Bataan Heroes College

Module No. 1

STRESS
MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

ENGR. CHRISTIAN P. CARLOS

Department Engineering and Architecture

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STRESS

Engr. Christian Carlos

 Bataan Heroes College

Module 1: Stress
Module Description:
This module discusses the different branches of engineering mechanics. Also it discuss
the different kind of stresses acting on the bodies and the effect of internal and external forces
that cause stresses.

Learning Objectives
After studying this module, students should be able to:
a.)To familiarize the different branch of Engineering Mechanics
b.)To determine the different forces acting on the body
c.)To analyze the effect of internal and external forces.
d.)To analyze the different kind of stresses.

Introduction to Mechanics of Deformable bodies

Strength of Materials
– Also known as Mechanics of Deformable Bodies.
– Deals with the relationships between externally applied loads and their internal effects on
bodies.
– Bodies are no longer assumed to be rigid.

Analysis of Internal Forces

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STRESS

Engr. Christian Carlos

 Bataan Heroes College

Pxx,Axial Forces
– Component Measures the pulling (or pushing) action perpendicular to the section
Pxy, Pxz, Shear Forces
– Components of the total resistance to sliding to one side of the exploratory section past
the other
Mxx, Torque
– Component that measures the resistance to twisting the member and is commonly given
the symbol T.
Mxy, MxzBending Moments
– Components that measure the resistance to bending the member about the y or z axes and
are often denoted merely by My or Mz.

Due to these forces, these forces will be distributed to the area under stress. Stress is
defined as the strength of a material per unit area or unit strength. It is the force on a member
divided by area, which carries the force, formerly express in psi, now in N/mm2 or MPa.
and we have different type of stress.
1. Simple/ Normal stress
2. Shear stress
3. Bearing stress

Unit Conversion

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STRESS

Engr. Christian Carlos

 Bataan Heroes College

Simple Stress
Normal stress is either tensile stress or compressive stress. Members subject to pure tension (or
tensile force) is under tensile stress, while compression members (members subject to
compressive force) are under compressive stress.

Sample Problem#1
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile load of 400 kN.
Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120 N/mm2.

ILLUSTRATION:

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STRESS

Engr. Christian Carlos

 Bataan Heroes College

Given:
Stress(𝜎) = 120𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝑜𝑟 120 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
P = 400 𝐾𝑛 𝑜𝑟 400,000 𝑁

Required:
Outside diameter of hollow cylinder (𝐷𝑜 )=?

SOLUTION:
**Substitute the given value to the formula**
𝑃
𝜎 =
𝐴
400,000
120 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 =
𝐴
A=3,333.33 𝑚𝑚2
**The area under stress is the solid part perpendicular to the line of force. To solve for this:
outside circular area minus the hollow circular part**

𝜋𝐷2 𝜋(100)2
3,333.33 = –
4 4

5 |P a g e
STRESS

Engr. Christian Carlos

 Bataan Heroes College

𝑫𝒐 =119.35mm answer

Sample Problem#2
A homogenous 800-kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable as shown. Calculate the
smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to exceed 90Mpa in bronze and 120Mpa in steel.

Given:
𝑊 = 800 𝑘𝑔
𝜎𝑏𝑟 = 90 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 120 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Required:
Smallest area of each cable
Abr =?
Astl =?

SOLUTION:
**Draw the free body diagram. Recall for equilibrium. Since the bar is homogenous, the
resultant of its weight shall be located at the center of the bar. Weight is due to gravitational pull
on earth, that is why it is always vertically downward**

6 |P a g e
STRESS

Engr. Christian Carlos

 Bataan Heroes College

800 𝑘𝑔 (9.81 𝑚⁄ 2 )
𝑃𝑏𝑟 = 𝑃𝑠𝑡 = [ 𝑠 ] = 3924𝑁
2
**Now use the formula for stress then cross multiply A to σ to solve for “P” of each cable **
𝑃
σ=
𝐴
𝑃 =𝜎∙𝐴
**For bronze cable, substitute the given and computed values to solve for Area**
𝑃𝑏𝑟 = 𝜎𝑏𝑟 ∙ 𝐴𝑏𝑟
3924 𝑁 = (90 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 )(𝐴𝑏𝑟 )
𝑨𝒃𝒓 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐 answer
**For steel cable, substitute the given values to solve for Area**
𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 ∙ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
3924 𝑁 = (120 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 )(𝐴𝑠𝑡 )
𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟕𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐 answer
**Steel has the smaller area required since it has higher strength capacity than the bronze**

Sample Problem#3
The homogeneous bar shown in the figure is supported by a smooth pin at C and a cable that
runs from A to B around the smooth peg at D. Find the stress in the cable if its diameter is 0.6
inch and the bar weighs 6000 lb.

