PDHPE HSC EXAM REVISION

MULTIPLE CHOICE

PAST EXAM QUESTIONS IN SYLLABUS ORDER

2010-2023

HSC CORE 1: Health Priorities in Australia

Critical Question 1: How are priority issues for Australia’s health identified

Syllabus Dot Point:

- Measuring health status:
o role of epidemiology
o measures of epidemiology (mortality, infant mortality, morbidity, life expectancy)

1. Which row in the table shows the current infant mortality and life expectancy trends in
Australia? (HSC, 2022)

2. Which of the following identifies epidemiology trends in Australia over the past ten years?
(HSC. 2019)

Increased Decreased No change

a. A Adults who smoke daily Immunisation rates for Lung cancer incidence
. children
b. Immunisation
B rates for children Incidence of heart attacks Lung cancer incidence
.
c. C Incidence of heart attacks Elective surgery waiting Life expectancy
. time
d. D Life expectancy Adults who smoke daily Immunisation rates for
. children

3. Which of the following terms describes the level of illness in a given population? (HSC, 2014)
a. Mortality
b. Morbidity
c. Prevalence
d. Health status

4. What is the purpose of epidemiology? (HSC, 2014)

a. To identify causes and patterns of disease in a population
b. To track hospital admission rates and ambulance response times
c. To determine how health care budgets are managed by governments
d. To monitor prescription medicines being administered by doctors to their patients
5. Which of the following measures is NOT used to determine the health status of the
population? (HSC, 2013)
a. Mortality
b. Morbidity
c. Quality of life
d. Life expectancy

6. A limitation of epidemiology as a measure of health status is that it (HSC, 2018)

a. Is rarely used by health professionals and policymakers.
b. Only produces information on the mortality of a population.
c. Does not explain the sociocultural risk factors that contribute to negative health
behaviours.
d. Identifies broad trends only, without reference to accurate data regarding illness
and disease.

7. In Australia, men have a lower health status than women. What is the most likely reason
for this? (HSC, 2013)
a. Types of health care services available
b. Unwillingness to seek medical assistance
c. Heredity and lifestyle factors experienced in early life
d. Lack of knowledge and understanding of health care services

8. An increase in the life expectancy of Australians is most likely to result from (HSC, 2010)
a. Lower morbidity rates.
b. Higher morbidity rates.
c. Lower infant mortality rates.
d. Higher infant mortality rates.

9. Which of the following does the government consider to be most significant when
prioritising funding for Australia’s health issues? (HSC, 2017)
a. The mortality rate and the individual’s ability to deal with it
b. The burden of illness and the potential for reducing this burden
c. The morbidity rate and the number of health services already available
d. The prevalence of illness and the socioeconomic capacity of the affected
community
10. Which of the following identifies the measures of epidemiology?
a. Diversity, life expectancy, morbidity, quality of life
b. Infant mortality, life expectancy, morbidity, mortality
c. Health status, incidence of disease, morbidity, mortality
d. Infant mortality, mortality, prevalence of disease, quality of life

11. Which option best explains the decrease in mortality rates in Australia over the last
century? (HSC, 2010)

Improved Decreased Access to

a. A
. Medical technology Infectious disease Vaccination programs
b. B
. Medical technology Infectious disease Private health insurance

c. C Knowledge of infectious
. disease Chronic disease Medicare
d. D
. Life expectancy Chronic disease Medicare

12. Which row in the table shows the leading causes of mortality in Australia since 2013?
(HSC, 2017)

Leading cause Second highest cause Third highest cause

a. A
. All cancers Cardiovascular disease Injury
b. B Dementia and Alzheimer’s
. Cardiovascular disease All cancers disease
c. C Dementia and Alzheimer’s
. All cancers Cardiovascular disease disease
d. D
. Cardiovascular disease All cancers Injury

13. In Australia, women have a higher health status than men. What is the most likely reason
for this? (HSC, 2017)
a. Females are more likely to seek medical assistance than males
b. Females have much higher rates of health literacy than males
c. The types of health care services available for males and females differ
d. Heredity and lifestyle factors have a greater effect on males compared to females

14. For which of the following has there been an increasing mortality rate for both men and
women over the past 10 years in Australia? (HSC, 2021)
a. Lung cancer
b. Coronary heart disease
c. Cerebrovascular disease
 d. Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease

15. The graph shows the number of women who participated in BreastScreen
Australia services, by age, in 2015–2016. The graph also shows the participation
rate which is based on the number of women screened as a percentage of the
eligible female population.

a. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the data provided? A.

