2/18/2025

Magnetic Properties of materials Magnetism:

1. Bar Magnet and its properties - Phenomenon of attracting magnetic substances like iron, nickel, cobalt, etc.
• A body possessing the property of magnetism is called a magnet.
2. Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole and Dipole Moment
• A magnetic pole is a point near the end of the magnet where magnetism is concentrated.
3. Current Solenoid equivalent to Bar Magnet
• Earth is a natural magnet.
4. Bar Magnet and its Dipole Moment •The region around a magnet in which it exerts forces on other magnets and on objects made of iron is a
magnetic field.
5. Coulomb’s Law in Magnetism Properties of a bar magnet:
6. Important Terms in Magnetism 1. A freely suspended magnet aligns itself along North – South direction.

7. Properties of Dia-, Para- and Ferro-magnetic substances 2. Unlike poles attract and like poles repel each other.
3. Magnetic poles always exist in pairs. i.e. Poles can not be separated. Magnet is always a dipole.
8. Curie’s Law in Magnetism
4. A magnet can induce magnetism in other magnetic substances.
9. Hysteresis in Magnetism 5. It attracts magnetic substances.
Repulsion is the surest test of magnetisation: A magnet attracts an iron rod as well as an opposite pole
of other magnets. Therefore, it is not a sure test of magnetization. But, if a rod is repelled with strong
force by a magnet, then the rod is surely magnetized.
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Current Solenoid as a Magnetic Dipole or Bar Magnet:

Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole & Dipole Moment:

A
B

I
B
TIP:
x x x x x x x
When we look at any one side of the loop carrying current, if the current is
in anti-clockwise direction then that side of the loop behaves like Magnetic
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North Pole and if the current is in clockwise direction then that side of the
loop behaves like Magnetic South Pole.

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Bar Magnet:
Coulomb’s Law in Magnetism:
1. The line joining the poles of the magnet is called The force of attraction or repulsion between two magnetic poles is directly proportional to the
product of their pole strengths and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
them.
magnetic axis.
r
Geometric Length F α m1 m2 m1 m2
2. The distance between the poles of the magnet is M α 1/r2
S P P N
called magnetic length of the magnet. Magnetic Length k m1 m2 μ0 m1 m2
F= or F=
r2 4π r2
3. The distance between the ends of the magnet is (where k = μ0 / 4π is a constant and μ0 = 4π x 10-7 T m A-1)

called the geometrical length of the magnet. μ0 m1 m2 r

In vector form
F=
4π r2
4. The ratio of magnetic length and geometrical
μ0 m1 m2 r
length is nearly 0.84. F=
4π r3
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Magnetic pole strength:

Magnetic Dipole and Dipole moment:
The force acting on the pole of a magnet in magnetic field of unit strength is
A pair of magnetic poles of equal and opposite strengths
called the pole strength.
separated by a finite distance is called as a magnetic dipole.
Thus, magnetic pole strength (m) is equal to the force (F) exerted on the pole
The magnetic dipole moment is the product of the pole
when it is placed in a magnetic field of unit strength (B).
strength m and the separation 2l between the poles.
= Magnetic dipole moment is = ×

Magnetic pole strength is analogous to electric charge in electrostatics and is SI unit of dipole moment is Ampere-meter squared (Am2).

referred to as magnetic charge and has SI unit Ampere-meter (A-m) The direction of dipole moment is from South pole to

The force between the poles is: North pole along the axis of the magnet.

= .
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• Intensity of Magnetization: (I):

Magnetic Intensity (H) or Magnetizing Force or magnetizing field vector (H-vector): i. It is the degree to which a substance is magnetized when placed in the magnetic field.
• Magnetic Intensity (H) is defined as the magnetic field produced by external sources (such
as electric currents or magnets) without considering the effect of the material in which the ii. It can also be defined as the magnetic dipole moment (M) acquired per unit volume of
field exists. It is related to the magnetic flux density (B) and the magnetization (I) of the ( )
the substance (V). i.e., = = ( )
=
material by the equation: B =μ0 ( H + I )
• It is also defined as the magneto-motive force (MMF) per unit length of the magnetic path. Therefore, It can also be defined as the pole strength (m) per unit cross-sectional area (A)
• For a toroidal solenoid with n turns per unit length carrying a current I, the magnetic of the substance. SI unit of Intensity of magnetization is Am-1.
field inside the solenoid is given by: = , • Magnetic susceptibility (Cm or )
• The product n I is called the Magnetizing Force (H): H = n I It is the property of the substance which shows how easily a substance can be magnetized.
• Therefore, the relationship between B and H is: B= μ H It can also be defined as the ratio of intensity of magnetization (I) in a substance to the
• It’s SI unit is: Ampere turns per linear meter (Am-1)
magnetic intensity (H) applied to the substance. i.e. =

