Objectives

1. Introduction to Hand Tools

2. Classification & Functions of

Hand Tools

3. Sketching of Hand Tools

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Introduction
To
Hand Tools

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 Hand Tool
A hand held and hand driven mechanical equipment
used to perform operations on a work piece

Work piece
The material / article being worked on by a machine
tool or hand tool

Bench work
The production of an article by hand on the bench

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Let’s put that into perspective, shall we?

Hand Tool

Work piece

Bench

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Classification & Functions
of
Hand Tools

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 Note
Hand tools are classified according to their
functions.

Classes of hand tools include:

(a) Measuring tools (g) Shaping and sharpening
(b) Marking out tools tools
(c) Holding tools (h) Forming Tools
(d) Cutting tools (i) Prying Tools
(e) Striking tools (j) e.t.c
(f) Fastening tools

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 Disclaimer
The Hand Tools marked with a red star have been cited in the KNEC
Exams previously. The rest are just additional information.

The sketches given in this document are of sketches examined in the

KNEC Exams in the past. So take note of those.

Photos have been included to help you visualize. Have fun with
those. You’re welcome as always!

There’s a brief explanation for all classes of hand tools.

Don’t miss that.
 (a) Measuring
Tools

Measuring tools are tools used to find the dimensions and size of
an object

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(i) Steel rule
Used for making small measurements and layouts

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(ii) Tape measure
Used for general measurements over relatively longer
distances compared to the steel rule

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(iii) Folding Rule
Used for making measurements where a measuring tape
is too flexible. Useful for confined spaces such as
doorways.

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(iv) Vernier Calliper
Used for obtaining dimensions of an object such as
internal and external diameters, as well as length

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 Sketch

Inside Jaws Movable

Frame

Lock Screw Depth Gauge

Fixed
Frame

Main Scale

Vernier Scale

Outside Jaws

* Vernier Calliper * 20
(v) Micrometre Depth Gauge / Depth Gauge
A depth gauge is an instrument for measuring depth
below a reference surface or the distance between two
parallel surfaces i.e. depth of holes, grooves, slots,
shoulders and projections

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Sketch Ratchet Stop

Thimble

Thimble Scale

Sleeve Scale
Sleeve / Barrel
Lock Ring
Base
Reference Plane

Extension Rod Depth Measurement

for Measuring

* Micrometre Depth Gauge * 22

(v) Vernier Height Gauge
Employed for measuring the height of parts

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(vi) Try Square
Required for scribing straight lines at right angles to a
true surface. Also used to test the trueness of mutually
normal surfaces.

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(vii) Inside Callipers
Used to measure the inside diameter of cylindrical
components

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(viii) Outside Callipers
Used to measure the outside diameter of cylindrical
components

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(ix) Spirit Level
Checking the trueness of vertical and horizontal
surfaces

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(x) Micrometre Screw Gauge
A micrometer screw gauge is employed for measuring
small dimensions which require high accuracy

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(xi) Pitch Gauge
Used to measure the distance between a screw’s
threads

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 (b) Marking Out
Tools

These are tools used to transfer designs, patterns, measurements,

e.t.c to a work piece

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(i) Scriber
Used for scratching lines on metal pieces when laying
out a job

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Sketch

Bent Point

Grip

Straight Point

* Scriber * 32
(ii) Centre Punch
Used to mark the centre of a point, most often a hole
when drilling to prevent the drill bit from wandering

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(iii) Prick Punch
Similar to a centre punch, but is used for marking out,
since it has a sharper angled tip to produce a narrower
and deeper indentation

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(iv) Scribing Block / Surface Gauge
Commonly employed for scribing parallel lines at desired
heights from a plane surface, comparing the trueness of
two similar heights, setting out a desired height and
similar other operations

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(v) Straight Edge
Used for scribing along straight lines

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(vi) Divider
Used for drawing and marking circles/arcs on sheet
metal

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(vii) Trammel
Used for marking arcs and circles with larger diameters
not obtainable on a compass.

