CHEMICAL BONDING

 Define electronegativity as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.

 Explain the factors influencing the electronegativities of elements in terms of
nuclear charge, atomic radius, shielding by inner shells and subshells
 Explain the trends in electronegativity across a period and down a group of the
Periodic Table.
 Use the differences in Pauling electronegativity values to predict the formation of
ionic and covalent bonds.
 Describe covalent bonding in molecules using the concept of hybridization to
describe sp, sp2 and sp3 orbitals.
 Use bond energy values and the concept of bond length to compare the reactivity
of covalent molecules.
 Describe the shapes and bond angles in molecules using VSEPR theory (including
describing by sketching).
 Predict the shapes, and bond angles in molecules and ions.
 Explain hybridization and types of hybridization.
 Explain valence bond theory.
 Explain the importance of VSEPR theory in the field of drug design by discussing
how.
 The shape and bond angles of the molecules helps chemists predict their
interactions in the body.
 Explain the salient features of molecular orbital theory.
 Explain the paramagnetic nature of Oxygen molecule in the light of MOT.
 Calculate Bond order of N2, 02, F2& He.
 Describe the types of vander Waals' force (Including:
 instantaneous dipole - induced dipole (id-id) force, also called London dispersion
forces
 permanent dipole - permanent dipole (pd-pd) force, including hydrogen bonding
 Hydrogen bonding as a special case of permanent dipole - permanent dipole force
 between molecules where hydrogen is bonded to a highly electronegative atom)
 Describe hydrogen bonding, limited to molecules containing N- H , 0-H and H- F
groups, (including ammonia, water and H-F as simple examples)
 Use the concept of hydrogen bonding to explain the anomalous properties of H 20
(ice and water).
 Use the concept of electronegativity to explain bond polarity and dipole moments of
molecules
 State that, in general, ionic, covalent and metallic bonding are stronger than
 intermolecular forces.
 Recognize that molecular ions/polyatomic ions can have expanded octets e.g.
sulfate and nitrate.
 Analyze the formation of dative bond in CO, ozone and H 3O+ ion (resonance
structure not required).
 CHEMICAL BOND:
The electrostatic force of attraction that holds atoms together to make a molecule or a
compound is called chemical bond. Elements gain stability by losing, gaining or sharing of
electrons with other elements to get noble gas configuration.

TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS:

Chemical bonds are classified as
i) Non-polar covalent bond ii) Polar covalent bond and iii) Ionic bond
This classification of types of chemical bond is because of electronegativity difference
between bonding atoms.
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract shared electron pair in a
covalent bond. It's a scale that ranges from 0 to 4.0, with higher values indicating a
greater tendency to attract electrons.
Pauling Electronegativity Values for the Elements

Polarity, on the other hand, refers to the distribution of electric charge in a molecule.
When two atoms with different electro negativities form a covalent bond, the more
electronegative atom pulls the shared electrons closer to itself. This creates a partial
positive charge on the less electronegative atom and a partial negative charge on the
more electronegative atom, resulting in a polar bond. The relationship between
electronegativity and polarity can be summarized as follows:
i- When the electronegativity difference between two atoms is small (less than 0.5), the
bond is nonpolar.
ii- When the electronegativity difference is moderate (between 0.5 and 1.7), the bond is
polar.
iii- When the electronegativity difference is large (greater than 1.7), the bond is ionic.
Covalent bond: A bond formed by mutual sharing of electron pairs between bonding
atoms is called covalent bond. Single covalent bond when one electron pair is shared
between two atoms, double covalent bond when 2 electron pairs and triple bond when 3
electron pairs are shared between atoms. Covalent compounds are molecular and have
low melting and boiling points. They may be solids, liquids or gases at room temperature.
Types of Covalent Bonds:
 Non polar covalent bond: A covalent bond between two same atoms or those
having negligible electronegativity difference from 0.0 to 0.5.
Example O2, N2, H2, Cl2 and F2 etc
 Polar Covalent bond: A covalent bond between two dissimilar atoms having
appreciable electronegativity difference but from 0.6 upto less than 1.7
Example: HCl, HBr, H2O, NH3 and BCl3

Co-ordinate covalent bond: A bond formed by sharing of atoms in which one atom
donates electrons called donor other atom accepts electrons called accepter. One group,
electron pair deficient, other group have lone pair of electrons. Its compounds have
neither low nor high melting and boiling points.

