, 1838, her representatives and
senators had left their seats in the federal congress.
The state recognized its share of the federal debt and
paid it at once. Carrillo's decree shows that the Costa
Ricans were dissatisfied with the inequality of their
representation in the national lower house, where
Guatemala had 19 more deputies than Nicaragua, 17
more than Honduras, 15 more than Salvador, and 23
more than Costa Rica, which had only four
representatives in the 'congreso,' as the lower house
was called. The representation in the senate was
equal to that of the other states; but if the latter
chamber refused its sanction to any bill adopted, the
former could, under the 83d art. of the constitution,
make it a law by three fourths of the votes present.
Thus was Costa Rica made a nonentity in the
legislative body. There were other reasons for
complaint. By a good management of her finances,
Costa Rica always had available resources, and
punctually paid her contingent to the national
treasury in money. She was therefore taxed while
virtually without representation. Montúfar, Reseña
Hist., iii. 266-73, 310, 313-41.

[VII-47] It was a force from Leon, under Col B.

Mendez, who had entered by the frontier of San
Miguel. Montúfar, Reseña Hist., iii. 292-3.

[VII-48] The allied commander was Francisco

Ferrera, an Hondureño, who had been connected
with the incendiaries of Comayagua. This victory was
mainly due to Morazan's daring. He was seriously
wounded in the right arm. Col Benitez, who was a
Colombian, was slain. Marure, Efem., 48; Montúfar,
Reseña Hist., iii. 293-5.
 [VII-49] Brigadier Cabañas occupied the capital
Aug. 28th. He defeated the Hondurans at Cuesta
Grande Sept. 6th, and then entered Tegucigalpa. On
the 25th, after quelling a revolt which took place on
the 16th, in San Salvador, Morazan was again
victorious at San Pedro Perulapan with 600
Salvadorans over a double force of Hondurans and
Nicaraguans, who, under Ferrera, had entered that
town on their way to San Salvador, to destroy the
'simulacro de gobierno federal que existia aun en
aquella capital.' Cabañas triumphed again at Soledad
on Nov. 13th. Marure, Efem., 48-51; Montúfar,
Reseña Hist., iii. 354-6, 446.

[VII-50] Ferrera was without a command for

some time, owing to his continual defeats. Quijano
was another 'notabilidad del partido servil
aristocrático.'

[VII-51] Cabañas' official report of Feb. 3d from

San Antonio del Sauce says that the enemy's force
being superior, he had resolved to retire to San
Miguel in Salv. Montúfar, Reseña Hist., iii. 451-2.

[VII-52] Stephens, Cent. Am., i. 245, quaintly

remarks, 'It must have been quite new to him, and a
satisfaction to find out what principles he sustained.'

[VII-53] Among them were Mariscal and Del Rio.

War had been declared between Guatemala and
Salvador. The fiction of Atescatempa, Carrera's
proclamations against Morazan the chief magistrate
of Salv., the movement of the 16th of Sept., 1839,
against the lawful authorities of Salvador prompted
and aided by Carrera, the destruction of Los Altos the
friend and ally of Salv., and many other causes,
constituted a real state of war. Montúfar, Reseña
Hist., iii. 456.

[VII-54] Their head men sought refuge with the

nuns of La Concepcion.
 [VII-55] Made up exclusively of Indians, as
Carrera wanted no white soldiers or officers.
Stephens' Cent. Am., ii. 111.

[VII-56] The worshippers of Carrera have said

that he intentionally allowed Morazan to enter the
city, with the view of besieging him, which is absurd.
The city was full of war material, and was plentifully
supplied with meat.

[VII-57] His officers who distinguished

themselves in the operations were Generals Cabañas
and Rivas, colonels Antonio Rivera Cabezas and
Ignacio Malespin, and Lieut-col Bernardo Rivera
Cabezas.

[VII-58] Carrera's official report is dated at

Guatemala on the 23d of March. He does not speak
of the assassination of Col Sanchez, Morazan's aide-
de-camp, by order of his brother, Sotero Carrera; nor
of the wanton massacre of many others; nor of the
maltreatment of women, followers of the Salvadoran
camp, which caused the French consul to raise his
voice in protest. Carrera gave full sway to his
ferocious instincts on that day, taking the greatest
delight in butchering the vanquished. Many of the
pursued sought an asylum in the house of Chatfield,
the British consul, and a word from him on their
behalf would have saved their lives; but he did not
utter it, and they were put to death. Id., 460-7;
Marure, Efem., 52.

[VII-59] Their hatred against Morazan was shown

in their cries, accompanying those of 'Viva la religion!
Guanacos, entreguen á ese canalla, entreguen á ese
hereje; nosotros, defendemos á Dios y á sus santos.'
They called their opponents 'guanacos, pirujos,
malvados, ladrones,' and declared that they were
going to bring back the archbishop, and the friars
who were sent away in 1829.
 [VII-60] Stephens, who was then on his way
from San Salvador to Guatemala, met the defeated
troops, and in his Cent. Am., ii. 69 et seq., gives a
graphic description.

[VII-61] Miguel Álvarez Castro, José Miguel

Saravia, Isidro Menendez, Cárlos Salazar, Máximo
Orellana, Nicolás Angulo, Trinidad Cabañas, Enrique
Rivas, Gerardo Barrios, Pedro Molina, with his sons
Felipe and José, and his son-in-law Manuel Irungaray,
Antonio and Bernardo Rivera Cabezas, José M. Silva,
Máximo, Tomás and Indalecio Cordero, Antonio Lazo,
and others. Pedro Molina refused to go at first, but
was prevailed on by his sons and son-in-law, who
saw that his fate would be sealed if he remained.
Montúfar, Reseña Hist., iii. 484.

[VII-62] Pedro Molina and his sons Felipe and

José, Manuel Irungaray, Isidro Menendez, Gen.
Enrique Rivas, Doroteo Vasconcelos, Gerardo Barrios,
Indalecio Cordero, José Prado, Dámaso Lonza, and
others. They were made afterward the objects of
abuse on the part of Carrillo and his coarse wife,
Froilana Carranza. Id., iii. 600-1.

[VII-63] July 16, 1841. He details the acts of the

serviles, enemies of their country's independence and
freedom. Carrera's career of crime is also fully
discussed. Morazan, Manif., in Id., 585-96; Id., in
Cent. Am. Pap., no. 3.

[VII-64] The serviles had said that they waged

war, not against Salvador, but against Morazan.

[VII-65] The embassy brought an escort of 200

men, and Salvador had to pay all the expense. See
the note of Minister Manuel Barberena to the
minister-general of Guatemala, dated May 18, 1840.
Carrera was lodged in one of the best houses of
Salvador, and his deportment clearly indicated what
his early training had been. His first diplomatic
utterances were threats, and the general conduct of
himself and his soldiers was so abusive that the
people of the liberal district of Calvario in San
Salvador finally resolved to fall upon and annihilate
them. Cañas saw the danger, and called to it the
attention of Duran, who prevailed on his colleague to
leave the state with his troops. Montúfar, Reseña
Hist., iii. 487-8, 492.

