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Problem set 2

The document is a problem sheet for the Antennas Engineering course, detailing various design tasks related to non-uniform and non-linear arrays. It includes problems on designing binomial arrays, calculating excitation coefficients, array factors, and analyzing array characteristics. The problems require applying principles of antenna theory to achieve specific performance criteria such as nulls, side lobe levels, and beam directions.

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Nadeen Ashraf
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20 views

Problem set 2

The document is a problem sheet for the Antennas Engineering course, detailing various design tasks related to non-uniform and non-linear arrays. It includes problems on designing binomial arrays, calculating excitation coefficients, array factors, and analyzing array characteristics. The problems require applying principles of antenna theory to achieve specific performance criteria such as nulls, side lobe levels, and beam directions.

Uploaded by

Nadeen Ashraf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Department : Electronics and Communications


Lecturer : Prof. Dr. Mohammed Aboul-Dahab
Teaching Assistant: Eng. Mai AbdelMoniem
Course Code : EC544
Course Name : Antennas Engineering

Problems Sheet #2
Non- Uniform and Non- Linear Arrays

1- Design a four-element binomial array of 𝜆𝜆/2 dipoles, placed symmetrically along the z-axis a distance
𝑑𝑑 apart. The length of each dipole is parallel to the z-axis.
a. Find the normalized excitation coefficients.
b. Write the array factor for all space.
c. Write expressions for the 𝐸𝐸-fields for all space.

2- Design a five-element binomial array with the elements placed along the z-axis. It is desired that the
amplitude pattern of the array factor has nulls only at 𝜃𝜃 = 0° and 180°, one major lobe with the
maximum at 𝜃𝜃0 = 90°, and no minor lobes. To meet the requirements of this array, determine the:
a. Spacing between the elements (in 𝜆𝜆).
b. Total amplitude excitation coefficient of each element.
c. Write down the AF with normalized coefficients.

3- A linear array has an array factor given by:


𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 126 cos 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 + 9 cos 7𝑢𝑢 + cos 9𝑢𝑢
The array is placed along the z-axis with spacing 𝜆𝜆⁄3 between successive elements and phase shift 𝛼𝛼 =
0.1 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟.
a. Is this array uniform or non-uniform? Why?
b. Which type of arrays is this one? And how many elements does it contain?
c. Find the missing terms 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 in terms of 𝜃𝜃 only.
d. How many side lobes are there in the visible range?
e. Find the angle of the main beam of the array.

4- Four isotropic sources are placed symmetrically along the z-axis at a distance 𝑑𝑑 apart. Design a
binomial array. Find the
a. Normalized excitation coefficients
b. Array factor
c. Angles (in degrees) where the array factor nulls occur when 𝑑𝑑 = 3𝜆𝜆/4.

5- Design a four-element, −40 dB side lobe level Dolph-Tschebyscheff array of isotropic elements placed
symmetrically about the z-axis. Find the
a. Amplitude excitation coefficients.
b. Array factor.
c. Angles where the nulls occur for 𝑑𝑑 = 3𝜆𝜆/4.
d. Are all of the minor lobes of the same level? Why not? What needs to be changed to make them of
the same level?
e. Sketch the array factor as a function of 𝜃𝜃

6- A Dolph-Tschebyscheff array has side lobe levels of −40 dB with respect to main lobe level. Its
normalized array factor is given by:
(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)𝑛𝑛 = 2.07 + ⋯ + cos 4𝑢𝑢, where 𝑢𝑢 = 𝜋𝜋�2 cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝜋𝜋�2

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Department : Electronics and Communications
Lecturer : Prof. Dr. Mohammed Aboul-Dahab
Teaching Assistant: Eng. Mai AbdelMoniem
Course Code : EC544
Course Name : Antennas Engineering

a. Find the number of array elements.


b. Find the spacing between successive elements.
c. Find the value of the parameter 𝑍𝑍0 .
d. Calculate the actual values of the excitation coefficients.
e. Find the direction of the main beam.
f. Sketch the array factor.

7- Design a 10 × 8 (10 in the 𝑥𝑥 direction and 8 in the 𝑦𝑦) element uniform planar array so that the main
maximum is oriented along 𝜃𝜃0 = 10°, 𝜑𝜑0 = 90°. For a spacing of 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 = 𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦 = 𝜆𝜆/8 between the
elements, find the
a. Progressive phase shift between the elements in the 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 directions.
b. Directivity of the array.
c. Half-power beam widths (in two perpendicular planes) of the array.

8- For a planar array, the array factor is given by:


[sin(4.71 sin 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜙𝜙 − 1.665) sin(10.99 sin 𝜃𝜃 sin 𝜙𝜙 − 3.885)]
(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)𝑛𝑛 =
21[sin(1.57 sin 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜙𝜙 − 0.555) sin(1.57 sin 𝜃𝜃 sin 𝜙𝜙 − 0.555)]
Find the following:
a. The plane of the array.
b. The number of elements in each direction.
c. The spacing between elements in each direction.
d. The direction of the main beam 𝜃𝜃0 and 𝜙𝜙0 .
e. The directivity.

9- Design a planar array composed of 6 × 5 elements that is placed over the x-y plane (6 along x-axis).
The array should meet the following specifications:
• Elements are equally spaced with 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 = 𝜆𝜆�4 , 𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦 = 𝜆𝜆.
• The main beam is directed to angles 𝜃𝜃0 = 20°, 𝜙𝜙0 = 20°.
a. Find the values of the phase shifts 𝛼𝛼𝑥𝑥 and 𝛼𝛼𝑦𝑦 .
b. Write down an expression for the array factor.
c. Calculate the beam widths in two perpendicular planes.
d. Calculate the directivity.
e. Find the area of the array.

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