Scribd
Upload
2 views

Expt 7 - Orifice

The document outlines an experiment to determine the coefficients of a sharp-edged orifice using a hydraulic rig. It details the procedure for measuring flow rates under constant and falling head conditions, as well as the calculations needed for the coefficients of velocity, discharge, and contraction. Additionally, it includes problem-solving exercises related to orifice flow and emphasizes the importance of these coefficients for civil engineering applications.

Uploaded by

gnqz7n96bh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Expt 7 - Orifice

The document outlines an experiment to determine the coefficients of a sharp-edged orifice using a hydraulic rig. It details the procedure for measuring flow rates under constant and falling head conditions, as well as the calculations needed for the coefficients of velocity, discharge, and contraction. Additionally, it includes problem-solving exercises related to orifice flow and emphasizes the importance of these coefficients for civil engineering applications.

Uploaded by

gnqz7n96bh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

EXPERIMENT NO.

7:
FLOW FROM A SHARP-EDGED ORIFICE

An orifice is an opening with a closed perimeter through which a fluid flows. Its primary use is the
measurement or control of flow. They are usually circular, square, or rectangular in cross section.
The actual velocity in the jet issuing from an orifice is less than the theoretical velocity because of
the frictional resistance that occurs as the fluid enters and passes through the orifice. Can you think
of any examples of this?

The objective of the experiment is to determine the coefficients of a sharp-edged orifice.

What you need: Multi-purpose hydraulic rig with orifice set and manometer attachments, ruler, and
stopwatch

What to do:

1. Measure the length 𝐿, and the width 𝑤 of the hydraulic rig basin. Assign a certain depth 𝑑 to
be used in determining the actual volume of water that flows into the basin.

2. Insert the orifice on the side wall of the multi-purpose hydraulic rig. Note the diameter
of the sharp-edged orifice that will be used.

3. Fill the tank with water until a constant depth ℎ is


reached and a steady jet issues from the orifice
opening. Measure ℎ, 𝑥 and 𝑦. Depth ℎ is measured
from the center of the orifice to the water surface
in the tank. The horizontal displacement 𝑥 is
measured from the zero-mark of the ruler (under
the vena contracta) until where the jet intercepts
an assumed horizontal datum line. The vertical
displacement 𝑦 is measured from the center of the
orifice down to the same datum line. Refer to the
figure. Compute the coefficient of velocity

𝑥
𝐶 =
2 𝑦ℎ

4. To determine the coefficient of discharge, two methods will be employed under two
conditions of flow: (a) constant head and (b) falling head

A. Under constant head ℎ, measure the time elapsed to fill the basin until the assigned depth
𝑑. The rate of discharge 𝑄 is computed as

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐿𝑤𝑑
𝑄 = =
𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
Theoretical discharge is computed by applying the energy equation from the water
surface to the free jet giving:
𝑄 =𝐴 2𝑔ℎ

where 𝐴 = cross-sectional area of orifice.

The coefficient of discharge is calculated by 𝐶 =

Compute the coefficient of contraction as follows: 𝐶 =

Repeat for another 2 trials.

B. Under falling head ℎ, put your finger on the orifice momentarily to stop draining. When
ready, release the flow and measure the time t at which the level ℎ decreases to 0. The
coefficient of discharge is computed from:

A
2√ℎ = 𝑪𝑫 t 2g
A

where: h= height of water in tank, A = cross-sectional area of orifice, A = cross-


sectional area of the tank, g = gravitational acceleration, and t = time to drain

Discuss the experimental determination of orifice coefficients. What value are these coefficients to
the civil engineer? Include this in your Discussion of Theory.

Solve the following problems:

1. A cylindrical vessel 4-ft in diameter and 6-ft high has a round-edged orifice 2” in diameter in the
bottom. The coefficient of discharge of the orifice is 0.95. If the vessel is filled with water, how
long will it take to lower the water surface to a height of 4 ft?

2. An orifice on the side of a tank discharges water under a head of 9 ft. if the diameter of the
orifice is 2”, the coefficient of contraction is 0.63, and the head lost is 0.80 ft, determine the
discharge, 𝐶 and 𝐶 .
Prepare the Data and Results in the format shown below.

Data and Results

Circular Orifice: Diameter of orifice _____ cm


Cross-sectional Area of orifice, 𝐴 _____ cm2

Under constant head

A. Coefficient of Velocity, 𝑪𝑽
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Constant head, h ________cm ________cm ________cm
Horizontal displacement, x ________cm ________cm ________cm
Vertical displacement, y ________cm ________cm ________cm
Coefficient of Velocity ________mm ________mm ________mm
Average Coefficient of Velocity, 𝑪𝑽 ________mm

B. Coefficient of Discharge, 𝑪𝑫
Volume of water in measuring cup, V ________cc
Elapsed time, t ________s ________s ________s
Actual Discharge, Q ________cc/s ________cc/s ________cc/s
Theoretical Discharge, Q ________cc/s ________cc/s ________cc/s
Coefficient of Discharge, C ________ ________ ________
Average Coefficient of Discharge, 𝑪𝑫 ________

C. Coefficient of Contraction, 𝑪𝑪 ________

Under falling head

Cross-sectional Area of tank, 𝐴 ________cm2


Height from center of orifice to water surface, h ________cm
Elapsed time, t ________s
Coefficient of Discharge, 𝑪𝑫 ________

The complete data and results table shall be shall be reflected on both the individual and group reports. All
computational problems shall be included in the problem set at the end of the individual report.

You might also like