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The document discusses various networking technologies including Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, WiMax, 5G, and cellular technology, detailing their features and standards. It explains IEEE standards 802.3 and 802.11, as well as protocols like HDLC and PPP. Additionally, it outlines the TCP/IP and OSI models and defines different types of networks such as LAN, WAN, MAN, and PAN.

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10 views3 pages

DCN_Assignment_Answers

The document discusses various networking technologies including Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, WiMax, 5G, and cellular technology, detailing their features and standards. It explains IEEE standards 802.3 and 802.11, as well as protocols like HDLC and PPP. Additionally, it outlines the TCP/IP and OSI models and defines different types of networks such as LAN, WAN, MAN, and PAN.

Uploaded by

iamneyho26
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Communication and Networking (DCN) Assignment

Q1. Discuss the following:

(a) Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet


Ethernet is one of the most widely used technologies for local area networks (LANs). It was
developed by Xerox in the 1970s and later standardized as IEEE 802.3. Ethernet defines
how data packets are formatted, transmitted, and managed within a network.

Features of Ethernet:
• Operates at data rates of 10 Mbps
• Uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) for managing data
collisions
• Frame size is typically 1500 bytes
• Uses twisted-pair, coaxial, or fiber optic cables

Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) is an extension of the Ethernet standard that supports data rates up
to 1 Gbps. It was introduced under the IEEE 802.3z standard.

Features of Gigabit Ethernet:


• Operates at 1 Gbps (1000 Mbps)
• Uses full-duplex mode for simultaneous data transmission
• Reduced collision due to full-duplex operation
• Uses twisted-pair and fiber optic cables

(b) WiMax, 5G and Cellular Technology


WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is based on the IEEE 802.16
standard. It provides high-speed wireless broadband over long distances and supports data
rates of up to 70 Mbps.

5G (Fifth Generation) is the latest mobile network standard designed to provide higher
speed, lower latency, and improved connectivity. It operates in millimeter-wave spectrum
and supports speeds up to 10 Gbps.

Cellular Technology refers to the evolution of mobile communication networks:


• 2G – GSM (voice and SMS)
• 3G – Faster internet and multimedia services
• 4G – High-speed internet and video calling (LTE)
• 5G – High-speed, low latency, and enhanced connectivity
(c) 10 Gigabit Ethernet
10 Gigabit Ethernet (10 GbE) is defined under IEEE 802.3ae. It operates at 10 Gbps and
supports full-duplex transmission over fiber optic and high-quality twisted-pair cables. It is
primarily used for data centers and high-performance backbone networks.

(d) Shared and Switched Ethernet


Shared Ethernet operates using a hub where all devices share the same transmission
channel, leading to data collisions. It uses CSMA/CD for managing these collisions.

Switched Ethernet uses a network switch that creates a dedicated transmission path
between sender and receiver. It eliminates collisions and improves network efficiency.

Q2. Explain IEEE Standards 802.3 & 802.11

IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)


IEEE 802.3 defines the physical and data link layer standards for Ethernet. It specifies how
data is formatted into frames and transmitted over the network.

Frame Structure:
• Preamble – 7 bytes
• Start Frame Delimiter – 1 byte
• Destination Address – 6 bytes
• Source Address – 6 bytes
• Length/Type – 2 bytes
• Data – Up to 1500 bytes
• Frame Check Sequence (FCS) – 4 bytes

IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi)


IEEE 802.11 defines wireless LAN (WLAN) standards. It uses CSMA/CA for managing data
transmission.

Standards:
• 802.11a – 54 Mbps
• 802.11b – 11 Mbps
• 802.11g – 54 Mbps
• 802.11n – 600 Mbps
• 802.11ac – 1.3 Gbps
• 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) – 10 Gbps

Q3. Write a short note on:

HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control)


HDLC is a bit-oriented protocol used for reliable data transfer. It includes fields for frame
delimitation, error checking, and flow control.
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)
PPP is used for direct communication between two nodes. It supports authentication (PAP,
CHAP) and uses frame structures similar to HDLC.

Q4. Explain TCP/IP Model and OSI Model

TCP/IP Model
The TCP/IP model consists of four layers:
• Application – HTTP, FTP, SMTP
• Transport – TCP, UDP
• Internet – IP, ICMP
• Network Interface – Ethernet, Wi-Fi

OSI Model
The OSI model consists of seven layers:
• Physical
• Data Link
• Network
• Transport
• Session
• Presentation
• Application

Q5. Explain Following Networks:

LAN (Local Area Network)


LAN connects devices within a small area like an office or building using Ethernet or Wi-Fi.

WAN (Wide Area Network)


WAN connects multiple LANs over long distances using leased lines or satellite links.

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)


MAN covers a larger area than LAN, such as a city, using fiber optic cables.

PAN (Personal Area Network)


PAN connects personal devices like smartphones and laptops using Bluetooth or USB.

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