Given:

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STRESS

Engr. Christian Carlos

 Bataan Heroes College

Diameter of the cable=0.6 inch

Bar weight=6000lbs

Required:
Stress at the cable (σ)

SOLUTION:
**Solve the value of T from the given free body diagram. Since point C is hinge type, we have
two reactions in free body diagram Cx for horizontal component and Cy for vertical
component**

**Recall: we use ∑𝑀𝑐 =0 to eliminate two forces such as Cx and Cy, so that we can easily solve
for the value of “T” **
Σ𝑀𝑐 = 0
3
− 6000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 (5 𝑓𝑡) + 𝑇(5 𝑓𝑡) + 𝑇 [ ] (10 𝑓𝑡) = 0
√34
𝑇 = 2957.13 𝑙𝑏𝑠

**Then solve for stress**

𝑇
𝜎 =
𝐴

2957.13 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝜎 = 𝜋 (0.6 𝑖𝑛)2
4

𝝈 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟒𝟓𝟖. 𝟕𝟏 𝒑𝒔𝒊 answer

EXERCISES:

Problem#1

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STRESS

Engr. Christian Carlos

 Bataan Heroes College

An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a steel rod and a bronze rod as shown in Fig. P-
108. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the maximum value of P that will not
exceed a stress in steel of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 90 MPa, or in bronze of 100 MPa.

Problem#2

A 12-inches square steel bearing plate lies between an 8-inches diameter wooden post and a
concrete footing as shown in Fig. P-110. Determine the maximum value of the load P if the
stress in wood is limited to 1800 psi and that in concrete to 650 psi.

SHEARING STRESS (𝝉)

– Also called as tangential stress
– Caused by forces acting along or parallel to the area resisting the forces.
– Produced whenever the applied loads cause one section of a body tend to slide past its
adjacent section.
𝑽
𝝉 =
𝑨
Where:
V – is the resultant shearing force which passes which passes through the centroid of the
area
A – Area being sheared

9 |P a g e
STRESS

Engr. Christian Carlos

 Bataan Heroes College

Sample Problem#1
What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is 25 mm thick? The shear
strength is 350 N/mm2.

10 |P a g e
STRESS

Engr. Christian Carlos

 Bataan Heroes College

Given:
Shear strength or Shear stress (𝜏) = 350 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2

Required:
Force (P)

SOLUTION:
**Solve for the area subjected by shear. Base on the illustration, the area subjected by shear is
the circumference multiply to the thickness of the plate**

Consider this
shaded area

𝐴 = (25 𝑚𝑚) (𝜋) (20 𝑚𝑚)

𝐴 = 1570.80 𝑚𝑚2

**Use the formula for shear stress, substitute the given values**
𝑃
𝜏 =
𝐴
𝑃
350 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 =
1570.80 𝑚𝑚2
𝑃 = 549,780 𝑁
𝑷 = 𝟓𝟒𝟗. 𝟕𝟖 𝒌𝑵 answer
Sample Problem#2

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STRESS

Engr. Christian Carlos

 Bataan Heroes College

A hole is to be punched out of a plate having a shearing strength of 40 ksi. The compressive
stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi.
(a) Compute the maximum thickness of plate in which a hole 2.5 inches in diameter can be
punched.
(b) If the plate is 0.25inch thick, determine the diameter of the smallest hole that can be
punched.

Given:
Shear strength orShear stress(τ) = 40 ksi
Compressive strength = 50 ksi

Required:
(a) t = maximum thickness of plate in which a hole 2.5 inches in diameter can be punched.
(b) d = diameter of the smallest hole that can be punched if the plate is 0.25 in thick.

