The Cold War (1945 – 1991)

Allies Become Enemies

The United States The USSR

(Soviet Union)
Democracy Type of Government Communism

Capitalism Type of Economy Communism

Review: Before WWII, how did Americans feel about the Russian Revolution and Communism?

As you take notes on the early years of the Cold War, be

sure to include the following vocabulary:
Potsdam Conference Iron Curtain
Arms Race McCarthyism
Central Intelligence Agency Blacklisting

At the Potsdam Conference Germany was divided into 4 zones. The Soviet Union, US, Britain
and France each controlled a zone.

Winston Churchill, the Prime Minister of Britain, declared that the “Iron Curtain” had descended
on Europe. This meant that the Soviets had cut off Eastern Europe from the West.

Arms Race:
Competition to have more, bigger and stronger nuclear weapons.

McCarthyism:
Senator accused people of being Communist, often without proof.

Blacklisting:
Barring people from jobs because they might be communists.

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA):

Collected information about other countries (spying)

What is a Cold War?

A period of tension between the US and the Soviet Union. Many feared it
would result in a war using nuclear weapons.

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How did the US try to stop the spread of Communism?

Containment: Limiting the spread of communism

Directions: Read the assigned passage. As you do, complete the graphic organizer below.

Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan

President Truman came Best way to keep countries
up with it. free of communism was to
restore their economies.

Commitment to help Provided economic aid to

nations threatened by Europe.
communism.

Gave military and economic Gave $13 billion to

aid to Greece and Turkey. rebuild western Europe.
Cause:
Cold Effects: US Tries to Contain Communism
War Communism
US and countries of western
US, Britain and France
Europe realized they had to
united their zones into
support each other in
West Germany.
defense.

Signed NATO agreement

Soviets blockaded Berlin
to defend each other if
and citizens couldn’t
on attacked.
receive supplies.

American cargo planes Communist countries

dropped food, fuel and responded with the
supplies for 10 months. Warsaw Pact

(NATO) North
Berlin Airlift
Atlantic Treaty
Organization
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How was the Korean War part of the Cold War?
Directions: As you complete the reading, think about all of the key parts of the Korean War. After
you have marked the text, complete the graphic organizer below.

Both N. and s.
North Korea
Korea wanted the
(Soviets) and South
whole country. One
Korea (US) was communist, the
other democratic.

WHO? WHY?

1950 - 1953
Fighting went back
The and forth, while the
Korean US supported the
War south with supplies
and troops.
WHEN? EVENT HOW?

Southeast Asia Prime example of

(North and South Cold War tension.
Korea)

WHERE? SIGNIFICANCE?

38th Parallel:
Line of latitude
dividing north and
South Korea

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 The Space Race
What was the space race? A competition between the US and Soviet
Union for space technology.

Why was the satellite Sputnik so scary to Americans? The same

technology could be used to launch a nuclear weapon at the US.

Which country launched the first man into space – the US or Soviet
Union? Soviet Union

Which country landed the first man on the moon – the US or Soviet
Union? United States

What were some of the benefits of the space race (beyond one country winning or losing)?
Funding for research and education grew; many technologies developed for space are used in civilian
life(memory foam, freeze dried food, LEDs, satellites for GPS and cell phones)

CUBA & THE COLD WAR

Directions: Read Should the US invade Cuba? and answer the questions that follow. Stop when you get to the box.

1. Why is the Cuban government unpopular in the US? It is taking land and property that belongs to American
companies.

2. What makes you believe that Cuba might become communist? They have signed a trade agreement with the
USSR.

3. Who made the plan to invade Cuba? Who supports this invasion? President Eisenhower. Cuban exiles.

4. Why did some people leave Cuba? The government took away land and property from the wealthy Cubans.

5. Were the exiles soldiers when they left Cuba? No

6. The plan is ready to go. Do you believe the US should invade Cuba? Why or why not?
Opinion

What really happened in the Bay of Pigs Invasion? It failed. Many of the returning Cubans were killed or
jailed. It was an embarrassment for Kennedy and the US.

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Directions: Read What should the US do about the Soviet missiles in Cuba? and answer the questions that follow.
Stop when you get to the box.

1. How did you learn about the Soviet missile bases in Cuba? From pictures that American spy planes took.

2. What does Khrushchev want the US to do? To remove our nuclear missiles from Turkey and to promise that we will
not attack Cuba when they remove their missiles there.

3. Why are nuclear missiles in Cuba dangerous for the US? They are close enough that they could attack American
cities.

4. What are three different ideas that your advisors have about how to deal with the situation?

1. Surround and blockade Soviet ships so they do not deliver the missiles.

2. Make a deal with the Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev.

3. Order Soviet ships to return to the Soviet Union if they do not want war.

5. What do you believe the US should do about the Soviet missiles in Cuba? Explain your answer!
Opinion

What really happened in the Cuban Missile Crisis?