[VII-66] The convention was signed by Joaquin

Duran, secretary of the sup. gov., and Lieut-gen.
Rafael Carrera, on the part of Guatemala, and by
Manuel Barberena and Juan Lacayo for Salvador.
Under art. 1st Salvador was not to have in office any
man who had coöperated with Morazan. Art. 2d
required of Salvador to surrender to Guatemala a
number of persons, named in a list furnished, to be
retained until Salvador should be fully reorganized.
Art. 3d forbids Salvador to permit the return to its
territory of any of the persons who went away with
Morazan. Should any return, they must be given up
to Guatemala, as prescribed in the 2d article. Art. 4th
and 7th refer to the return of certain armament and
of prisoners of war taken in the action of 18th and
19th of March last. Art. 5th says that the constituent
assembly of Salvador having been called, her
government must see at once to the appointment of
deputies to the convention which was to organize the
republic. Under art. 6th Salvador agreed that
Guatemala and the other states should appoint
agents, who, together with her own, were to have in
their charge the archives and other effects of the
federation. Id., 489-91.

[VIII-1] Guat. Recop. Leyes, i. 42, 62-9, 178.

[VIII-2] The title given the chief magistrate was

that of jefe. That of president was not decreed till
Nov. 29, 1839. Marure, Efem., 51.
 [VIII-3] He is represented as a man of excitable
temperament and harsh manners. He was a brother
of José Francisco Barrundia.

[VIII-4] The prelate of the order was summoned

to the palace of the federal government, and a
compromise was agreed to. Meantime the mob had
assembled, shouting, 'Mision queremos! Viva la
religion! Muera la herejía! Mueran los que no quieren
misiones!' Marure, Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am., i. 182-3.

[VIII-5] It was solemnly promulgated Dec. 26,

1825. This constitution was in full force till the
meeting of a second constituent assembly, when it
ceased to rule. Marure, Efem., 15; Guat., Recop.
Leyes, i. 201-2.

[VIII-6] Vera Paz with Peten; Chiquimula,

Guatemala, and Escuintla; Sacatepequez with
Chimaltenango; Suchitepequez with Sololá;
Quezaltenango and Soconusco; Totonicapan and
Huehuetenango. Id., 463-70.

[VIII-7] Barrundia induced seven of the deputies

to abandon their seats, and to protest against
resolutions enacted by the legislature after they had
quitted it. Marure, Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am., i. 242.

[VIII-8] This step was taken Sept. 6, 1826.

Marure, Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am., i. 260; Mem. Rev.
Cent. Am., 53-4. A demand from the fed. gov. to
muster out the troops was refused in round terms.

[VIII-9] He had once been a resident there, and

knew it to be the most bigoted place in all Cent. Am.
Liberal ideas had not taken much root there, and
fanaticism ruled.

[VIII-10] He afterward attempted to recover his

office, but the course events had taken impeded it.
Mem. Rev. Cent. Am., 57-8.
 [VIII-11] A creole from Sto Domingo, who had
been formerly a federal officer; but having been
arbitrarily removed from the position, he joined the
state cause.

[VIII-12] Near Quezaltenango he endeavored to

capture his former command, now under Manuel
Montúfar, but the latter escaped. Mem. Rev. Cent.
Am., 55-6. He had been forewarned by some serviles
of Quezaltenango of the ambuscade prepared for
him. Marure, Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am., i. 262.

[VIII-13] Abandoning the plan he had formed of

attacking the federals under Francisco Cáscaras.

[VIII-14] He allowed four hours for the

surrender: 'si en el término de cuatro horas, no
efectúan Vds. lo referido, la hermosa ciudad de
Quezaltenango desaparecerá.' Marure, Bosq. Hist.
Cent. Am., i. 288; Id., Efem., 18; Mem. Rev. Cent.
Am., 57-8.

[VIII-15] Among them, one of Oct. 19, 1826, to

punish attempts at propagating sedition among the
soldiers; another, of Oct. 25th, to impose the penalty
of death on all Guatemalans taking up arms against
the state government. Gaz. de Méx., Dec. 14, 1826;
El Indicador de Guat., of same year, no. 106; Guat.,
Recop. Leyes, i. 248-50.

[VIII-16] Afraid of falling into the hands of the

federal troops then marching toward Los Altos, he
retired to Retalhuleu, where he lived till 1829.

[VIII-17] Oct. 28, 1826. Cáscaras' vainglorious

report is in Guat., Gac. Gob., Nov. 2, 1826, and Méx.
Gac. Gob., Dec. 14, 1826; Marure, Efem., 18; Mem.
Rev. Cent. Am., 59-60.

[VIII-18] All persons affording them aid were

declared, on the 5th of March, guilty of high treason.
Guat., Recop. Leyes, i. 250-4. Decree reiterated
March 28, 1827; Marure, Efem., 19.

[VIII-19] All authorities agree that the execution

was effected upon the mere order of Aycinena, the
then jefe of Guat., and without legal formalities. Arce,
Mem., 68; Mem. Rev. Cent. Am., 70; Astaburuaga,
Cent. Am., 16; Squier's Travels, ii. 397. This last-
named writer severely condemns the affected piety
of Aycinena, who made confession before a priest
and took the communion before signing the death-
warrant. In 1829 the liberal party awarded
extraordinary honors to Pierzon's memory, ordering
that his name should be placed by the side of Cirilo
Flores, with this inscription, 'Viva el ilustre Coronel
Pierzon en el corazon de los buenos patriotas.'
Marure, Efem., 19.

[VIII-20] Aycinena retained his position

uninterruptedly till the 12th of Apr., 1829, when he
was deposed by Morazan. A legislative act
expatriated him, and he was in exile till early in 1836,
when he returned to the bosom of his family; but a
second legislative order compelled him to leave the
country again. Finally, an amnesty decree of July 25,
1838, restored him to his country in Sept. Marure,
Efem., 18, 61. Mariano Córdoba was chosen, in
March 1827, vice-jefe, and when he resigned the
office, Manuel Montúfar was called to succeed him.
Mem. Rev. Cent. Am., 60.

[VIII-21] It was the first of its class in Cent. Am.,

but by no means the last.

[VIII-22] Lieut Isidro Velazquez was executed

March 30, 1827.

[VIII-23] Leniency toward the proscribed Antonio

Rivera Cabezas, whose death-penalty he had
commuted to exile, and prohibition of certain books,
pursuant to decrees of the ecclesiastical authorities,
were among the chief causes which alienated him
many of his former supporters. Montúfar, Reseña
Hist., i. 236; Mem. Rev. Cent. Am., 114. On the 6th
of December, 1828, he ordered such books to be
burned. Marure, Efem., 22.

[VIII-24] It purposed with this measure, which

turned out to be unavailing, to remove one of the
obstacles to the termination of the war by means of a
peaceful arrangement.

[VIII-25] They were reëlected, though

succeeding events prevented the counting of the
votes. Mem. Rev. Cent. Am., 115.

[VIII-26] A revolt at Quezaltenango, Nov. 5,

1828, had been summarily suppressed. Marure,
Efem., 22.

[VIII-27] The districts of Sacatepequez and

Escuintla recognized the authorities that were
installed in La Antigua.