SOLUTION:

(a) Maximum thickness of plate

Based on puncher strength
**solve for P first by substituting the given values to the formula**
𝑃 = 𝜎𝐴
1
𝑃 = 50 𝑘𝑠𝑖 [4 𝜋(2.5 𝑖𝑛)2 ]
𝑃 = 78.125𝜋 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 → 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒
Based on the shear strength of plate
**solve now for the maximum thickness by substituting the given values to the formula of
shear strength, use the computed P as the value of V**
𝑉 = 𝜏𝐴 →𝑉 =𝑃
78.125𝜋 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 = 40 𝑘𝑠𝑖 [𝜋(2.5𝑡)]
𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟏 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉 answer
(b) Diameter of the smallest hole

12 |P a g e
STRESS

Engr. Christian Carlos

 Bataan Heroes College

Based on compression of puncher

**solve for P first by substituting the given values to the formula**
𝑃 = 𝜎𝐴
1
𝑃 = 50 𝑘𝑠𝑖 [4 𝜋(𝑑)2 ]
𝑃 = 12.5𝜋𝑑 2 → 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒
Based on the shear strength of plate
**solve now for the diameter by substituting the given values to the formula of shear
strength, use the computed P as the value of V**
𝑉 = 𝜏𝐴 →𝑉 =𝑃
2
12.5𝜋𝑑 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 = 40 𝑘𝑠𝑖 [𝜋𝑑(0.25)]
𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟖 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉 answer

Sample Problem#3
Find the smallest diameter that can be used in the clevis shown if P=400 kN. The shearing
strength of the bolt is 300 MPa.

Given:
𝑃 = 400 𝑘𝑁 = 400,000 𝑁
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠(𝜏) = 300 𝑀𝑝𝑎

Required:
Smallest diameter that can be in clevis (d)

SOLUTION:
**For the area we consider double shear(see figure) **

**Substitute the given values to the formula to solve the given diameter**

13 |P a g e
STRESS

Engr. Christian Carlos

 Bataan Heroes College

𝑉
𝜏 =
𝐴
400,000 𝑁
300 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 𝜋(𝑑)2
2( )
4
**as we notice that we multiply the area into 2 because the clevis is under double shear**

𝒅 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟏𝟑 𝒎𝒎 answer

EXERCISES:

Problem#1

Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for the member supported as shown in the figure. The
pin diameter is 20 mm.

Problem#2

Referring to the figure, compute the maximum force P that can be applied by the machine
operator, if the shearing stress in the pin at B and the axial stress in the control rod at C are
limited to 4000 psi and 5000 psi, respectively. The diameters are 0.25 inch for the pin, and 0.5
inch for the control rod. Assume single shear for the pin at B.

14 |P a g e
STRESS

Engr. Christian Carlos

 Bataan Heroes College

BEARING STRESS(𝛔𝐛 )
Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It differs from compressive
stress, as it is an internal stress caused by compressive forces.

𝑃𝑏
𝜎𝑏 =
𝐴𝑏
Where:
𝜎𝑏 = 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑃𝑏 = 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐴𝑏 = Affected area by bearing stress. As you can see in the figure the affected area is the
diameter of the hole multiply into the thickness of the plate.

Sample Problem# 1
Assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that are each 110 mm wide. The allowable
stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60 MPa for shearing of rivet.
Determine (a) the minimum thickness of each plate, (b)the largest average tensile stress in the
plates.

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STRESS

Engr. Christian Carlos

 Bataan Heroes College

Given:
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑡 = 20 𝑚𝑚
𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝜎𝑏 ) = 120 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠(𝜏) = 60 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Required:
(a) t = minimum thickness of each plate
(b) 𝜎 = largest tensile stress in the plates

SOLUTION:
**Let us solve for the value of “P” first, consideringshearing of rivet use the stress formula.
Substitute the given values, as you can see the area we consider is for shear, so that the area is
𝜋(20)2
**
4
𝑃 = 𝜏𝐴𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝜋(20 𝑚𝑚)2
𝑃 = 60 𝑀𝑃𝑎 [ ]
4
𝑃 = 18,849.56 𝑁
**We can use the value of P for question (a) and (b) so that we can get the required values**

For question (a)