Valance Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR Theory)

The valence electron pairs (lone pairs and the bond pairs) are arranged around the
central atom to remain at a maximum distance apart to keep repulsion at a minimum.
This theory has been put forwarded by
Sidgwick and Powell and Nylholm and Gillespie
Postulate of VSEPR theory:
1. The electron pair are arranged at a maximum distance around the central
polyvalent atom to have minimum repulsive forces.
2. Both lone pair and bond pair are involved in determining the electronic geometry.
3. A lone pair occupied more space than a bond pair
4. The repulsion b/w electron pairs decrease in the following order:
Lone pair – lone pair > lone pair – bond pair > bond pair – bond pair
5. Double bond and triple bond occupy more space than a single bond
6. Multiple bond behave as single bond
Detailed analysis of shapes of molecules are as under:
 Type Types of electron Bond Eletronic Molecular
of pairs angle geometry geometry
molecu Tota Bondi Lon example
le l ng e s
AB2 2 2 - 180֯ Linear B A BeCl2,CO2,
B CS2
Linear

AB3 3 3 - 120 ֯ Triangula B AlCl3,

r planar A BF3,NO3 –

B B SO3
AB2E 3 2 1 ֯ 118 Bent •• SO2
A
B B
AB4 4 4 - 109.5 Tetrahed B AlCl3, BF3, SO3
֯ ral A
B BB
AB3E 4 3 1 107.5 Trigonal CH4, CCl4,
֯ pyramida A SiCl4,
l B BB CH3Cl, PO4-3,
SO4-2
AB2E2 4 2 2 104.5 Bent H2O
֯ A
B B
AB5 5 5 -

Valance Bond Theory (VBT)

Basic Assumptions of Valence bond theory are:
 According to VBT, a bond between two atoms is formed only when
 The two partially filled atomic orbitals should overlap each other
 The total number of electrons in both orbitals is no more than two
Sigma Bond: A bond formed by linear overlapping of two half-filled atomic orbitals on
adjacent atoms.
Formation of Sigma Bonds:

S – S Overlapping:
In this overlap, the s-orbital of one atom overlaps with the s-orbital of the other atom.
This type of overlap occurs in H2 molecules, where each hydrogen atom has a half-filled
‘s’ orbital.

S – P Overlapping:
In this overlap the ‘s’ orbital of one atom overlaps with the ‘p’ orbital of the other atom.
This type of overlap occurs in HCl molecule where one ‘s’ orbital of hydrogen overlaps
with ‘p’ orbital of chlorine atom.

P – P Overlapping:
In this overlap, the ‘p’ orbital of one atom overlaps with ‘p’ orbital of the other atom
endwise, linearly or heads – on.
This type of overlap occurs in F2 molecule where each fluorine atom overlaps its ‘p’
orbital head-wise.

Pi Bond: A bond formed by the sidewise overlapping of two half-filled parallel atomic
orbitals on adjacent atoms.

Formation of Pi bond:
Consider, the bonding between nitrogen atoms having the electronic configuration. The three unpaired electrons on each
atom are located in perpendicular p orbitals, which are oriented so that if one end-to-end p orbital overlap occurs
(resulting in a sigma bond), the other two p orbital cannot overlap in the same fashion. Rather, they are aligned parallel
to the corresponding orbital in the other atom.
Diagram:
Hybridiazation:
 A process in which atomic orbitals of different energy and shape are mixed together
to form a new set of equivalent orbitals of the same energy and same shape is
called hybridization.
 Hybridization is a process of mixing of orbitals in a single atom (or ion).
 Only orbitals of comparable relatively close) energies can be mixed to form hybrid
orbitals.
 The number of orbitals mixed is always equal to the number of the hybrid orbitals
obtained.
 Once an orbital has been used to form hybrid orbitals, it is no longer available to
hold electrons as such.
 Three types of hybridizations.
SP3 (CH4, NH3, H2O)
 O

SP2(C2H4, BCl3)

SP (C2H2, BeCl2)

Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT): A molecular orbital describes a region of space in a

molecule where electrons are most likely to be found and it has a specific size,
shape and energy level and is formed by combining atomic orbitals on different
atoms. The number of molecular orbitals formed is the same as the number of
atomic combined.