[VIII-28] His brother José Francisco having been

made acting president, he resigned for the second
time the office of jefe, urging obvious reasons, but
he was required by the assembly to continue
discharging his duties till the election should have
been effected. Montúfar, Reseña Hist., i. 167-9.

[VIII-29] The dispersed representative council of

1826 had been reorganized at La Antigua Feb. 11,
1829, and its senior member, Mariano Zenteno,
recognized as acting jefe of the state.

[VIII-30] This body voted Morazan a gold medal,

and declared him a benemérito. It also decreed that
his portrait should be placed in the hall of sessions.
This, however, was a spark of enthusiasm which died
out.
 [VIII-31] Nicolás Espinosa presided, as he had
done at the last sitting at San Martin Jilotepec, Sept.
26, 1826.

[VIII-32] Cayetano de la Cerda was the

administrador de recursos, and he acted without
restriction. Mariano Galvez, Barrundia's secretary of
state, is credited with the invention of the financial
schemes by the author of Mem. Rev. Cent. Am., 136-
7.

[VIII-33] Montúfar, Reseña Hist., i. 131-3, 143-

51.

[VIII-34] Antonio Rivera Cabezas was chosen

vice-jefe in March 1830. He was succeeded by
Gregorio Marquez in Feb. 1831; Francisco X. Flores
was consejero Aug. 1831.

[VIII-35] Molina was impeached on trivial and

inconsistent charges by the legislative body. Twice
tried and twice acquitted; but meantime the term for
which he was chosen had expired, and new elections
were ordered. Marure, Efem., 61. Full details of the
trials in Montúfar, Reseña Hist., i. 205-17, 229-33.

[VIII-36] Rivera Cabezas wielded a powerful pen,

and in a playful way ridiculed the servile party. His
Don Meliton dialogues did it more harm than José del
Valle with his grave and erudite speeches in
congress. He won himself the bitter hatred of that
party. The political change of 1839 placed him in the
hands of his enemies, and he lost much of his
property. He left the country, but family affairs
necessitated his return some years after. In his last
years his intellectual faculties declined, and the
serviles no longer feared him, but their hatred
remained, and their insults and abuse hastened his
death. His portrait is also given. Montúfar, Reseña
Hist., i. 235-7, 246.
 [VIII-37] The most violent felt since 1773.
Marure, Efem., 26.

[VIII-38] Several buildings were damaged,

among them the churches of Santa Teresa, San
Francisco, and Recoletos. Since the end of March
shocks had been experienced in the vicinity of the
Pacaya volcano, several villages being almost entirely
reduced to ruins. Id.

[VIII-39] The nun Teresa called them the effects

of God's displeasure for the banishment of the
archbishop and friars. Montúfar, Reseña Hist., i. 225-
6.

[VIII-40] The liberals were certain that with

Morazan at the head of the federal government, and
Barrundia as chief of Guatemala, there would be no
disagreements. Barrundia now made a cession for
the benefit of public instruction of nearly $7,000—
due him for salaries during the time he acted as
president. This was a generous act on the part of a
man who had no private fortune. He later ceded one
half of his senatorial pay for the same purpose.
Montúfar, Reseña Hist., i. 273-6.

[VIII-41] Galvez was reëlected Feb. 9, 1835, and

held the position till Feb. 2, 1838, when he was
forced to resign it. During his first term Simon
Vasconcelos was vice-jefe, and Juan Ant. Martinez
consejero; during the second, Pedro J. Valenzuela,
who superseded him; Mariano Sanchez de Leon was
consejero in 1836, and Mariano Rivera Paz in July
1838. The latter also held the executive office. Salv.,
Gac., Oct. 12, 1854; Marure, Efem., 43, 45, 61-2.

[VIII-42] Galvez was not in league with the

clergy or aristocracy, on one side; nor with Barrundia
or Morazan, on the other. He wanted to form a party
of which he should be the sole chief. This prompted
him to oppose all parties, and brought upon him
many reproaches.

[VIII-43] In July 1832 tithes were abolished. On

the 16th of Sept. an academy of sciences, to take the
place of the old university, was established, and to it
were attached the colegio de abogados, and the
protomedicato. This academy was suppressed March
6, 1840, and the university of old was restored.
Marure, Efem., 32. Among other measures were the
reduction of holidays to seven, aside from Sundays,
and the prohibition of religious processions in the
streets on working days. Montúfar, Reseña Hist., i.
307-19, ii. 76-84.

[VIII-44] Even the offspring of priests were to be

reputed as legitimate in cases of inheritance, where
the father had died intestate. Id., ii. 346-7.

[VIII-45] This blow at the church was not

favorably received by the people, and in July 1838
the resolution was suspended.

[VIII-46] They made the Indians believe that the

cholera was the effect of Galvez and his friends
having poisoned the springs, 'para destruir hombres
que detestaba y poblaciones que aborrecia.' Id., ii.
349.

[VIII-47] It was constantly brought forward that

while other states had seceded from the
confederation, Guatemala alone had contributed to
the common budget, and furnished the national
executive arms and money to wage war against the
rebellious states.

[VIII-48] Martial law was proclaimed Jan. 16,

1838, in the departments of Sacatepequez and
Guatemala. Two days later La Antigua rebelled,
appointing a provisional government, and
subsequently Chiquimula and Salamá followed the
movement. Marure, Efem., 42-3; Squier's Travels, ii.
431; Guat., Recop. Leyes, i. 858-9.

[VIII-49] The provisional government was placed

in charge of Marcelo Molina, José M. Galvez, and
José A. Aguilar. The assembly of Guatemala simply
referred the matter to the federal congress, which
recognized the new state. Montúfar, Reseña Hist., iii.
9-23; Guat., Recop. Leyes, i. 43.

[VIII-50] Marure, Efem., 47.

[VIII-51] The state comprised, on the north, the

districts of Huehuetenango, Sacapulas, Malacatan,
Tejutla, Cuilco, Jacaltenango, and Sololá, together
with all the territory between the river Pasion and
Chiapas, to where it touched the undefined
boundaries of Tabasco and Yucatan; on the west,
Ostuncalco and San Márcos; on the south,
Cuyotenango and Mazatenango; on the east, Atitlan,
Sololá, Joyabaj, Quiché; and in the centre,
Totonicapan and Quezaltenango. Montúfar, Reseña
Hist., iii. 391-3.

[VIII-52] Dated July 12, 1839. Id., 394-7.

[VIII-53] Galvez, José F. and Juan Barrundia,

Simon Vasconcelos, and others.

[VIII-54] On the 28th of Jan. a body of Quezaltec

troops, under Colonel Corzo, was defeated by the
Guatemalans, under Gen. Monterrosa. It had been
stationed in the hacienda of Bejucal, with the double
object of guarding on the coast side the territory of
Los Altos, and of forming a combination with the men
of Salvador, who were about to invade Guatemala
from the river Paz frontier. The treatment of the
fugitives by the Indians was shocking. Corzo and
Lieut-col Córdoba perished at their hands. Carrera,
after defeating, on the 29th of Jan., the Quezaltec
troops that attempted to check him on the heights of
Sololá, entered Quezaltenango unresisted, and put
an end to that state. Its towns were taken under
Guatemalan protection, on the fiction of their
voluntary annexation, by decree of Feb. 26, 1840.
Marure, Efem., 52; Guat., Recop. Leyes, i. 43-50.