**Use the stress formula,from bearing of plate material. Substitute the given values, we consider
diameter of 20 mm multiply into the t = thickness of the plate, because the area we consider is
for bearing**
𝑃 = 𝜎𝑏 𝐴𝑏
18,849.56 𝑁 = (120 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(20𝑡)
𝒕 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟓 𝒎𝒎 answer

For question (b)

**The figure shows the area we consider in tensile stress, let us solve for the tensile stress by the
use of stress formula. Substitute the value, as you can see in the solution 110 mm is the wide of
plate minus the 20 mm diameter and then multiply into the 7.85 mm thickness, so that we can
solve for the area affected by the tensile stress, substitute the values**

16 |P a g e
STRESS

Engr. Christian Carlos

 Bataan Heroes College

𝑃 = 𝜎𝐴
18,849.56 𝑁 = 𝜎 [7.85 𝑚𝑚 (110 𝑚𝑚 − 20 𝑚𝑚)]
𝝈 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂 answer

Sample Problem#2
The lap joint shown is fastened by four ¾-in.-diameter rivets. Calculate the maximum safe load P
that can be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is limited to 14 ksi and the bearing stress in
the plates is limited to 18 ksi. Assume the applied load is uniformly distributed among the four
rivets.

Given:
Shear stress(𝜏) = 14𝑘𝑠𝑖
Bearing stress (𝜎𝑏 ) = 18 𝑘𝑠𝑖

Required:
Maximum safe load “P”

SOLUTION:
**Consider based on shearing of rivets, use stress formula. Substitute the given values to the
formula. Multiply the area in 4 because we have four rivets affected by shearing stress**
𝑃 = 𝜏𝐴𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑠

17 |P a g e
STRESS

Engr. Christian Carlos

 Bataan Heroes College

3 2
𝜋 ( 𝑖𝑛)
4
𝑃 = (14 𝑘𝑠𝑖) [(4) ( )]
4
𝑃 = 24.74 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

**Consider based on bearing of plate, use stress formula. Substitute the given values to the
formula. Recall affected area for bearing stress. As you can see in the figure we can multiply
diameter of rivets into the thickness. Also multiply into 4 because we have 4 rivets affected by
shear stress.

𝑃 = 𝜎𝑏 𝐴
3 7
𝑃 = (18 𝑘𝑠𝑖) [(4) ( 𝑖𝑛) ( 𝑖𝑛)]
4 8
𝑃 = 47.25 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
Analysis:
Since we have two values of P we consider the smaller value when it comes to the force or load
applied. The maximum safest load we can apply is 24.74 kips. The load 24.74kips load is safe for
both shearing and bearing, but if we choose 47.25 kips load it is safe for bearing only and failure
occurs in shearing. Therefore,
𝑷 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟕𝟒 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 answer

Sample Problem#3
A 7/8-in.-diameter bolt, having a diameter at the root of the threads of 0.731 in., is used to fasten
two timbers together as shown. The nut is tightened to cause a tensile stress of 18 ksi in the bolt.
Compute the shearing stress in the head of the bolt and in the threads. Also, determine the
outside diameter of the washers if their inside diameter is 9/8 in. and the bearing stress is limited
to 800 psi.

18 |P a g e
STRESS

Engr. Christian Carlos

 Bataan Heroes College

Given:
Diameter of bolt = 7⁄8 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
Diameter at the root of the thread (bolt) = 0.731 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
Inside diameter of washer = 9⁄8 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
Tensile stress in the nut = 18 ksi
Bearing stress = 800 psi

Required:
Shearing stress in the head of the bolt
Shearing stress in threads of the bolt
Outside diameter of the washer

SOLUTION:
Tensile force on the bolt
**Use stress formula, substitute the given values considering the tensile stress of 18ksi. Consider
the diameter of the bolt for the area affected**
𝑃 = 𝜎𝐴
7 2
𝜋 [ 𝑖𝑛]
8
𝑃 = (18 𝑘𝑠𝑖) [ ]
4
𝑃 = 10.82 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