 BMO: molecular orbitals that are lower in energy thant the starting atomic
robitals are bonding.
  ABMO: MOs that are higher in energy than the starting atomic orbitals are
anti bonding.
 Bond order: bond order can be calculated by subtracting the number of
electrons in anti bonding

Number of electron∈B . M . O−Number of electron∈ A . B . M .O

Bond order =
2
Bond Energy: Average amount of energy required to break all bonds of a particular, one
mole of the substance is called bond energy. Unit of bond energy is kJ/mole
Bond Length: The distance between two nuclei of a compound is called bond length.
Techniques used to determine bond length are electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction or
spectral studies.
Greater the E.N difference between atoms,shorter will be bond length.
Dipole Moment: The product of the electric charge and the distance between the positive
and negative centers is called dipole moment. Mathematically, it can be written as
U = qxr
 Coulomb meter (Cm)
 Deby (D)
 ID=3.336x1033Cm

Formation of dative Covalent bond in CO, Ozone and H 3O+

In the formation of a dative bond in carbon monoxide (CO), oxygen donates a pair of
electrons to carbon. This leads to the formation of a coordinate covalent bond where both
electrons in the bond come from oxygen. Oxygen donates these electrons, completing
octet of carbon and it becomes negatively charged while oxygen becomes positively
charged. Then more electronegative character of oxygen pulls all six bonding electrons
towards itself making itself partial positive and carbon partial negative. This dative bond
in CO helps stabilize the molecule by filling the electron octets of both carbon and
oxygen.

- + ẟ- ẟ+
C O C O C O
Structure of CO Formation of dative bond Conversion of full to partial
charges
Oxygen of water has two loan pair of electrons and it donates one electron pair to H + ion
to give H30+ ion. All the three bonds between oxygen and hydrogen have equal status.
Every bond is 33% coordinate covalent and 66% covalent.

