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Chapter 2-b Design of Experiment

The document discusses the design of experiments (DOE) using factorial designs, which involve manipulating two or more independent variables to explore their joint effects. It covers key terminology, main effects, interaction effects, and provides a practical example involving plating thickness in a nickel plating process. Additionally, it outlines objectives for the experiment and the analysis of variance to determine the significance of factors affecting the response variable.

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AhmedBondok
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18 views24 pages

Chapter 2-b Design of Experiment

The document discusses the design of experiments (DOE) using factorial designs, which involve manipulating two or more independent variables to explore their joint effects. It covers key terminology, main effects, interaction effects, and provides a practical example involving plating thickness in a nickel plating process. Additionally, it outlines objectives for the experiment and the analysis of variance to determine the significance of factors affecting the response variable.

Uploaded by

AhmedBondok
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Design of Experiment

Introduction
The objective of the Experiment:
Factorial Designs

5
What are factorial designs
• Two or more independent variables are
manipulated in a single experiment
• They are referred to as factors
• The major purpose of the research is to
explore their effects jointly
• Factorial design produce efficient
experiments, each observation supplies
information about all of the factors
Terminology:
• Factors: Independent variables (IV) are
referred as factors.
• Levels: Number of groups or conditions for
each (IV)
• Example 2x3 Factorial Design
– 2 (IV) , the first has 2 Levels and the second has
three levels.
– Multiplication 2x3=6 gives how many experiments
to perform
Definition of a factor effect: The change in the mean response when
the factor is changed from low to high

40 + 52 20 + 30
A = y A + − y A− = − = 21
2 2
30 + 52 20 + 40
B = yB+ − yB− = − = 11
2 2
52 + 20 30 + 40
AB = − = −1
2 2 8
50 + 12 20 + 40
A = y A + − y A− = − =1
2 2
40 + 12 20 + 50
B= yB+ − yB− = − =−9
2 2
12 + 20 40 + 50
AB = − = −29
2 2
9
A simple example
• Investigate an education
program with a variety of
variations to find out the best
combination
– Amount of time receiving
instruction
• 1 hour per week vs. 4 hour per
week
– Settings
• In-class vs. pull out
• 2 X 2 factorial design
Null outcome
• None of the treatment has any effect
• Main effect
– is an outcome that is a consistent difference between levels of a factor.
• Interaction effect
– An interaction effect exists when differences on one factor depend on the level
you are on another factor.
Main effects
• Main effect of time
• Main effect of setting
• Main effects on both
Interaction effect
• Interaction as a difference
in magnitude of response
• Interaction as a difference
in direction of response

13
Regression Model &
The Associated
Response Surface

y =β 0 + β1 x1 + β 2 x2
+ β12 x1 x2 + ε
The least squares fit is
yˆ =35.5 + 10.5 x1 + 5.5 x2
+0.5 x1 x2
≅ 35.5 + 10.5 x1 + 5.5 x2

14
The Effect of
Interaction on the
Response Surface
Suppose that we add an
interaction term to the model:

yˆ =35.5 + 10.5 x1 + 5.5 x2


+8 x1 x2

Interaction is actually a form


of curvature
Factors main plots and
Interactions
How To perform DOE using Factorial
Design and ANOVA
Here we consider a simple nickel plating process with two
plating process parameters; plating time and plating
solution temperature (refer to Basic Statistics: Tools for
Continuous Improvement). Each process parameter is
studied at 2-levels. The response of interest to the
experimenters was plating thickness. Table 1 illustrates
the two process parameters and their chosen levels for
the experiment.
Table 2 shows the design layout of the experiment with
response values. Each experimental condition was
replicated five times so that a reasonable estimate of error
variance (or experimental error) can be obtained.
objectives
• 1. Which main effects or interactions might
affect the mean plating thickness?
• 2. Which main effects or interactions might
influence variability in plating thickness?
• 3. What is the best setting of factors to
minimize variability in thickness?
• 4. How to achieve a target plating thickness of
120 units?
How To perform DOE using Factorial
Design and ANOVA

Process Parameter Label Low Level High Level


Plating Time A 4 12 sec No of readings n 4
Plating Solution Temp B 16 32 degree No of Factors N 2

Design Layout of Experiment


Trial No A B Plating Thickness Average
1 4 16 116.1 116.9 112.6 118.7 114.9 115.84
2 4 32 106.7 107.5 105.9 107.1 106.5 106.74
3 12 16 116.5 115.5 119.2 114.7 118.3 116.84
4 12 32 123.2 125.1 124.5 124 124.7 124.3
1. Which main effects or interactions
might affect the mean plating thickness?
Analysis of Variance

Indicates significance of
The F ratio Fo=MS of factor / MS of error the factor
Polynomial Representation of response

Note that A and B are in Coded values (-1:1) and the true value can be obtained using
the relation:

To get a target thickness of 120 units set B at high level (i.e. 1)

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