Shearing stress in the head of the bolt

19 |P a g e
STRESS

Engr. Christian Carlos

 Bataan Heroes College

**Use stress formula, solve for the shear stress in the head of the bolt. Consider thickness of the
head of the bolt multiply into the diameter of the bolt of 7/8 inches. (see illustration) **
𝑃
𝜏 =
𝐴
10.82 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝜏 = 7 1
𝜋 ( 𝑖𝑛) ( 𝑖𝑛)
8 2
𝝉 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟕 𝒌𝒔𝒊 answer

Shearing stress in the threads

**Use stress formula, solve for shearing stress in the threads. Substitute the given values
considering diameter at the root of the threads(see illustration) **

𝑃
𝜏 =
𝐴
10.82 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝜏 =
𝜋(0.731 𝑖𝑛)(5⁄8 𝑖𝑛)
𝝉 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝟒 𝒌𝒔𝒊 answer

Outside diameter of washer

**Use stress formula, Base on the figure, we can solve for the value of outside diameter (d) if we
consider the shaded part as an affected area for bearing stress of 800 psi, substitute the given
values **

𝑃 = 𝜎𝑏 𝐴
9 2
𝜋𝑑2 ( 𝑖𝑛)
10.82 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 (1000 𝑙𝑏𝑠⁄1 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠) = (800 𝑝𝑠𝑖) [ − 8
]
4 4

𝒅 = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟎 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔 answer

20 |P a g e
STRESS

Engr. Christian Carlos

 Bataan Heroes College

EXERCISES:

Problem#1

In the clevis shown in the figure, find the minimum bolt diameter and the minimum thickness of
each yoke that will support a load P = 14 kips without exceeding a shearing stress of 12 ksi and a
bearing stress of 20 ksi.

THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS

A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure is subjected to tensile forces, which resist
bursting, developed across longitudinal and transverse sections.

Tangential Stress (Circumferential Stress)

Consider the tank shown being subjected to an internal pressure p. The length of the tank is L
and the wall thickness is t. Isolating the right half of the tank:

𝐹 = 𝑝𝐴 = 𝑝𝐷𝐿

𝑇 = 𝜎𝑡 𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝜎𝑡 𝑡𝐿

21 |P a g e
STRESS

Engr. Christian Carlos

 Bataan Heroes College

[ ∑𝐹𝐻 = 0 ]

𝐹 = 2𝑇

𝑝𝐷𝐿 = 2(𝜎𝑡 𝑡𝐿)

𝑝𝐷
𝜎𝑡 =
2𝑡
If there exist an external pressure po and an internal pressure pi, the formula may be expressed as:

(𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑜 )𝐷
𝜎𝑡 =
2𝑡

Longitudinal Stress,𝝈𝑳

Consider the free body diagram in the transverse section of the tank:

The total force acting at the rear of the tank F must equal to the total longitudinal stress on the
wall 𝑃𝑇 = 𝜎𝑇 𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 . Since t is so small compared to D, the area of the wall is close to πDt
𝜋
𝐹 = 𝑝𝐴 = 𝑝 𝐷2
4
𝑃𝑇 = 𝜎𝐿 𝜋𝐷𝑡

[∑𝐹𝐻 = 0 ]

𝑃𝑇 = 𝐹

22 |P a g e
STRESS

Engr. Christian Carlos

 Bataan Heroes College

𝜋
𝜎𝐿 = 𝜋𝐷𝑡 = 𝑝 𝐷2
4
𝑝𝐷
𝜎𝐿 =
4𝑡

If there exist an external pressure po and an internal pressure pi, the formula may be expressed as:

(𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑜 )𝐷
σ𝐿 =
4𝑡

It can be observed that the tangential stress is twice that of the longitudinal stress.

𝜎𝑡 = 2𝜎𝑙

SPHERICAL SHELL

If a spherical tank of diameter D and thickness t contains gas under a pressure of p, the stress at
the wall can be expressed as:

(𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑜 )𝐷
𝜎𝐿 =
4𝑡

Problem #1

A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400 mm in diameter with a wall thickness of 20 mm, is
subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5 MN/m2. (a) Calculate the tangential and longitudinal
stresses in the steel. (b) To what value may the internal pressure be increased if the stress in the

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STRESS

Engr. Christian Carlos

 Bataan Heroes College

steel is limited to 120 MN/m2? (c) If the internal pressure were increased until the vessel burst,
sketch the type of fracture that would occur.