O + H+ O+

H H H H
 OBJECTIVES
1.The formation of chemical bond is 6. Elements of I and II group combine with
accompanied by elements of VI and VII group to form
a. Decrease of energy a. ionic bond b. covalent bond
b. Substitution c. polar bond d. non polar bond
c. Increase in energy 7. Unpaired electrons in the valance shell
d. Polymerisation which involve in bonding are known as
2. Chemical bond formation takes place when a. Valance electron b. bonding electron
a. energy is absorbed c. Pi electron d. Sigma electron
b. forces of attractions are equal to the 8. Which molecules have ionic bond?
force or repulsion a. H2O b. CO2 c. HCl d. KCl
c. Force of repulsion is greater than force 9.The internuclear distance at which the
of attraction energy of the two atoms bonded together is
d. Force of attraction over come force of at a minimum relative to separated atom is
repulsion called
3. When electronegativity difference between a. Equilibrium bond distance
two atom is 2, what type of bond is formed b. bond length
a. Covalent bond b. Ionic bond c. both a and b d. none of the above
c. Co ordinate covalent bond 10. Which molecule has covalent bond?
d. Metallic bond a. NaCl b. CaSO4 c. H2O d. KBr
4. An ionic bond is 11. If the difference between the E.N values
a. Unidirectional b. directional of the two bonded atoms is then 1.7, then
c. Non directional d. None of the what type of bond will form
above a. covalent bond greater b. ionic bond
5. Unequal sharing of electrons between two c. Polar bond d. non polar bond
atoms results in 12. Which of the following molecules has a
a. Polar covalent bond dipole moment?
b. None polar covalent bond a. CO2 b. CS2 c. SO2
c. Ionic bond d. Hydrogen bonding d.CCl4
13. H2S has a net dipole moment while BeF2 c.two electron are shared between two
has zero dipole moment, because atoms d.two electron pair are shared
a. H2S molecule is linear while BeF2 molecule between two atoms
is linear 21. Energy released by chlorine atom on
b. H2S molecule is angular while BeF2 moleculethe addition of electron to produce negative
is angular ion is
c. F is more electronegative than S
a. 493 Kj/mole b. 493 KJ/mole
d. S is less electronegative than Be
c. 394 KJ/mole d. 349 Kj/mole
14. An electrovalent compound is made up
22. Transfer of electron from Na to Cl is
of
a. energetically favoured process because it
a. Electrically charged particles
release 147 KJ heat energy
b. Neutral molecules
b.energetically not favoured process because
c. neutral atoms
it required 147 Kj heat energy
d. Positively charged particles
c. Energetically not favoured process because
15.The crystal of ionic compounds are
it required 741 Kj heat energy
made up of
d. Eneregetically favoured process because
a. Ions b. Anions
releases 741 Kj heat energy
c. cations d. molecules
23. An ionic compound will dissolve in water
16. A bond form by the mutual sharing of
electrons between two atoms is called only if
a. ionic bond b. covalent bond a. Hydration energy is low and lattice energy
c. polar bond d. non polar bond is high
17. A covalent bond is found between two b. Hydration energy is high and lattice energy
atoms by is low
a. Electron nucleus attraction c. Hydration energy and lattic energy, both
b. Electron nucleus repulsion are high
c. Electron transfer d. Hydration energy and lattice energy,
d. Electron sharing both are low
18. A single covalent bond is produced by 24. Some covalent compounds are soluble
sharing of in water because of
a. One electron between two atoms a. Hydrolysis b. Hydration
b. Two electron between two atoms c. hydrogen bonding d. Polarity
c. two electron pair between two atoms 25. Which of the following molecules have
d. Three covalent pair between two atoms unpaired electrons, in the bonding
19. A double covalent bond is produced when molecular orbitals
a. one electron pair is shared between two a. O2 b. F2 c. N2 d.B2
atoms
26. Which of the following solids does not
b. two electrons are shared between two
contain covalent bond?
atoms
c. two electrons pair are shared between two a. iron b. water c. diamond d. graphite
atoms 27. What is the number of shaired pairs of
d. three electrons pair are shared between electronic in ethane! C2H6 molecule
two atoms a. 5 b. 6 c. 7 d. 8
20. A triple covalent bond is produced when 28. Which one of the following has the
a. three electrons are shared between two greater ionic character in it?
atoms a. HCl b. HF c. NH3 d. N2
b. three electrons pair are shared between 29. Which one of the following has
two atoms tendency to form coordinate bond with H+
a. NH3 b. CH4 c. H2 d. N2
 30. What would be the bond angle when d. Polarity of molecule
central carbon atom is SP3 hybridized? 38. Debye, the common unit of dipole
a. 90o b. 108o c. 109.5o d. moment is equal to
120o a. 3.34 x 10-30 cm
b. 443 x 10-3 cm
31. If spins of the electrons ar identical, c. 4.43 x 10-3 cm2
then d. 3.34 x 10-30 cm-1
a. no bonding occurs b. no orbital overlap 39. Which one has the dipole moment
c. no attractive force d. bonding will a. CH4 b. CCl4 c. CH3Cl
occur d.Cl2
32. During formation of covalent bond, 40. Which one has zero dipole moment
atoms involved attain the configuration of a. CS2 b. H2S c. SO2 d.
a. halogen gases nearer to them CO2
b. noble gases nearer to them 41. Which of the following ions has larger
c. alkaline metals nearer to them ionic radius?
d. Alkaline earth metals nearer to them a. Na+ b. K+ c. mg+2 d.
33. In the molecule of nitrogen, two atoms Al +3