[VIII-55] It was claimed that Carrera could not

prevent these abuses, which were committed by the
very people of Los Altos who rose against the
partisans of the government. The fact is, they were
savage Indians under Carrera's protection. This chief
returned in triumph to Guatemala, and was received
amid the plaudits of his clerico-aristocratic supporters
and the rabble. His victorious army brought in the
rear the armament and spoils of Quezaltenango, and
upwards of 100 prisoners, among them Guzman,
Mariscal, and Soto. The first named was wounded,
and tied to a mule. The rabble made him the special
object of their scoff. Montúfar, Reseña Hist., iii. 439-
41.

[VIII-56] Deprived of the office Jan. 30, 1839;

restored Apr. 13th of the same year; held it till Dec.
13, 1841. May 14, 1842, he assumed for the third
time the executive office, with the title of president of
the state. Guat., Recop. Leyes, i. 175; Marure, Efem.,
61-2. Stephens, who saw Rivera Paz in 1840, speaks
well of him, saying that 'in all the trying positions in
which he was afterward placed, he exhibited more
than ordinary prudence and judgment.' Cent. Am., i.
201.

[VIII-57] The 3d and last art. contained these

words: 'Un olvido general sobre todos los
acontecimientos políticos desde el quince de
Setiembre de mil ochocientos veintiuno hasta la
fecha; y se prohiba rigurosamente removerlos con
ningun motivo.' Further than this, José F. Barrundia
had moved that the initiative should be made urgent,
and voted on without being referred to a committee.
Montúfar, who gives full details on this affair, blames
Barrundia for his excessive generosity and
abnegation, which, he declares, always turned to the
prejudice of that statesman and his party. He wanted
his enemies pardoned, and to enjoy all personal
guarantees, but there was no spirit of reciprocity on
their part. When the serviles assumed the reins of
power, they invariably abused and persecuted
Barrundia. He was not only sent into exile, but
insulted there in publications they would forward
him. Reseña Hist., iii. 188-90.

[VIII-58] The executive was authorized to

support the petition of the clergy in order that the
diocese should have a bishop, and permitted that he
should appropriate a portion of the public funds to
that end. No mention was made of the person who
was to be bishop. The idea was to flatter the several
clergymen who were with Carrera hoping to earn a
mitre. July 25th the people were called to elect a
constituent assembly, of not less than fifty members,
to reform, add to, or retain in whole or in part the
constitution of Guatemala. This decree was
supported by the liberals, who foolishly believed that
their party would have the power to reconstitute the
state. The serviles hailed it, being sure of controlling
the situation with Rivera Paz at the head of the
government, and three servile wings as his
counsellors. Reactionary deputies would be plentiful
in the constitutional convention. The capitation tax
was reduced to four reales. The assembly, now
converted into a law-maker by steam, on the 26th of
July revoked the laws establishing civil marriage and
divorce, freedom to bequeath property, reduction of
the number of holidays, and the further admission of
religious vows. Id., 190-2.

[VIII-59] He ruled 2½ months, at the end of

which he had to seek safety in flight, on Carrera
occupying the capital. Marure, Efem., 48, 62.
 [VIII-60] The former political order of affairs now
came to an end, and a new era began under
Carrera's auspices. Guat., Recop. Leyes, i. 207.

[VIII-61] The texts of the several treaties may be

seen in Convencion, in Cent. Am. Constituciones, 5-
25, 28-31; Guat., Recop. Leyes, i. 382-95.

[VIII-62] Honors were paid to Carrera and Rivera

Paz. Their portraits were to be placed in the hall of
sessions. Marure, Efem., 53. A few days later the
19th of March was decreed a civic feast-day. Guat.,
Recop. Leyes, iii. 348.

[VIII-63] Act of Nov. 9, 1840. Id., 286.

[VIII-64] Not at Aguanqueterique, as the federal

congress had decreed. Astaburuaga, Cent. Am., 13;
Marure, Efem., 10. The last named, in his Bosq. Hist.
Cent. Am., 148, gives the name as Leypateric.

[VIII-65] Comayagua, Tegucigalpa, Gracias,

Santa Bárbara, Olancho, Yoro, and Choluteca.

[VIII-66] Irias excommunicated Herrera, and the

latter had him arrested. Both had many adherents.

[VIII-67] Arce claims that Gracias had called for

the protection. Mem., 64-5; Mem. Rev. Cent. Am.,
61. The truth is, he had no right to exercise
jurisdiction there, the place not being on the frontier
nor on the coast. Morazan, Apuntes, MS., 6.

[VIII-68] Herrera had a force to defeat Milla, but

refrained from using it, in order that Honduras should
not be accused of beginning hostilities against the
national government. Id., 7.

[VIII-69] Marure, Efem., 19, gives the 10th as

the date. Dunlop, Cent. Am., 169, gives March 10th.
Morazan attributes the surrender to the commander's
treachery. Apuntes, MS., 8.

[VIII-70] Cleto Bendaña was made jefe

provisional in Sept. 1827, Francisco Morazan being
consejero in Nov. of that year. Marure, Efem., 63.

[VIII-71] See his Apuntes, MS., 9-10.

[VIII-72] There was a sedition of the serviles,

headed by Father Rivas and others, which was
concluded by a peaceable arrangement with
Morazan. Montúfar, Reseña Hist., i. 191-3, 196.

[VIII-73] Martinez and Cori, implicated in a plot

with negroes of Belize and Bacalar, and others were
executed May 25, 1833. Montúfar, Reseña Hist., ii.
132.

[VIII-74] They mostly affected the clergy.

Marure, Efem., 23-7, 35-6.

[VIII-75] Resulting from various causes. A law

providing for a provisional currency checked foreign
trade. In the interior it was at 50 per ct discount. A
decree establishing a single tax never could be
carried out. The abolition of tithes was a measure
which caused trouble. Timid or fanatical rulers were
afraid of 'cuatro canónigos viejos de Comayagua que
amenazaban con el salmo 108 y las penas del
infierno,' and fanaticism soon brought about the
restoration of the tithes. Montúfar, Reseña Hist., iii.
277.

[VIII-76] This was the second constituent

assembly, and its first president was José Santiago
Buezo. The town of Tegucigalpa demanded absolute
independence, declaring itself seceded and under the
protection of Nicaragua until it should be declared.
This was the work of the returned reactionists. Id.,
279-82.
 [VIII-77] 'Art. Único. El estado de Honduras es
libre, soberano, é independiente.' It was published by
the acting jefe, Leon Alvarado. The declaration being
deemed insufficient by the secessionists, another act
was passed on the 5th of Nov., to say that Honduras
was independent of the late federal government, of
the governments of the other states of Cent. Am.,
and of any other government or foreign power. Id.,
282; Marure, Efem., 47.

[VIII-78] Tegucigalpa had been twice taken, and

Comayagua once, by the federal forces. Id., 50-1.

