Date: -

Experiment No: 2
AIM: Performance on linear measurements and check different
characteristics of measurements.

Objective:
1. To familiar with linear measuring device.
2. To understand how to eliminate errors in linear measurements.
3. To study method of selection of Liner measurement instruments.

Relevant CO: Summarize various methods and terms used in mechanical measurements and
metrology.

RATIONALE:
Vernier caliper is a simple arrangement using a fixed scale and sliding scale to obtain measurement
of accuracy higher than that of ordinary scale. Vernier caliper is used to measure external and
internal diameter, width, thickness and length of jobs.

Where two jaws of Vernier caliper are brought tougher and if zero of Vernier scale does not coincide
with zero of main scale, the instruments have σ error. This σ error is due to wear and tear of the
instrument.

If zero division of V.S is on right hand side of main scale zero (when two jaws are brought in contact
with each other) the error is positive and if zero division is on left side of main scale zero the error
is negative.

Theory:
Types of Calipers:
Vernier Calipers is caliper with a Vernier scale to enhance the ability of a caliper to measure precise
dimensions. In today's market, Vernier Calipers with dial and digital read out are commonly
available. Based on this let us list out the various types of calipers and Vernier calipers available.

• Inside Caliper
• Outside Caliper
• Spring Caliper
• Vernier Caliper
• Dial Vernier Caliper
• Digital Vernier Caliper

Inside Caliper:
• The inside calipers are used to measure the diameter of hole. Inside Calipers
• The size of the caliper is specified the maximum distance which is to be measured.
• It will be effectively, if legs of the inside caliper are adjusted with micrometer.

Mechanical Measurement and Metrology (3141901)

Outside Caliper:
• Outside calipers are used to measure the external size of
an object.
• The same observations and technique apply to this type
of caliper, as for the above inside caliper.

Outside Calipers
Vernier caliper:

• Vernier caliper works on the principle of minor difference in the two scales i.e. main scale
and the Vernier scale.
• Vernier calipers can measure internal dimensions (using the uppermost jaws in the picture
at right), external dimensions using the pictured lower jaws, and depending on the
manufacturer, depth measurements by the use of a probe that is attached to the movable
head and slides along the center of the body.
• This probe is slender and can get into deep grooves that may prove difficult for other
measuring tools. The Vernier scales may include both metric and inch measurements on the
upper and lower part of the scale. Vernier calipers commonly used in industry provide a
precision to a hundredth of a millimeter (10 micrometers), or one thousandth of an inch.

Mechanical Measurement and Metrology (3141901)

Parts of a Vernier caliper:

1. Outside jaws: used to measure external diameter or width of an object.

2. Inside jaws: used to measure internal diameter of an object.
3. Depth probe: used to measure depths of an object or a hole.
4. Main scale: gives measurements of up to one decimal place (in cm).
5. Main scale: gives measurements in fraction (in inch).
6. Vernier gives measurements up to two decimal places (in cm)
7. Vernier gives measurements in fraction (in inch)
8. Retainer: used to block movable part to allow the easy transferring a measurement

Procedure:
1. The Vernier caliper is an extremely precise measuring instrument; the reading error is 1/20
mm = 0.05 mm.
2. Close the jaws lightly on the object to be measured.
3. If you are measuring something with a round cross section, make sure that the axis of the
object is perpendicular to the caliper. This is necessary to ensure that you are measuring the
full diameter and not merely a chord.
4. Ignore the top scale, which is calibrated in inches.
5. Use the bottom scale, which is in metric units.
6. Notice that there is a fixed scale and a sliding scale.
7. The boldface numbers on the fixed scale are centimeters.
8. The tick marks on the fixed scale between the boldface numbers are millimeters.
9. There are ten tick marks on the sliding scale. The left-most tick mark on the sliding scale
will let you read from the fixed scale the number of whole millimeters that the jaws are
opened.