of N share 42. In H3O+, the shared electron pair is

a. 2 electrons b. 4 electrons contributed by the
c. 6 electrons d. 8 electrons a. hydrogen atom b. oxygen
34. Covalent compound are represented by atom
a. Molecular formula b. structural c. one from hydrogen and other from
formula oxygen
c. empirical formula d. geometrical d. None of the above
formula 43. VSEPR fails to explain
35. In ammonium ion, NH4 there are a. Molecular geometry b. bond angle
a. three covalent bond and one coordinate c. how do atoms share electrons in valance
covalent bond shell
b. two covalent bond and two coordinate d. None of the above
covalent bonds 44. A hybridized orbital is a
c. One covalent bond and three coordinate a. atomic orbital b. molecular orbital
covalent bonds c. antibonding orbital d. all of above
d. Four covalent bond and three coordinate 45.Which orbital has lower energy
covalent bonds a. Molecular orbital b. atomic orbit
36. In polar covalent bonds, atom having c. hybrid orbital d. unhybrid orbitals
a. Greater E.N carries partial positive 46. Which bond is more stable
charge a. sigma bond b. Pi bond
b. Greater E.N carries partial negative c. double bond d. triple bond
charge 47. Which molecule has double covalent
c. Smaller E.N caries partial positive charge bond
d. smaller E.N carries partial negative a. HCl b. O2 c. CH4 d.
37. Dipole moment is the degree of N2
a. Ionization of a molecule 48. VSEPR theory does not explain
b. Decomposition of molecule a. Geometric shape of the molecule
c. Dissociation of molecule b. sharing of electrons
c. strength of bonds a. 1.66x10-24 cm b. 9.1x 10-31 cm
d. Paramagnetic property of substance c. 6.02x1024cm d. 3.66x10-30cm
49. According to VESPR theory molecular 58. Valance bond theory is unable to
geometry depends on explain
a. total number of electron pair in valance a. Paramagnetism of O2 molecule
shell b. Shape of H2O molecule
b. number of non bonding electron pairs c. stability of H2 molecule
c. number of bonds d. Double and triple bond
d. total number of electrons and protons 59. Which one of the following has the
50. Electron pairs are located around the lowest energy
central atom at maximum distance to a. atomic orbital b. molecular orbital
determine the molecular geometry. It is the c. bonding molecular orbital
postulate of d. Anti bonding molecular orbital
a. Kinetic molecular theory 60. The amount of energy required to
b. molecular orbital theory break one mole of a specific bond to
c. valence bond theory separate atoms is called
d. valence shell electron pair repulsion a. bond energy b. Binding energy
theory c. nuclear energy d. atomic energy
51. Which theory explains the chemical 61. Which elements has the largest atom
bonding in terms of overlapping of atomic a. Mg b. Be c. Sr d. Ca
orbitals 62. Which of the following theories
a. V.B. theory b. VSEPR theory explains hybridization
c. MO theory d. Kinetic molecular a. Lewis b. molecular orbitals
theory c. VSEPR d. Valence bond
52. Which of the following explains bond 63. The angle between three SP2 hybrid
formation as the occupation of orbitals orbitals is
characteristic of bonded atoms rather than a. 180o b. 130o c. 120o d.90o
individual atoms? 64. Which of the following theories gives the
a. V.B. theory b. VESPR theory idea of delocalization of electrons
c. MOT theory d. Kinetic molecular a. Molecular orbital theory
theory b. Valance bond theory
53. Which of the following has the highest c. VSEPR theory d. Lewis theory
bond order 65. Which of the following molecules has a
a. O2 b. O2+ c. O2- d. O2-2 coordinate covalent bond?
54. Which molecule has shortest C – C a. NH4+ b.KCl c. HCl d. Al Br3
distance? 66. Which of the following elements is the
a. acetylene b. Benzene most electronegative?
c. Diamond d. ethane a. Li b. F c. O d. Cl
55. Which of the following is paramagnetic? 67. A bond formed by the linear overlap of
a. CN- b. CO c. NO+2 atomic orbital is called
d.O2+2 a. Pi bond b. Polar bond c. Ionic d. sigma
56. The unit of dipole moment is 68. Energy required to remove an electron
a. Nm-1 b. Debye c. Poise d. from its gaseous atom is called
Calorie a. Lattice energy b. Electronegativity
57. One Debye is equal to c. Ionization energy d. Electron affinity
69. Which of the following molecules has the a. more than 120o