Given:
D = 400 mm
t = 20 mm
p = 4.5 MN/m2

Required:

(a) Calculate the tangential and longitudinal stresses in the steel.

(b) To what value may the internal pressure be increased if the stress in the steel is limited to
120 MN/m2?
(c) If the internal pressure were increased until the vessel burst, sketch the type of fracture
that would occur.

SOLUTION:

(a) Calculate the tangential and longitudinal stresses in the steel.

Tangential Stress (Longitudinal Section):

**use summation forces vertical to form an equation, then substitute the formula to the
equation**

𝛴𝐹𝑉 = 0 ↓ = ↑

𝐹 = 2𝑇
𝑝𝐷𝐿 = 2(𝜎𝑡 𝑡𝐿)

**substitute the given values to the formula**

4.5 𝑀𝑁⁄𝑚2(400 𝑚𝑚)

𝜎𝑡 = 𝑝𝐷
2𝑡
= 2 (20 𝑚𝑚)

𝝈𝒕 = 𝟒𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂 answer

Longitudinal Stress (Transverse Section):

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STRESS

Engr. Christian Carlos

 Bataan Heroes College

**use summation forces horizontal to form an equation, then substitute the formula to the
equation**

𝛴𝐹𝐻 = 0 ← = →

𝐹 = 𝑃
1
𝜋𝐷2 𝑝 = 𝜎𝑙 (𝜋𝐷𝑡)
4

**substitute the given values to the formula**

4.5 𝑀𝑁⁄𝑚2(400 𝑚𝑚)

𝜎𝑙 = 𝑝𝐷
4𝑡
= 4 (20 𝑚𝑚)

𝝈𝒍 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂 answer

(b) To what value may the internal pressure be increased if the stress in the steel is limited to
120 MN/m2? (𝜎𝑡 = 120 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2 )

𝑝𝐷
**from (a), 𝜎𝑡 = 𝑝𝐷
2𝑡
and 𝜎𝑙 =
4𝑡
thus,𝜎𝑡 = 2 𝜎𝑙 , this show that tangential stress is the
critical, therefore use the critical stress**

σt = pD
2t

**substitute the given values to the formula for the critical stress**

120 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2 = 𝑝2(400 𝑚𝑚)

(20 𝑚𝑚)

𝑷 = 𝟏𝟐 𝑴𝒑𝒂 answer

(c) If the internal pressure were increased until the vessel burst, sketch the type of fracture
that would occur.

**the bursting force will cause a stress on the longitudinal section that is twice the
transverse section. Thus, fracture is expected as shown**

25 |P a g e
STRESS

Engr. Christian Carlos

 Bataan Heroes College

26 |P a g e
STRESS

Engr. Christian Carlos

Bataan Heroes College

Problem #2

The wall thickness of a 4 – ft – diameter spherical tank is 5/16 in. Calculate the allowable
internal pressure if the stress is limited to 8000 psi.

Given:
D = 4ft
t = 5/16 in
p = 8000 psi

Required:
Allowable internal pressure (p)

SOLUTION:

Total Internal Pressure:

**𝑃 = 𝑝𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 **

1
𝑃 = 𝑝 (4 𝜋𝐷2 )

Resisting Wall:

**use summation forces vertical**

∑𝐹𝑣 = 0, ↑ = ↓

𝐹 = 𝑃
1
𝜎𝐴 = 𝑝 (4 𝜋𝐷2 )

**Area of F is the circumference (πD) of the spherical tank multiply by the thickness (t), cross
multiply then cancel like terms**

1
𝜎(𝜋𝐷𝑡) = 𝑝 ( 𝜋𝐷2 )
4

𝑝𝐷
𝜎 = 4𝑡

**substitute the given values to the formula**

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Engr. Christian Carlos

Bataan Heroes College

12 𝑖𝑛
𝑝 (4 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 )
1 𝑓𝑡
8000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 5
4 (16 𝑖𝑛.)