[VIII-79] Gerónimo Zelaya, primer jefe, June

1828. His authority was never recognized outside of
Santa Bárbara. His election was finally declared null,
like all others effected pursuant to the convention by
the president of the republic. Diego Vijil, vice-jefe,
Apr. 1829. Juan Angel Arias, consejero, Dec. 1829.
José Santos del Valle, consejero, July 1830. José Ant.
Marquez, jefe, March 1831. Francisco Milla,
consejero, March 1832. Joaquin Rivera, jefe, Jan.
1833 to Dec. 31, 1836. During his term, owing to
illness, the executive was temporarily in charge of F.
Ferrera, the vice-jefe, in Sept. 1833, and of J. M.
Bustillo, consejero, in Sept. 1835. The latter was
again in power as acting president in Aug. 1839.
Ferrera again held the executive in Jan. 1841, with
the title of president of the state. J. M. Martinez,
consejero, Jan. 1837. Justo José Herrera, jefe, May
1837. Leon Alvarado, consejero, Oct. 1838. Felipe
Medina, José Alvarado, and Lino Matute are also
mentioned as having had charge of the executive in
Nov. 1838; the last named till Jan. 1839. Juan F.
Molina, consejero, Jan. 1839. José M. Guerrero,
consejero, May 1839. Francisco Zelaya, consejero,
Sept. 1839. Id., 63; Montúfar, Reseña Hist., ii. 133-6,
325-31; iii. 282-3.
 [IX-1] March 5, 1824, the local constituent
assembly met, and on the 4th of July, the state
constitution, decreed on the 12th of June, was
published, and its support sworn to. Marure, Efem.,
10-11.

[IX-2] Sonsonate had always belonged to

Guatemala, but was annexed to Salvador on the
return of the auxiliary force that was despatched to
the former in 1823 to quell Ariza's revolt, of which I
have given an account. By intrigue and force, the
inhabitants were made to declare in favor of
Salvador. The region was later attached to the latter,
though the change of jurisdiction has never been
formally acknowledged by Guatemala. Some time
after there was a plan of creating, with Sonsonate
and Santa Ana, a separate state, but the federal
congress did not sanction it. Marure, Bosq. Hist., i.
149.

[IX-3] He assumed his office Dec. 13, 1824.

During the period of organization the executive was
in charge of Juan Manuel Rodriguez, who bore the
title of director. Id., Efem., 13, 62; Mem. Rev. Cent.
Am., 32.

[IX-4] At this time Salvador became the asylum

of the liberal party.

[IX-5] Arce alleged that Molina and others had

induced Villacorta to believe he was the only man
who could right political wrongs; but he found he
could not do this, and so resigned. Mem., 60-1.

[IX-6] Convents were abolished March 1, 1830. A

college was established in July of the following year;
and the state seemed to have recovered from the
losses of the late war.

[IX-7] Cornejo could not be in accord with the

federal authorities; he was a servile, and in league
with their enemies. Montúfar, Reseña Hist., i. 334.

[IX-8] The executive authority was held for a

while by Morazan himself. Marure, Efem., 30, 62.

[IX-9] To accept the position he resigned the

vice-presidency of the republic. Montúfar, Reseña
Hist., ii. 6.

[IX-10] Tithes had been suppressed and trial by

jury introduced.

[IX-11] The public archives and artillery were to

be also removed. The comandante-general was to
remain behind with four cannons and 200 muskets.

[IX-12] He had lost his wearing apparel, and in

his smallclothes, and with a travelling cloak on, he
took charge of the government. Id., 20. He was
chosen by the assembly first jefe on the 1st of July,
1833. In June 1834 he was removed from office and
expelled. Marure, Efem., 36, 62; Guat., Gaceta, Dec.
22, 1854, 7.

[IX-13] Aquino was a perfect savage, and

invoked religion, as did Carrera somewhat later. He
once entered San Vicente with the crown of an image
of St Joseph on his head. His mode of sentencing
prisoners to death was expeditious. The victim was
placed before a group of his men, who were told he
was their enemy. 'Shoot him,' they would say, and
the thing was done. Aquino was in league with the
serviles, but as they could not manage him, they
persecuted their crowned ally. Montúfar, Reseña
Hist., ii. 21.

[IX-14] Crowe, Gospel, 135, and Squier, Travels,

ii. 420-1, erroneously place it in 1832.

[IX-15] The defeat of San Martin by Gen.

Espinosa was at Jiquilisco. Guat., Boletin Ofic., 507-9.
San Martin was now forsaken by Galvez, the jefe of
Guatemala. In his old age he used to complain of 'las
inconsecuencias del Doctor Galvez.' Montúfar, Reseña
Hist., ii. 27.

[IX-16] The latter ruled only from July to Oct.,

when he was temporarily succeeded, first by the
consejero, Joaquin Escolan, and then by the vice-
jefe, José M. Silva, the same month. Nicolás Espinosa
became jefe in Apr. 1835, and was driven away in the
following November, being accused of promoting a
war of races, the consejero Francisco Gomez being
his successor on the 13th of Nov. The next rulers
were: Diego Vijil, Apr. 1836; Timoteo Menendez, vice-
jefe, Sept. 1836; Antonio J. Cañas, consejero, May
1839. Marure, Efem., 62; Montúfar, Reseña Hist., ii.
193.

[IX-17] Carrera contemplated becoming the ruler

of Central America, but had to abandon his plan on
Nicaragua and Honduras forming a league against
him. His Indians were not so efficient when off from
their native ground. Squier's Travels, ii. 441-2.

[IX-18] Sept. 23, 1840. He had ruled since Apr.

8th of the same year. Salv., Diario Ofic., Feb. 14,
1875. The revolutionary movement of Sept. 20th for
his removal was promoted by Francisco Malespin,
Carrera's tool, and a man who wielded a fatal
influence in Salvador till Gen. Joaquin E. Guzman rid
the country of him. Malespin was then acting for
Carrera, who feared that a revolution of the Calvario
ward of San Salvador would upset Cañas, who was
without influence, and could no longer be useful to
the aristocrats of Guat. Such a revolution would
create a liberal government, and might bring back
Morazan. Cañas was put out of the way that his place
might be occupied by a servile tool. Montúfar,
Reseña Hist., iii. 499.
 [IX-19] He held the position only to the end of
1840. His successors with the same title were Juan
Lindo, Jan. 1841; Pedro Arce, Apr. 1841; Senator
Escolástico Marin, Feb. 1842. Marure, Efem., 62.

[IX-20] 'En la ulterior contienda de los partidos

políticos de esta Provincia, pues, no se encuentran
mas que pasiones; las calificaciones de realistas,
imperialistas, ó serviles solo servian para autorizar la
persecucion.' Ayon, Ap., 25.

[IX-21] April 17, 1823.

[IX-22] This movement was the precursor of the

great calamities that were to befall Nicaragua.
Marure, Efem., 9.

[IX-23] The troops and the mob in Leon, on the

4th of May, deposed him, and placed his office in
charge of the alcalde, Pablo Melendez, who in his
turn was overthrown a few days later by another
sedition headed by Ordoñez.