smallest angle between adjacent bonds? b. between 109o and 120o
a. CO2 b. CH4 c. H2O c. between 90o and 109o
d. NH3 d. less than 90o
70. The shape of hydronium ion H3O is 74.Which of the following has no net dipole
a. Planar b. See saw moment?
c. trigonal planar d. trigonal pyramidal
a. N2O b. NF3
71. The types of bonding present in a
sample of sodium nitrated, NaNO3 are c. H2Se d. TeO3
a. covalent bonds only
75. A molecule with formula AX2 uses … to
b. ionic bonds only
form its bonds
c. covalent and ionic bonds
d. ionic and metallic bonds a. sp hybrid orbital
72. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule
with the general formula AX3 will have a b. sp2 hybrid orbitals
a. linear b. bent c. sp3 hybrid orbitals
c. trigonal planar d. tetrahedral
73. predict the actual bond angles in BrF3 d.sp3 d hybrid orbitals
using the VSEPR theory
EXERCISE
Q.1 Select the correct statement
(i) An ionic compound A+B- is most likely to be formed when
(a) the ionization energy of A is high and electron ainity of B is low.
(b) the ionization energy of A is low and electron ainity of B is high.
(c) both the ionization energy of A andelectron ainity of B are high.
(d) both the ionization energy of A and electron ainity of B are low.
(ii) The number of bonds in nitrogen molecule is
(a) one ó and one p
(b) one ó and two p
(c) three sigma only
(d) two ó and one p
(iii) Which of the following statement is not correct regarding bonding molecular
orbitals?
(a) Bonding molecular orbitals possess less energy than atomic orbitals from which
they are formed.
(b) Bonding molecular orbitals have low electron density between the two nuclei.
(c) Every electron in the bonding molecular orbitals contributes to the attraction
between atoms.
(d) Bonding molecular orbitals are formed when the electron waves undergo
constructive interference.
(iv) Which of the following molecules has zero dipole moment?
(a) NH3 (b) CHCl3 (c)H2O (d) BF3
(v) Which of the hydrogen halides has the highest percentage of ionic character?
(a) HCl (b) HBr (c)HF (d)Hl
(vi) Which of the following species has unpaired electrons in antibonding molecular
orbitals.
(a) 02
2+ (b) N2
2- (c) B2 (d) F2
Q.2 Fill in the blanks
(i) The tendency of atoms to attain maximum ________ of electrons in the valence shell is
called completion of octet.
(ii) The geometrical shape of SiCl4 and PCl3 can be explained on the basis
of__________and________
hybridizations.
(iii) The VSEPR theory stands for__________________ .
(iv) For N2 molecule, the energy of ó (2p)x orbital is________________ than p(2py) orbital.
(v) The paramagnetic property of O2 is well explained on the basis of MO theory in terms
of the presence of_________________ electrons in two MO orbitals.
(vi) The values of dipole moment for CS2 is __________while for SO2 is __________
(vii) The bond order of N2 is________________ while that of Ne2 is _______________ .
Q.3 Classify the statements as true or false. Explain with reasons.
(i) The core of an atom is the atom minus its valence shell.
(ii) The molecules of nitrogen (N ≡ N) and acetylene (HC ≡ CH) are not isoelectronic.
(iii) There are four coordinate covalent bonds in NH4
+ ion.
(iv) A ó -bond is stronger than a p-bond and the electrons of s-bond are more difused than
p-bond.
(v) The bond energy of heteroatomic diatomic molecules increases with the decrease in
the
electronegativities of the bonded atoms.
(vi) With increase in bond order, bond length decreases and bond strength increases.
(vii) The irst ionization energies of the elements rise steadily with the increasing atomic
number from top to bottom ina group.
(viii) A double bond is stronger than a single bond and a triple bond is weaker than a
double bond.
(ix) The bonds formed between the elements having electronegativity diference more
than
1.7 are said to be covalent in nature.
(x) The re pulsive force between the two bonding pairs is less than that between the two
lone pairs.
(xi) The number of covalent bonds an atom can form is related to the number of unpaired
electrons it has.
(xii) The rules which govern the illing of electrons into the atomic orbitals also govern
illing
of electrons into the molecular orbitals.