𝒑 = 𝟐𝟎𝟖. 𝟑𝟑 𝒑𝒔𝒊 answer

Problem #3

Calculate the minimum wall thickness for a cylindrical vessel that is to carry a gas at a pressure
of 1400 psi. The diameter of the vessel is 2 ft., and the stress is limited to 12 ksi

Given:

D = 2ft
σ = 12 ksi
p = 1400 psi

Required:
Minimum wall thickness (t)

SOLUTION:

**directly substitute the given values to the formula**

𝑝𝐷
𝜎𝑡 =
2𝑡
12 𝑖𝑛
1400 𝑝𝑠𝑖 (2 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 1 𝑓𝑡
)
12 000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 =
2𝑡
𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟒 𝒊𝒏 answer

Problem #4

A cylindrical pressure vessel is fabricated from steel plating that has a thickness of 20 mm. The
diameter of the pressure vessel is 450 mm and its length is 2.0 m. Determine the maximum
internal pressure that can be applied if the longitudinal stress is limited to 140 MPa, and the
circumferential stress is limited to 60 MPa.

28 |P a g e

Engr. Christian Carlos

Bataan Heroes College

Given:
t = 20 mm
D = 450mm
L = 2.0 m
σl = 140 MPa
σt = 60 MPa

Required:
Maximum internal pressure (p)

SOLUTION:

Based on Circumferential Stress (Tangential):

**use summation forces vertical to form an equation, then substitute the formula to the
equation**
∑𝐹𝑣 = 0, ↓ = ↑

𝐹 = 2𝑇

𝑝(𝐷𝐿) = 2(𝜎𝑡 𝐿𝑡)

**substitute the given values to the formula**

𝑝𝐷
𝜎𝑡 =
2𝑡
𝑝 (450 𝑚𝑚)
60 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = ; 𝑝 = 5.33 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2 (20 𝑚𝑚)

Based on Longitudinal Stress:

**use summation forces horizontal to form an equation, then substitute the formula to the
equation**

∑𝐹𝐻 = 0 → = ←

𝐹 = 𝑃

1
𝑝 ( 𝜋𝐷2 ) = 𝜎𝑙 (𝜋𝐷𝑡)
4
**substitute the given values to the formula**

29 |P a g e

Engr. Christian Carlos

Bataan Heroes College

𝑝𝐷
𝜎𝑙 =
4𝑡
𝑝(450 𝑚𝑚)
140 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = ; 𝑝 = 24.89 𝑀𝑃𝑎
4 (20 𝑚𝑚)

Therefore, Use 𝒑 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟑 𝑴𝑷𝒂 answer

**use the smaller internal pressure for the maximum, because when larger pressure is used it
will NOT satisfy the limited tangential stress**

Problem #5

The strength of longitudinal joint in the figure is 33 kips/ft, whereas for the girth is 16 kips/ft.
Calculate the maximum diameter of the cylinder tank if the internal pressure is 150 psi

Given:
p = 150 psi
σl = 16 kips / ft
σt = 33 kips / ft

Required:
Maximum diameter (D)

SOLUTION:
**convert the unit of internal pressure to psf to make the units homogenous**

Internal pressure, p:

150 𝑙𝑏 12 𝑖𝑛 2
𝑝 = 150 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = ( )
𝑖𝑛2 𝑓𝑡
𝑝 = 21 600 𝑙𝑏𝑠 / 𝑓𝑡 2

30 |P a g e

Engr. Christian Carlos

Bataan Heroes College

For Longitudinal Joint (Tangential Stress)

Consider 1 ft. length
**use summation forces vertical to form an equation, then substitute the formula to the
equation**
∑𝐹𝑣 = 0, ↓ = ↑

𝐹 = 2𝑇

𝑝𝐷 = 2𝜎𝑡 𝑡

**substitute the given values to the formula**

𝑝𝐷
𝜎𝑡 =
2𝑡

33000 𝑙𝑏𝑠⁄𝑓𝑡 21600 𝑙𝑏𝑠⁄ 2 𝐷

𝑓𝑡
=
𝑡 2𝑡
𝐷 = 3.06 𝑓𝑡 ≈ 36.67 𝑖𝑛

For Girth Joint (Longitudinal Stress)