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(viii) Surface Plate
A flat and plane surface used as a horizontal reference
space for dimensioning (for placing work pieces when
marking out)

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 (c) Holding
Tools

Tools used to securely position the work piece (mostly between

jaws) on the workbench when working on it

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(i) Bench Vice
Commonly fitted on the benches of a fitting shop or
workshop for holding a variety of jobs/work pieces

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* A bench vice used to secure a square tube * 42
* A bench vice used to secure a pipe for cutting * 43
(ii) Machine Vice
Are usually fitted on the table of machine tools such as
milling, drilling or grinding machine. They serve the
purpose of securing the work piece during machining
operations

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(iii) Pipe Vice
A vice used specifically for securing cylindrical
components such as pipes/shafts when they are being
cut or threaded

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Sketch

* Pipe Vice * 46
(iv) Hand Vice
Used for holding objects too small to be held in the
bench vice

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Sketch

* Hand Vice * 48
(v) G-Clamp & F-Clamp
Used for gripping the work during construction or
assembly

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(vi) Combination Pliers
It has serrated jaws which are used for gripping /
twisting and cutting edges used for cutting small rods
and soft wires

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(vii) Pincers
Holding hail heads and pulling them out. Also used for
cutting nails

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Sketch

* Pincers * 52
(viii) Slip Joint Pliers
A pliers whose joint can be moved or slipped to increase
the size range of their jaws. Used for bending and
gripping objects, as well as cutting soft wire

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Sketch

* Slip Joint Pliers * 54

(ix) Bent Bolt
Used to keep materials in place without providing room
for any radical movement

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Sketch

Threads

Shank

* Bent Bolt * 56
 (d) Cutting
Tools

Tools with sharp edges, that are used to part or remove material
from a work piece

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(i) Cold Chisel
Used to cut through hard materials such as heavy metal
or stonework

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 Sketch

Stock

`
Cutting
Edge

Head

* Cold Chisel * 59
 Maintenance

1. Sharpening cutting edges for efficiency and safety

2. Replacing worn out handles
3. Grinding off mushroom heads in the case of a cold
chisel
4. Proper storage to minimize chances of damage
5. Using them for their recommended purpose to prevent
impact damage
(ii) Fixed Frame Hacksaw
Used for cutting metal and plastics. Possesses a solid
frame whose length cannot be changed

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Sketch

* Fixed Frame Hacksaw * 62

(iii) Adjustable Frame Hacksaw
Used for cutting metal and plastics. Comprises of an
adjustable frame which has a back that can be
lengthened or shortened to hold blades of different sizes

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Sketch

Wing
Nut

* Adjustable Frame Hacksaw * 64

 Maintenance

1. Wipe down handle and blade to remove any debris

after use
2. Use fine wire wool to remove light rusting
3. Oiling the blade to prevent rusting
4. Replacing blunt, bent or chipped blades
5. Joint care - loose handles of saws to be tightened it
fitted with screws or nuts
6. Using them for their recommended purpose to prevent
damage
7. Proper storage to minimize chances of damage and
rust
(iv) Side Cutting Pliers
Used for cutting electrical cables and small rods

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Sketch

* Side Cutting Pliers * 67

(v) Combination Pliers
It has serrated jaws which are used for gripping/twisting
and edges used for cutting small rods and wires

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(vi) Drill Bit
A cutting tool used to create cylindrical holes of circular
cross section on a work piece. (The drill bit is usually
connected to a drill, which rotates it )

* Portable Hand Drill * * Drill Bit *

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 (e) Striking
Tools

Tools used for hitting other objects

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(i) Ball Peen Hammer
Shaping/bending metals, also setting rivets with the ball
face

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Sketch

* Ball Peen Hammer * 72

(ii) Claw Hammer
Driving large nails, and removing nails or pins using the
claw

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(iii) Rubber Mallet
Used when there’s need for soft blows that would not be
delivered by a metallic hammer. For example, in
assembly work where the surfaces could be damaged

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Sketch

Rubber

* Rubber Mallet * 75
(iv) Club Hammer
Used for striking cold chisels

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(v) Chipping Hammer
Used for removing slag from a joint after arc welding

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 (f) Fastening
Tools

Tools used to secure, or remove threaded mechanical fasteners

such as bolts, nuts, screws

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Hold up… What are threaded mechanical
fasteners?