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Magnetic Field Strength or Magnetic Field or Magnetic Induction or Magnetic Flux Density (B): Relation between Magnetic Permeability ( ) and Susceptibility ( )
i)Magnetic Flux Density is the number of magnetic lines of force passing normally through a unit When a magnetic material is magnetized in a magnetizing field in vacuum, the magnetic
area of a substance. B = μ H induction developed in a material is due to the magnetizing field H and induced magnetism in
ii)Its SI unit is weber-m-2 or Tesla (T). the material i.e., the intensity of magnetization I. Hence, the total magnetic induction is the sum
of these two quantities and we have;
iii)Its cgs unit is gauss. 1 gauss = 10- 4 Tesla
B = B1 (Magnetic field inside the material) + B2 (Magnetic field due to the magnetization of the
• Magnetic Permeability (μ):
material)
It is the degree or extent to which magnetic lines of force can pass enter a substance. Or, = +
Its SI unit is T m A-1 or wb A-1 m-1 or H m-1 Or, = ( + )
• Relative Magnetic Permeability (μr): or, = =1+
It is the ratio of magnetic flux density in a material to that in vacuum.
Since, = relative permeability and = ℎ .
It can also be defined as the ratio of absolute permeability of the material to that in
vacuum. ∴, = 1 +
This is the required relation between relative magnetic permeability and susceptibility of the
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S.N./ basis Ferromagnetic Paramagnetic Diamagnetic

1. substance. defined crystal structure and solid liquid or gas in nature. solid liquid or gas in
solid in nature. nature.
Classification of materials on the basis of magnetic property:
2. In magnetic field. strongly attracted feebly attracted. feebly repelled.
Ferromagnetic: Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Gadolinium, Dysprosium, etc.
3. Suspended bar. sets itself parallel to the tends to set itself parallel to the field sets itself perpendicular
Paramagnetic: Aluminum, Chromium, Alkali and Alkaline earth metals, Platinum, direction of magnetic field. direction. to the field.
4. permeability greater than unity. slightly greater than unity less than unity.
Oxygen, etc.
5.susceptibility. positive and greater than small but positive. small but negative.
Diamagnetic: Antimony, Bismuth, Copper, Gold, Silver, Quartz, Mercury, Alcohol, unity.

water, Hydrogen, Air, Argon, etc. 6.susceptibility, fall with rise in temperature in falls with rise in temperature in a Does not vary with
temperature. a complex manner. simple way. temperature.
7.Variation of B and not linearly, attain saturation. linearly with, tend towards saturation linearly but saturation
I with H at low temperature and high field. is not reached.

8.Phenomena of Yes no no
Hysteresis
9. Retentivity Yes No No
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10. Curie points Definite Not definite. Not definite.

Curie’s Law: Domain Theory of Ferromagnetism:

I • Each atom behaves like a complete magnet having a north and
Magnetic susceptibility of a material varies south pole of equal strength. The electrons revolving around the
inversely with the absolute temperature. nucleus in an atom are equivalent to small current loops which
H/T behave as a magnetic dipole.
Curie Temperature (or Curie Point) is the • Ferromagnetic materials possess domains, small regions where
temperature at which a ferromagnetic material loses atomic magnetic moments align in the same direction.
its permanent magnetism and becomes
paramagnetic. • Within a domain, magnetic moments are uniformly parallel,
Explanation:
•Below the Curie temperature (TC), a ferromagnetic contributing to localized magnetic strength.
= (where C is Curie constant)
material exhibits spontaneous magnetization due to • Inter-domain regions exhibit random orientation, yielding a net
the alignment of magnetic dipoles in a particular
Curie temperature for iron is 1043 K, for direction. magnetic moment of zero.
cobalt 1400 K and for nickel 627 K. •When heated above TC, the thermal energy
becomes strong enough to disrupt this alignment, • Exposure to an external magnetic field initiates domain
This law is physically reasonable, As H, increases causing the material to lose its strong magnetic magnetization in alignment with the field direction.
the alignment of magnetic moments increases and, properties and transition to a paramagnetic state.
•In the paramagnetic state, the material still • Under sufficient magnetic field strength, all domains align,
therefore, I increases. If the temperature is responds to an external magnetic field but does not
increased, the thermal motions will make retain magnetization when the field is removed. leading to magnetic saturation in the material.
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alignment difficult, thereby decreasing I.
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Hysteresis Loop or Magnetization Curve:

Hysteresis:
Intensity of Magnetization (I) increases with increase in Magnetizing Force (H) I A
When a ferromagnetic material is initially through OA and reaches saturation at A. B
magnetized in one direction, it will not
When H is decreased, I decreases but it does not come to zero at H = 0. The residual
relax back to zero magnetization when the magnetism (I) set up in the material represented by OB is called Retentivity.
imposed magnetizing field is removed. This C O F H
is known as magnetic hysteresis. Hence the value of magnetic field induction even when the magnetizing field is
reduced to zero during demagnetization is called Retentivity.
If an alternating magnetic field is applied E
to the material, its magnetization will trace To bring I to zero (to demagnetize completely), opposite (negative) magnetizing force D
out a loop called a hysteresis loop. is applied. This magnetizing force represented by OC is called coercivity. Hence, the
value of reverse magnetizing field applied to a magnetic material such that the
Hysteresis loss: magnetic induction is zero is called coercivity.
It is defined as the net energy dissipated After reaching the saturation level D, when the magnetizing force is reversed, the
per unit volume of the magnetic material curve closes to the point A completing a cycle. The loop ABCDEFA is called
during a complete cycle of magnetization Hysteresis Loop.
and demagnetization. The area of the loop gives the loss of energy due to the cycle of magnetization and
The hysteresis loss of a material is directly demagnetization and is dissipated in the form of heat.
proportional to the area of hysteresis loop. The material (like iron) having thin loop is used for making temporary magnets and
Animating Hysteresis Loop
17 that with thick loop (like steel) is used for permanent magnets. 18

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