[IX-24] The villas of Managua and Nicaragua

refused to recognize the revolutionary government at
the capital, and established a junta gubernativa at
the first-named town.

[IX-25] It was formed with the chief men of the

'partido de Managua.'

[IX-26] By order of Gen. Manuel José Arce, who

afterward entered Leon. Details of battles and actions
during this unhappy period of Nicaraguan history
may be found in Marure, Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am., i.
151-6; Id., Efem., 11-12, 75; Ayon, Apuntes, 28-36;
Dunlop's Cent. Am., 160-2.

[IX-27] In the previous year Martin Arzú had

been sent as a commissioner to restore peace in
Nicaragua. He was ordered to use gentle means, but
to employ force against parties opposing him. To
support him, 500 Hondurans were stationed at
Choluteca. He arrived after the siege of Leon had
begun, and endeavored on the spot to bring about
an arrangement between the belligerents; but he
was treated disrespectfully by the besiegers, and
even arrested and threatened with death by Salas.
He afterward declared the junta at El Viejo
revolutionary, and that its commands should be
disregarded. After that he conducted the defence of
Leon. Marure, Bosq., i. 157-9.

[IX-28] In the latter part of 1828 he was shot,

under the sentence of a court-martial convened by
order of the vice-jefe Argüello. Id., Efem., 63-4.

[IX-29] Its support was sworn to on the last day

of that month.

[IX-30] The first representative council, or

senate, was inaugurated at the same place on the
26th of Oct., 1826. Id., 18.

[IX-31] Cerda would not, however, lay down his

power, and continued exercising it at Managua. Mem.
Rev. Cent. Am., 43.

[IX-32] The dissolution was 'á consecuencia de

una sedicion promovida por el Vice-jefe del mismo
Estado Sr Juan Argüello.' Marure, Efem., 18.

[IX-33] On the 14th of Sept., 1827. This was his

third or fourth effort; all fruitless, however. Id., 20.

[IX-34] He foretold at the time that 'muy luego

vería el congreso arder otra vez la tea de la discordia
en aquel Estado.' Arce, Mem., 17.

[IX-35] Their project involved the annexation of

Nicaragua to Colombia. Los Anales, 1872, 54.
 [IX-36] He now proposed to surrender the
government to Argüello or some one else. His friends
dissuaded him, and he was finally the victim of
treachery.

[IX-37] His friends had obtained that the trial

should be at Granada, but the mob at Rivas opposed
his removal at the moment of departure. Id., 63.

[IX-38] Nov. 29, 1828. It is said that the vice-

jefe, Argüello, decreed a suspension of the sentence;
but purposely delayed the courier, so that the
reprieve arrived too late at Rivas. A full biography of
Cerda, with scattered historical items, is given in Id.,
29-72, passim.

[IX-39] The installation of the assembly was on

Nov. 1, 1829. The elections had been decreed by the
vice-jefe, Argüello, and his act, as well as the
elections effected under it, were on the 23d of May,
1830, declared to be legitimate. Rocha, Cód. Nic., i.
80. Herrera had been inducted in office on the 12th
of May. Montúfar, Reseña Hist., i. 199-203.

[IX-40] The services of the Nicaraguans were

recognized by both the federal president and the
state assembly. Honors were decreed to the
survivors, and pensions to the wounded, and to the
widows and orphans of the dead. Rocha, Cód. Nic., i.
214-15.

[IX-41] This last action was attributed by the

revolutionists to Herrera's machinations and
Morazan's influence; but the truth was, that the
people recognized Herrera's services as the
pacificator, and his good qualifications as a ruler.
Montúfar, Reseña Hist., ii. 31-2.

[IX-42] A detailed account of this revolt is given

in the Centro Americano, 89-97. It is said that a
number of medals were found of tortoise-shell, gold,
and other metals, with the image of Fernando VII.,
and bearing the inscription 'Viva Fernando VII. Rey
de España y de las Indias, Año de 1828,' which gave
rise to the supposition that the revolt had been in his
interests. Montúfar, Reseña Hist., ii. 36-8. Herrera
issued a proclamation calling on the people to stand
by the government. Marure, Efem., 33-4.

[IX-43] The assembly, installed on the 21st of

Aug., 1833, at Leon, approved all of Herrera's acts.

[IX-44] On the southern coast of Nicaragua, 12

leagues distant from Leon.

[IX-45] A dense yellow cloud rose suddenly,

accompanied by a strong smell of sulphur and a
shower of fine white dust. The alarmed inhabitants
closed their doors and windows, but the dust could
not be kept out. Breathing became difficult. This
lasted nearly three days. On the 23d, at 1 a. m., a
loud detonation, followed by heavy shocks of
earthquake, rain of sand, and total darkness,
rendered the terror of the people complete. Flocks of
birds fell dead to the ground, and wild animals
sought refuge in buildings. The frightened inhabitants
ran to their yards, or hurried to the churches to
implore divine mercy. Forty-three hours passed
before the earth became quiet, when a strong wind
cleared the atmosphere, enabling the people to
ascertain the damage. The ashes in the vicinity of the
volcano were several feet deep. The river Chiquito
had been wholly dried up, and two new islands were
formed. A large number of animals had perished, and
the living ones were in a state of starvation. Such
had been the force of the convulsion that the
detonations and the rain of ashes had reached a
distance of hundreds of leagues, as far as Oajaca,
Jamaica, and Bogotá in Colombia. Montúfar, Reseña
Hist., ii. 145-50, in giving an account of the event,
adds that the priests called it a punishment from
heaven because tithes had been abolished, freedom
of conscience proclaimed, and the decrees of 1829
and 1830 upheld. The parish priests in several towns,
during the prevailing darkness, preached from their
pulpits that this shaking of the earth was a
manifestation of God's wrath for the crimes of the
liberals. Squier, Trav., ii. 110-11, says that the
superintendent of Belize, on hearing the explosions,
mustered his troops, thinking that a battle was being
fought somewhere near the coast. Stephens, Cent.
Am., ii. 38, relates a similar incident of the military
commander of Guatemala.

[IX-46] Accounts of the catastrophe, differing

more or less in details, according to the various
points where it was observed, are given in Marure,
Efem., 36-7; Stephens' Cent. Am., ii. 35-8; Squier's
Trav., ii. 110-14, 162-3, with a view of the volcano;
Byam's Wild Life, 32-7; Dunlop's Cent. Am., 15-17;
Lond. Geog. Soc. Journ., v. 387-92; Astaburuaga,
Cent. Am., 23; Wells' Hond., 230-1; Cor. Atlánt., May
9, 1835, 10; Dicc. Univ. Hist. Geog., x. 919-20.

[IX-47] Not in 1836, as Dunlop has it. Cent. Am.,

191-2.

[IX-48] His minister-general for a time was J. N.

Gonzalez, and on his resigning, Hermenegildo
Zepeda, one of the first lawyers in the state,
succeeded. Montúfar, Reseña Hist., ii. 302.

[IX-49] On the 25th of Jan. Marure, Efem., 39,

64; Montúfar, Reseña Hist., ii. 306-10, gives the
official documents describing the occurrences.