Least Count:

• Least count of measuring instrument is defined a smaller measurement which can be done
by measuring instrument is called is least count.

L.C = Value of smallest division on main scale = mm

Total no of division on Vernier scale

Error of Vernier =
Mechanical Measurement and Metrology (3141901)
Dial Vernier Calipers:

• Dial Calipers is an advanced version of Vernier calipers.

• In dial calipers, Vernier scale is replaced with a dial with a needle rotating in 360 degrees as
you move the movable jaw of the dial caliper.
• The motion of the dial needle is achieved accurately by using precisely manufactured rack
and pinion mechanism.
• The dial caliper eliminated the difficulty in reading the Vernier scale especially one with small
least count.
• Dial caliper also eliminated the parallax error, which can occur from reading normal Vernier
calipers with Vernier scale.

Dial Caliper
Vernier Height & Depth Gauge:

• It is used to measure a Height, width or thickness of work pieces.

• It is also used for inspection of parts and layout work.
• Vernier depth gauge measures the depth and the Vernier height gauge measures the height
of the component.

Vernier Height Gauge Vernier Depth Gauge

Mechanical Measurement and Metrology (3141901)

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. Instrument/Object Main Scale Vernier V.S.C X L.C Total Length (mm)
No Reading (M.S.R) Scale = M.S.R+ (V.S.C X L.C) ±
(mm) coincide (error)
1

CALCULATION:

Mechanical Measurement and Metrology (3141901)

MICROMETERS
Micrometer is operating on the principle of screw and nut. Micrometer and Vernier caliper are the
end standards. Micrometer is one of the most common & most popular forms of measuring
instruments for precise measurement with 0.01 mm accuracy. Micrometer with 0.001 mm accuracy
is also available.
PARTS OF MICROMETER:
• C-frame
• Anvil
• Barrel
• Thimble
• Ratchet screw
• Lock nut

Micrometer

Inside Micrometer:
• The inside calipers are used to measure
the diameter of hole.
• Used for measuring cylinder bores, housing bores.

Inside Micrometer
Outside Micrometer:

• Outside micrometer is used to measure the

outer dimension.

Outside Micrometer

Mechanical Measurement and Metrology (3141901)

Least count of Micrometer:
Least count is the minimum distance that can be measured accurately by the instrument. The
micrometers have a screw of 0.5 mm pitch, with a thimble graduated in divisions to provide a direct
reading of (pitch / n) = 0.50 / 50 = 0.01 mm.

Value of smallest division on main scale or Pitch

Least Count =________________________________________
Total number of divisions on thimble scale
PROCEDURE:
1. Study the given Outside micrometer and Inside micrometer critically and recognize their
various parts.
2. Calculate the L.C. and note the range of measurement of the instrument.
3. Read any three positions of the main and circular scale.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S Instrument/Object Main Scale Thimble T.S.C X L.C Total Length (mm)

No Reading (M.S.R) Scale = M.S.R+ (T.S.C X L.C)
(mm) coincide ± (error)
1

CALCULATION:

Mechanical Measurement and Metrology (3141901)

 Questions

1. Write the applications of the Slip Gauges and Explain the methods of wringing.
2. Build the following dimensions using M-87 slip gauge set. (i) 49.3825 mm (ii) 87.3215 mm.
3. Build up a length of 35.4875 mm using M112 set.
4. Calculate the LCM for the vernier Caliper shown in fig. below and read the measurement
on it.

5. Calculate the LCM for the vernier Caliper shown in figures below and read the
measurement on it.

6. Calculate the LCM for the micrometers shown in figures below and read the measurement
on it.

Mechanical Measurement and Metrology (3141901)

Suggested Reference:
1) Mechanical Measurement and Metrology, R K Jain, Khanna Publisher
2) Mechanical Measurement and Metrology, Er. R K Rajput, Kataria Publication.

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics 1 2 3 4 Total
Marks

Signature of faculty: __________________

Mechanical Measurement and Metrology (3141901)