(a) Nuts (b) Screws

(c) Studs (d) Bolts

Devices with either internal or external threads, used to mechanically join two or more
objects together, temporarily
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(i) Screw Driver
Used for driving or removing screws

* Screw Driver * * Screw *

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(ii) Pipe Wrench
They are used to connect or break pipe joints or to
turn cylindrical parts.

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(iii) Footprint Wrench
Used for turning threaded pipes and pipe fittings for
assembly (tightening) or disassembly (loosening)

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Sketch

* Footprint Wrench * 83
(iv) Adjustable Wrench
A wrench with a movable jaw that allows it to be used to
remove and fasten various sizes of nuts and bolts

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Sketch

* Adjustable Wrench * 85
(v) Allen Key
Allen keys are used for fastening screws with hexagonal
sockets

* Allen Key * * Screw with a

hexagonal socket *

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(vi) Open Ended Spanner, Ring Box Spanner
and Combination Ring Box Spanner
Used to tighten and loosen bolts, nuts, studs and pipes

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Sketch

Shaft

Jaw

* Open Ended Spanner * 88

(vii) Socket Wrench
Used for fastening bolts and nuts

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(g) Shaping & Sharpening
Tools

Tools used to shape objects. Also used to refine or restore the

cutting edges of a cutting tool, through grinding

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(i) Flat File
Used for filing flat surfaces in the workshop. Also used
for sharpening straight cutting edges

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Sketch

Tang

Face Heel

* Single Cut File * 92

Sketch

Tang

Face Heel

* Double Cut File * 93

(ii) Round File
Used for opening out holes and rounding inside corners

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(iii) Half-Round File
Used for filling concave surfaces

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(iv) Rasp File
Has coarser teeth than a regular file, and is used for
removing waste rapidly before finishing operation using
a regular file

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Sketch

Handle

Teeth
Heel

* Rasp File * 97
(v) Triangular File
Used to trim and sharpen edges of hard to reach places
such as saw teeth

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(vi) Scrapers
Used for removing metal from surfaces in form of thin
slices or flakes to produce flat surfaces

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 Maintenance

1. Replacing worn out handles

2. Proper storage to minimize chances of damage
3. Using them for their recommended purpose to prevent
impact damage
4. Using a file card to clean the clogged teeth on files or
rasp
 (h) Forming
Tools

A tool/accessory (shaped in a way) that imprints a predetermined

profile (such as threads, louvers, holes, e.t.c) on a profile/work
piece 10
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(i) Taps and Dies
Taps and dies are used to cut threads in metal, plastics
or hard rubber. The taps are used for cutting internal
threads, and the dies are used to cut external threads

* Die *

* Tap *

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(ii) Metal Bending Tool
A metal bending tool is used to bend sheet metal to a
certain pre-determined shape and degree

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 (i) Finishing
Tools

Tools used for refining the surface of work pieces to achieve the
desired dimensions and surface finish by removing small bits of
material
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(i) Steel wool
Removing rust, and restoring metal surfaces to bright
finish.

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(ii) Sand Paper / Aluminium Oxide Paper
Used to create smooth and uniform surface by removing
small amounts of material

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 (j) Breaking & Prying
Tools

Hand tools used to pull two objects apart by applying force

between objects

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(i) Floor Board Chisel
Used for prising, breaking and lifting up floor-boards

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Sketch

Head

Cutting
Edge
Stock

Heel

* Floorboard Chisel * 109

(ii) Pry Bar
Used to lift and move heavy objects and to pry where
leverage is needed. They can also be used to remove
nails

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Sketch

* Pry Bar * 111

 (j) Testing
Tools

Are used for checking the value / condition of an object against the
true or expected value / condition

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(i) Spirit Level
Checking the trueness of vertical and horizontal
surfaces

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(ii) Plumb Bob
Used to check whether a feature is truly vertical

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(iii) Scribing Block / Surface Gauge
A surface gauge can also be used to compare the
trueness of two similar heights

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(iv) Try Square
Required for scribing straight lines at right angles to a
true surface. Also used to test the trueness of mutually
normal surfaces.

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Up Next:
Care and Maintenance
for Hand Tools

Safety precautions when

using Hand Tools

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