[IX-50] Father Solis, the president, and others

attributed to Morazan and the constitution of 1824
the evils Nicaragua had suffered from, forgetting
those preceding Morazan and the constitution.
 [IX-51] Ratified by the executive Nov. 17th. Given
in full in Nic., Constit., in Cent. Am. Constitutions, 1-
39. A brief synopsis in Squier's Travels, ii. 211-13.
See also Niles' Reg., 1839, lvi. 49.

[IX-52] During Herrera's term the following held

the executive authority for short periods: Cárlos Ruiz
y Bolaños, Aug. 1831; Benito Morales, Feb. 1834;
José Nuñez, March 1834. I find that the government
was also provisionally in charge of Gregorio Juarez,
May 1835; F. X. Rubio, Jan. 1838; José Nuñez, as
jefe, March 12, 1838; Evaristo Rocha, May 1838;
Joaquin Cosio, June 1838; Patricio Rivas, director,
June 1839; Joaquin Cosio, July 1839; Hilario Ulloa,
Oct. 1839; Tomás Valladares, Nov. 1839. In 1840 he
became director del estado; Pablo Buitrago, director,
Apr. 1841. Marure, Efem., 64.

[IX-53] Sept. 6, 1824. Molina, Costa Rica, 95,

followed by Wagner, Costa R., 545, gives it as May
6th, which is evidently a mistake. Marure, Efem., 11,
has it Sept. 6th, and that Agustin Gutierrez
Lizaurzábal was its first president.

[IX-54] Costa Rica, Ley Fundam. (San Salv.,

1825), 24 mo, 26 pp.; Mem. Rev. Cent. Am., 32;
Astaburuaga, Cent. Am., 13; Molina, Costa R., 18.
This last-named author, on his p. 95, gives the date
as Jan. 22d, evidently following Marure, Efem., 13.
Squier, Travels, ii. 388, makes it Jan. 2d.

[IX-55] Mariano Montealegre became the vice-

jefe. Mora was reëlected in March 1829, and ruled till
toward the end of 1832. Marure, Efem., 64; Id.,
Bosq., 149; Mem. Rev. Cent. Am., 32.

[IX-56] Personal enmity between Pedro Muñoz,

an influential man in Guanacaste, and Cerda was the
main reason. Los Anales, 1872, 54.
 [IX-57] The approval was merely provisional. The
other four are Cartago, San José, Heredia, and
Alajuela. Molina, Costa R., 5-6.

[IX-58] Nic. y Hond., Doc., 101-12; Ayon, Consid.

Límites, 20-4; Frisch, Mex., 73.

[IX-59] Marure, Efem., 16, and Bosq., i. 232-3,

following El Indicador, 1826, no. 75, and El
Semanario, 1826, no. 86, gives the date as Jan. 29th.
Molina, Costa R., 96, places it on the 28th.

[IX-60] He confessed to have acted under a

commission from the court of Spain, and as a lieut-
col in its service. Seventeen of his partisans were
sent out of the country.

[IX-61] A detailed account of that mission may be

seen in Mem. Rev. Cent. Am., 112-14; Molina, Costa
R., 96-7.

[IX-62] 'Ocupa este lugar el ciudadano Ex-gefe

Juan Mora, por sus virtudes, y le ocuparán
sucesivamente, los que, en el mismo destino, se
hagan dignos de él.' Marure, Efem., 33. Mora was
born in San José in 1784, and had filled several
important trusts before his election to the chief
magistracy. After his retirement he again held other
offices till his exile in 1838. Returning to his country
in 1842, he took a prominent part in public affairs. In
Nov. 1848 he was declared a benemérito de la patria,
and given a pension for life. In May 1850 he became
president of the supreme court. Honesty and integrity
were the prominent traits of his character, united
with ability and liberal ideas, but free from
exaggerations. Molina, Costa R., 75-6, 98, 119-21.

[IX-63] Costa Rica had never been under the

sway of bishops, clergymen, or monks. That
fanaticism which has been so baneful to other states
of Spanish America never existed here. Montúfar,
Reseña Hist., i. 305.

[IX-64] Guat., Boletin Ofic., 1833, no. 34, 376;

Costa R., Col. Leyes, iv. 4-5. Gallegos was an
honorable man and father of a family, as well as a
wealthy property owner. But he was not conversant
with state affairs, nor with the intrigues of politicians.
His chief aim was economy; he wished to see the
public treasury full of money; he cared less to apply
that money in the development of the country.

[IX-65] In proof of which were the newspapers El

Noticioso Universal, La Tertulia, El Correo de Costa
Rica, and the number of sheets that were constantly
issued.

[IX-66] By the assembly and council, and

published by the executive, Apr. 3, 1834. Id., 198-
201; Costa R., Col. Leyes, iv. 110-12, 120-1.

[IX-67] Juan José Lara became jefe provisorio,

and in his turn was succeeded in June of the same
year by the vice-jefe Agustin G. Lizaurzábal, who
ruled till March 1835, when, because of ill health, he
delivered the government to Manuel Fernandez, who
had it till the regularly elected jefe assumed his
duties. Marure, Efem., 64; Molina, Costa R., 99;
Costa R., Col. Leyes, iv. 134-5, 159-60.

[IX-68] He was born in Cartago in 1800, and

studied in the university of Leon, Nicaragua. He had
never been out of Cent. Am., and consequently his
mind had never had the expanding influence of
travel. He was accordingly full of petty prejudices. He
could, however, appreciate men of merit, and avail
himself of their abilities; but if he mistrusted a man,
he proved a relentless foe. He rarely placed any trust
in any one. Montúfar, Reseña Hist., ii. 208; Costa R.,
Col. Leyes, iv. 206-7; Molina, Costa R., 68 et seq.;
Wagner, Costa Rica, 201-3.
 [IX-69] Law of Apr. 11 and Aug. 25, 1835; Costa
R., Col. Leyes, iv. 196-9, 235-9; Salv., Diario Ofic.,
May 25, 1875.

[IX-70] Government issued a proclamation

against the rebels on the 6th of Oct., 1835. Costa R.,
Col. Leyes, iv. 273-80.

[IX-71] The decisive action occurred on the 28th

of Oct. About 50 persons perished. Details on those
troubles appear in Molina, Costa R., 99-100; Marure,
Efem., 38. The authors of the rebellion were mulcted
in sums ranging from $2,000 down to $30. Montúfar,
Reseña Hist., ii. 208-27, 237-47.

[IX-72] Two thousand men came upon the

invaders at the hacienda of Santa Rosa. Quijano
escaped to Nicaragua. The government, by a decree
of July 2, 1836, declared him and others outlawed,
and one of them was executed. Costa R., Col. Leyes,
iv. 325-30, 349-58. Guanacaste, later known as
Liberia, and Nicoya, for their loyalty, were rewarded,
the former being made a city, and the latter a villa.
Molina, Costa R., 100; Montúfar, Reseña Hist., ii.
230-6.

[IX-73] Carrillo held the executive office till March

1837, when, his term having expired, he surrendered
it to Joaquin Mora, a brother of the former jefe, Juan
Mora, who ruled only one month, and began his
administration by opposing some of Carrillo's
measures. Id., 312.