**use summation forces horizontal to form an equation, then substitute the formula to the
equation**

∑𝐹𝐻 = 0 → = ←

𝐹 = 𝑃

1
𝑝 ( 𝜋𝐷2 ) = 𝜎𝑙 (𝜋𝐷𝑡)
4
**substitute the given values to the formula**

𝑝𝐷
𝜎𝑙 =
4𝑡

16000 𝑙𝑏𝑠⁄𝑓𝑡 21600 𝑙𝑏𝑠⁄ 2 𝐷

𝑓𝑡
=
𝑡 4𝑡
31 |P a g e

Engr. Christian Carlos

Bataan Heroes College

𝐷 = 2.96 𝑓𝑡 ≈ 35.56 𝑖𝑛

Use the smaller diameter. 𝑫 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟓𝟔 𝒊𝒏 answer

32 |P a g e

Engr. Christian Carlos

Bataan Heroes College

Problem #6

The tank shown in the figure is fabricated from 1/8-in steel plate. Calculate the maximum
longitudinal and circumferential stress caused by an internal pressure of 125 psi.

Given:
p = 125 psi
σl = 16 kips / ft
σt = 33 kips / ft

Required:
Maximum Longitudinal Stress (𝜎𝑙 )
Maximum Circumferential Stress (𝜎𝑡 )

SOLUTION:
Longitudinal Stress:

**solve the value of F bydirectly substituting the givem values**

1 2
12 𝑖𝑛 2
𝐹 = 𝑝𝐴 = 125 𝑝𝑠𝑖 [1.5 𝑓𝑡 (2 𝑓𝑡) + 𝜋(1.5 𝑓𝑡) ] ( )
4 1 𝑓𝑡

𝐹 = 85 808.62 𝑙𝑏𝑠

**use summation forces horizontal to form an equation, then substitute the formula to the
equation**

∑𝐹𝐻 = 0 → = ←

𝑃 = 𝐹

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Engr. Christian Carlos

Bataan Heroes College

**substitute the computed and given values to the derive formula**

𝜎𝑙 𝐴 = 𝐹

12 𝑖𝑛 1 12 𝑖𝑛 1
𝜎𝑙 [2 (2 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 ) ( 𝑖𝑛) + 𝜋 (1.5 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 ) ( 𝑖𝑛)] = 85 808.62 𝑙𝑏𝑠
1 𝑓𝑡 8 1 𝑓𝑡 8

𝜎𝑙 = 6 566.02 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝝈𝒍 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟕 𝒑𝒔𝒊 answer

Circumferential Stress:

**solve the value of F bydirectly substituting the givem values**

12 𝑖𝑛 12 𝑖𝑛
𝐹 = 𝑝𝐴 = 125 𝑝𝑠𝑖 [(2 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 ) 𝐿 + 2 (0.75 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 ) 𝐿]
1 𝑓𝑡 1 𝑓𝑡

𝐹 = 5250𝐿 𝑙𝑏𝑠

**use summation forces vertical to form an equation,

then substitute the formula to the equation**

∑𝐹𝑣 = 0, ↓=↑

𝐹 = 2𝑇

**substitute the computed and given values to the derive formula**

1
5250𝐿 𝑙𝑏𝑠 = 2 [𝜎𝑡 ( 𝑖𝑛) 𝐿]
8
𝜎𝑡 = 21 000 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝝈𝒕 = 𝟐𝟏 𝒌𝒔𝒊 answer

34 |P a g e

Engr. Christian Carlos

Bataan Heroes College

EXERCISES:

Problem #1

A water tank, 22 ft in diameter, is made from steel plates that are ½ in. thick. Find the maximum
height to which the tank may be filled if the circumferential stress is limited to 6000 psi. The
specific weight of water is 62.4 lb/ft3.

Problem #2

A pipe carrying steam at 3.5 MPa has an outside diameter of 450 mm and a wall thickness of 10
mm. A gasket is inserted between the flange at one end of the pipe and a flat plate used to cap the
end. How many 40-mm-diameter bolts must be used to hold the cap on if the allowable stress in
the bolts is 80 MPa, of which 55 MPa is the initial stress? What circumferential stress is
developed in the pipe? Why is it necessary to tighten the bolt initially, and what will happen if
the steam pressure should cause the stress in the bolts to be twice the value of the initial stress?

35 |P a g e

Engr. Christian Carlos