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6 CHEMICAL BONDING eLearn.Punjab
Q.4 What is a chemical bond? Discuss the formation of ionic and covalent bonds. How
does the
electronegativity diferences diferentiate between ionic and covalent bond?
Q.5
(a) Deine ionization energy and electron ainity. How these quantities change in the
periodic table. What factors are responsible for their variation?
(b) Explain, what do you understand by the term electronegativity? Discuss its variations
in
the periodic table. How does it afect the bond strengths?
Q.6 Write the Lewis structures for the following compounds:
(i)HCN (ii)CCl4 (iii) CS2 (iv) H3N → AlF3
(v)NH4OH (vii)H2SO4 (vii)H3PO4 (viii) K2Cr2O7
(ix)N2O5 (x) Ag(NH3)2NO3
Q.7
(a) Explain qualitatively the valence bond theory. How does it difer from molecular
orbital theory?
(b) How the bonding in the following molecules can be explained with respect to
valence bond theory? Cl2, O2, N2, HF, H2S.
Q.8 Explain VSEPR theory. Discuss the structures of CH4, NH3, H2O, BeCl2, BF3,S02, SO3
with reference
to this theory.
Q.9 The molecules NF3 andBF3 all have molecular formulae of the type XF3. But they
have diferent
structural formulas. Keeping in view VSEPR theory sketch the shape of eachtnolecule and
explain
the origin of difering in shapes.
Q.10 The species NH2
-, NH3, NH4
+ have bond angles of 105°, 107.5° and109.50 respectively. Justify
these values by drawing their structures.
Q.11
(a) Explain atomic orbital hybridization with reference to sp3, sp2 and sp modes
of hybridizations for PH3, C2H4 and C2H2. Discuss geometries of CCl4, PCl3, and H2S by
hybridization of central atoms.
(b) The linear geometry of BeCl2 suggests that central Be atom is sp-hybridized. What
type of hybridization a central atom undergoes, when the atoms bonded to it are located
at the corners of (a) an equilateral triangle (b) a regular tetrahedron and (c) triangular
bipyramide?
80
6 CHEMICAL BONDING eLearn.Punjab
Q.12
(a) Give the basis .of the molecular orbital theory and discuss the molecular orbital
conigurations of the following molecules?
(i)He2 (ii)N2 (iii) O2 (iv)O2
2+ (v)O2
2-
(b) How does molecular orbital theory explain the paramagnetic character of O2,O2
2+
and O2
2- species ?
Q.13
a) Sketch the molecular orbital pictures of
(i) p(2px) and p*(2px) (ii) O2, O2
2+ ,O2
2- (iii) He2 and Ne2
b) Sketch the hybrid orbitals of the species, PCI3, SiCl4 and NH4
+
Q.14
(a) Deine bond energy. Explain the various parameters which determine its strength.
(b) How do you compare the bond strengths of
(i) Polar and non-polar molecules (ii) s-and p-bonds?
(c) Calculate the bond energy of H-Br. The bond energy of H-H is 436 kJmol-1 and that of
Br- Br is 193 kJmol-1.
(Ans : 314.5kJmol-1)
Q.15
(a) Deine dipole moment. Give its various units. Find relationship between Debye and mc.
How does it help to ind out the shapes of molecules?
(b) The bond length of H-Br is 1.4 x10-10m. Its observed dipole moment is 0.79D. Find
the
percentage ionic character of the bond. Unit positive charge = 1.6022 x 10-19C and 1D =
3.336
x 10-30 mc.
(Ans: 11.7%)
Q.16 PF3 is a polar molecule with dipole moment 1.02 D and thus the P-F bond is polar.
Si, is in the
proximity of P in the periodic table. It is expected that Si-F bond would also be polar, but
SiF4 has
no dipole moment. Explain it?
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6 CHEMICAL BONDING eLearn.Punjab
Q.17 Which of the following molecules will be polar or non-polar, sketch the structures
and justify your answer.
(i) CCl4 (ii) SO3 (iii)NF3 (iv)SO2
Q.18 Explain the following with reasons:
(i) Bond distance is the compromise distance between two atoms.
(ii) The distinction between a coordinate covalent bond and a covalent bond vanishes
after
bond formation in NH4
+, H3O+ and CH3NH3
+.
(iii) The bond angles of H2O and NH3 are not 109.5° like that of CH4. Although, O- and
N-atoms are sp3 hybridized.
(vi) p-bonds are more difused than s-bonds.
(v) The abnormality of bond length and bond strength in HI is less prominent than that of
HCl.
(vi) The dipole moments of CO2, and CS2 are zero, but. that of SO21.61D.
(vii) The melting points, boiling points, heat of vaporizations and heat of sublimations of
electrovalent compounds are higher as compared with those of covalent compounds.