[IX-74] Aguilar had political enemies who

accused him of friendship for Cartago, Heredia, and
Alajuela, thereby exposing San José to new assaults.
With this pretext a plan was formed to assault the
barracks at San José on the night of Aug. 26th. Id.,
318-20.
 [IX-75] Carrillo was recognized as jefe by a
special decree of the assembly on the 26th of June,
and remained at the head of affairs till 1842, when
he was overthrown in his turn. Costa R., Col. Leyes,
iv. 241; Marure, Efem., 64; Montúfar, Reseña Hist., ii.
322-3. Miguel Carranza, Carrillo's father-in-law,
became vice-jefe. Stephens, Cent. Am., i. 359.

[IX-76] He established a reign of despotism, in

which his will was law, restricting the press and
punishing his political opponents with expatriation
and otherwise, though they were pardoned in 1838.
Costa R., Col. Leyes, iv. 320-1, v. 96-100, 193-4. His
course made him many enemies, whom he treated
with the utmost harshness. His change from a liberal
ruler to an arbitrary one was quite marked. He was
known by the sobriquet of Sapo de Loza. A number
of charges against him appear in Montúfar, Reseña
Hist., iii. 561-79. During his former administration, in
1836, he restored the tithes and the excessive
number of holidays of the church.

[IX-77] The assembly had, in April 1838, passed

a resolution inviting the federal congress to call a
national convention for the exclusive purpose of
reforming the federal institutions. Costa R., Col.
Leyes, v. 196-8.

[IX-78] Carrillo could not rule with the liberal

constitution of 1825. To do away with this obstacle
he used as a pretext the decree of the federal
congress of May 30, 1838, empowering the states to
reconstitute themselves. The assembly of Costa Rica
accepted the decree on the 16th of July, 1838, and
Carrillo seized the opportunity to get rid of a
fundamental law that did not suit him. It was at his
suggestion that the assembly, by decree of July 14,
1838, called the constituent convention. Costa R.,
Col. Leyes, iv. 248-51, 279-84; Montúfar, Reseña
Hist., iii. 266-7.
 [IX-79] A treaty of friendship and alliance was
concluded July 1, 1839, with Honduras; another of
the same character one month later with Guatemala.
Both are given in Convencion, in Cent. Am.
Constitutions, 13-14, 23-5.

[IX-80] The coat of arms was a star with rays,

placed in the centre of a sky-blue circle, and had at
the circumference the inscription 'Estado de Costa
Rica.' The flag consisted of three horizontal stripes,
the uppermost and lowest white, and the central one
sky-blue, with the coat of arms on the latter. The flag
of the mercantile marine was not to have the coat of
arms, but instead of it, in silver letters on the centre
stripe, the inscription 'Estado de Costa Rica.' Costa
R., Col. Leyes, vi. 316-20.

[IX-81] President Morazan's decree of April 20,

1842, restored the flag, arms, and coins as before
the promulgation of Carrillo's.

[X-1] Articles 8th and 9th of this treaty stipulated

that the ports of both states were to be closed to
British trade until Great Britain should restore to
Central America the island of Roatan, the seizure of
which, together with its consequences, is treated of
in another part of this volume. Chatfield, who had
been favoring the views of Guatemala against Los
Altos, declared to the latter that these articles were
offensive to his government. The government of the
new state, being anxious to avert any interruption of
friendly relations, by its minister, Aguilar, assured the
consul, on the 18th of Jan., 1840, that the
objectionable articles would be rescinded.

[X-2] The state assembly passed a decree to that

end April 17, 1841, and appointed the deputies to
represent it, the appointees being Francisco
Castellon, Gregorio Juarez, Benito Rosales, Ex-jefe
José Nuñez, and Hermenegildo Zepeda. The last
named was represented by Sebastian Salinas.
Castellon's selection by the assembly was a blow at
Buitrago, the two being bitter opponents.

[X-3] In the protest they set forth the

machinations brought to bear to defeat them.
Nicaragua and Salvador had asked Guatemala and
Costa Rica to enter the convention. Ferrera, the
executive of Honduras, played a double game. He
had representatives in the convention, while he was
leagued with the aristocrats of Guatemala, who
spurned the idea of reorganization. Montúfar, Reseña
Hist., iv. 144.

[X-4] Meantime the convention named the

supreme delegate and the members of the council.
The duties of the executive officer were multifarious,
involving foreign and internal affairs. Among the
foreign affairs was the negotiating of a concordat
with the pope, and of a treaty with Spain for her
recognition of Central American independence. He
was also to procure the reassembling of the
American diet. Squier's Trav., ii. 444-5; Montúfar,
Reseña Hist., iv. 147-8; Reichardt, Nic., 73-4; Salv.,
Diario Ofic., Feb. 14, 1875.

[X-5] Act of the constituent assembly, dated July

20, 1842. Montúfar, Reseña Hist., iv. 304-5.

[X-6] The act consisted of 77 articles, and was an

amplification of the former act. Art. 4 said that the
confederate states recognized the principle of non-
intervention by one or more states in the internal
affairs of the others. They bound themselves never to
resort to arms for the settlement of disputed points,
nor to permit the annexation of towns of alien
jurisdiction without the express assent of their
sovereign. The other states of the late union were
granted the privilege of joining the confederacy with
equal rights and representation. Art. 14 prescribed
that the government was to be exercised through
delegates for the general objects of common benefit
expressly set forth in the instrument. Art. 15. The
executive authority was to be in charge of a supremo
delegado, with a consultive council formed with one
member from each state. Art. 16. The judicial power
was intrusted to a court composed of members
chosen by the state legislatures. The delegates who
subscribed the act were: J. Nuñez, G. Juarez,
Francisco Castellon, Pedro Zeledon, and Sebastian
Salinas for Nicaragua; Manuel Barberena, and José
M. Cornejo for Salvador; Manuel E. Vazquez, Mónico
Bueso, and Jacobo Rosa for Honduras. Cent. Am.,
Pacto de Confed., 1-12; Niles' Reg., lxiv. 2; La Union,
June 15, 1850; Montúfar, Reseña Hist., iv. 266-82;
Pabellon Nac., Oct. 19, 1844, 27; Froebel's Cent.
Am., 143.

[X-7] An act was passed by the constituent

assembly on the 28th of July, 1841, purporting to
have in view a restoration of the union. Guat., Recop.
Leyes, i. 454-5.

[X-8] Costa R., Col. Leyes, viii. 28-36. This treaty

was called by the nobles 'tratado de union.' Carcache
produced a note of June 17, 1843. from Aycinena
reiterating his government's protest against the
expediency and practicability of establishing in
Central America 'una forma de gobierno unitario,'
which in its opinion would entail upon the country
still greater misfortunes. Castellon, for the Nicaragua
executive, replied on the 5th of Aug., denying that
any offence had been committed by entertaining
opinions favorable to the late government. Montúfar,
Reseña Hist., iv. 151-2.

[X-9] Rivera Paz' decree, in Guat., Recop. Leyes,

i. 46-8.
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