Kennedy ordered the navy to blockade Cuba until the Soviets removed the missiles. He threatened to
destroy any ship that tried to break through the blockade. People all over the world waited nervously to see if
nuclear war would break out. After five days, the Soviet ships turned back and they agreed to withdraw their
missiles.

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 The Vietnam Conflict
Read the “Background” section of Vietnam Conflict and answer the question below.

1. Why was the country of Vietnam split into North Vietnam and South Vietnam?
It was agreed that communists would get half of the country and anti-communists given the other half.

2. Why did the US send supplies and advisors to South Vietnam?

So that they could resist the communists that were trying to overthrow the government.

Read each perspective (Send US Troops to Save South Vietnam and Keep US Troops Out
of South Vietnam). In the organizer below, list at least five details from the text that
support the author’s argument. You may use bullets, but fully explain!

Send US Troops to Save South Vietnam Keep US Troops Out of South Vietnam
Reasons to send troops: Reasons to not send troops:

Communists have killed many innocent Many of Ho Chi Minh’s followers didn’t
people. We must not let this happen want communism; they just wanted to
in South Vietnam. be free from the French. They will not
If one country falls to communism, it support us because we are closely
is used as a base from which to associated with the French.
overthrow another. Countries will fall We should get out now before we
to communism like dominoes. commit too much to this losing cause.
Many of the people of North Vietnam We will not be defending democracy
did not want to be communists, so because there is no democracy in South
they escaped to South Vietnam. Vietnam. The elections are rigged.
There are never fair elections in They have had dictators, not
communist nations. democracies.
We must keep our commitment to We cannot win without also fighting
South Vietnam in the treaty we China.
signed. Vietnam has no economic or military
No nation, once it has become value to us.
communist, has ever returned to being South Vietnam is not being invaded. Its
a democracy. government is being overthrown by its
Despite its imperfections, South own people.
Vietnamese are freer than North
Vietnamese. If we defend them from
communism, they will be even freer.

Which do you think had a better argument? Why?

Opinion
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 Timeline of the Vietnam War Domino Theory: If one country fell to
communism, the others around it would also do
so.
1950s: After WWII, Communists in Vietnam fought
France for independence and won. By the late
1950s, world powers split the country in two, a
communist North Vietnam and a democratic South
Vietnam, which led to Civil War. What was the fighting like for Americans in
Vietnam? Very difficult. The climate was very
warm and humid and the fighting took place in
1960s: The US became increasingly involved in the rice fields and jungle. Many were taken as
fighting in Vietnam, especially after a US Navy ship prisoners of war.
was allegedly attacked by North Vietnam. The
Tonkin Gulf Resolution gives President Johnson
the right to use military force to respond to attacks This was the first televised war. What impact
against the US. do you think this had on Americans? Many
Americans became opponents of the war when
they saw the terrible images coming out of
Vietnam.
Late 1960s: President Nixon promised to end the
war, but he also sent troops into nearby countries to
Hawks: A supporter of the war.
protect them from Communism.

Doves: An opponent of the war.

1973: Nixon negotiated an agreement to remove all
US troops from Vietnam, but it did not end the
fighting there.
Conscientious Objector: A person who refuses
to serve in the military for religious or moral
1975: In the end, the war that was fought to keep reasons.
Vietnam from becoming Communist failed to
achieve its goal.

What happened at Kent State University that

showed how divided the country was over the
If you had been alive during the Vietnam Vietnam War? Protests on campus became
War, would you have been a hawk or a violent. Students burned down a military
dove? Explain! building on campus. The governor sent the
National guard to the campus. When students
met for a protest rally, the troops shot tear gas
OPINION into the crowd, and for unclear reasons opened
fire. Four students died and thirteen were
wounded.

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 The End of the Cold War

1. Describe how the relationship between the US and the Soviet Union improved during President
Nixon’s administration.
Both countries limited the number of weapons, they set up joint research in space exploration
and increased trade.

2. How did President Reagan attempt to protect the US from nuclear attack? Did it work?
He expanded the military and tried to develop the Strategic Defense Initiative, which would
give the US the ability to shoot down incoming missiles from space. It was never developed.

3. What are two examples from the 1980s that showed that Soviet power was decreasing?
The Soviet Union was more welcome to new ideas and freedom of expression (glasnost); they
signed the INF Treaty limiting weapons; many Soviet republics began to break away.

4. What event occurred in 1989 that symbolized the end of the

Cold War?
The fall of the Berlin Wall.

5. What event occurred in 1991 that officially ended the Cold

War?
The end of the Soviet Union.