The breast cancer mortality rate decreases with age.
b. The incidence of breast cancer will increase for women aged over 75 years.
c. The participation rate of women aged under 50 years may result in increased
risk of breast cancer mortality for this age group.
d. The participation rate of women aged 50–69 years may result in lower rates of
hospitalisation for breast cancer for this age group.
 Syllabus Knowledge Reflection
Areas of strength: Areas of weakness:

Where to from here…

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Syllabus Dot Point:
- Identifying priority health issues
o social justice principles
o priority population groups
o prevalence of condition
o potential for prevention and early intervention
o costs to the individual and community

16. Many diseases in Australia are potentially avoidable through targeted prevention and early
intervention measures. Which of the following risk factors should be targeted for the
greatest reduction in disease burden in Australia? (HSC, 2023)
a. Tobacco use
b. Unhealthy diet
c. Raised blood pressure
d. Harmful use of alcohol

17. What major considerations do governments and health authorities take into account when
prioritising health issues? (HSC, 2014)
a. The burden of illness in the community and the potential for reducing this burden
b. The cost of illness to the community and the socioeconomic capacity of the affected
community
c. The mortality rate and the ability to deal with mortality in a community
d. The morbidity rate and the number of health services already available for a
community

18. Based on statistics, Australia has a very high incidence of cancer when compared to most
developed countries. To what is this mainly due? (HSC, 2018)
a. Poor dietary habits
b. Higher rates of smoking
c. Successful screening programs
d. Increased spending on sun protection

19. Which of the following results of illness have indirect costs to the community? (HSC, 2010)
a. Absenteeism, education and screening, loss of potential earnings
b. Absenteeism, loss of potential earnings, retraining in the workplace
c. Loss of potential earnings, pharmaceutical prescriptions, absenteeism
d. Loss of potential earnings, retraining in the workplace, pharmaceutical
prescriptions
20. The criteria used to determine Australia’s priority health issues are (HSC, 2010)
a. social justice principles, potential for prevention and morbidity rates.
b. priority population groups, life expectancy and social justice principles.
c. cost to individual and communities, mortality rates and social justice principles.
d. social justice principles, priority population groups and prevalence of condition.

21. The following table represents the number of deaths per 100 000 population in males aged
55–64 years in 1980 and again in 2020 for a range of conditions (HSC, 2023).

a. Skin cancer
b. Lung cancer
c. Coronary heart disease
d. Cerebrovascular disease

22. Four health conditions identified as W, X, Y and Z are shown in the following graph. Which
of these conditions is most likely to be identified as a health priority issue? (HSC, 2011 and
2023)

a. W
b. X
c. Y
d. Z
23. Which of the following is an example of an indirect cost of chronic disease? (HSC, 2016)
a. Purchasing medicine
b. Bulk billing a visit to the doctor
c. Purchasing a gym or health club membership
d. Training replacement workers to cover sick days
 Syllabus Knowledge Reflection
Areas of strength: Areas of weakness:

Where to from here…

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Critical Question 2: What are the priority issues for improving Australia’s health?

Syllabus Dot Point:

- Groups experiencing health inequities

o Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples

o socioeconomically disadvantaged people
o people in rural and remote areas
o overseas-born people
o the elderly
o people with disabilities

24. Which of the following is an environmental determinant that best explains why Indigenous
Australians have a shorter life expectancy than non-Indigenous Australians? (HSC, 2014)
a. The types of illness Indigenous Australians develop are more likely to result in death.
b. Traditional forms of medicine are no longer widely used by Indigenous Australians.
c. Indigenous Australians are less likely to have access to primary health care and
adequate treatment.
d. Indigenous Australians have higher rates of unemployment so they cannot afford to visit
the doctor regularly.

25. What would a comparison of the health status of Indigenous and non-Indigenous
Australians show? (HSC, 2013)
a. Non-Indigenous Australians have higher infant mortality rates.
b. Non-Indigenous Australians have a lower prevalence of acute diseases.
c. Indigenous Australians have lower hospital admission rates.
d. (Indigenous Australians have a higher prevalence of chronic diseases.

26. Which of the following are socioeconomic factors that best explain the health inequities
experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population groups? (HSC, 2011)
a. Income and high-density living
b. Media access and geographical location
c. Religious and cultural influences
d. Levels of education and employment
27. Which of the following is an example of a socioeconomic determinant that influences the
health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples? (HSC, 2018)
a. Racism from peers and the community
b. Remoteness of some of their communities
c. Lower completion rate of Year 12 education
d. Lack of access to appropriate health services

28. Which set of socioeconomic determinants has the greatest influence on the health
inequities experienced by indigenous population groups? (HSC, 2017)
a. Income and high-density living
b. Religious and cultural influences
c. Levels of education and employment
d. Media access and geographical location

29. In 2022, the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare reported that the average life
expectancy for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples was eight years less than that
of non-Indigenous people in Australia.

Which of the following determinants is likely to have the most significant influence on
narrowing this gap in the next five years? (HSC, 2023)
a. Improved access to housing
b. Better access to culturally responsive health services
c. Improved participation in outdoor recreational activities
d. The further development of cultural maintenance programs

30. Which row in the table shows the trend over the past 10 years for Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander peoples in relation to the identified health measures? (HSC, 2021)
31. Which of the following identifies the health inequities experienced by Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander peoples when compared to non-Indigenous Australians?
a. Lower life expectancy, higher mortality rate from diabetes, higher incidence of
lung cancer
b. Lower life expectancy, lower morbidity rate from diabetes, higher incidence of
breast cancer
c. Higher infant mortality rate, lower mortality rate from diabetes, higher incidence
of lung cancer
d. Higher infant mortality rate, higher morbidity rate from diabetes, lower rate of
hospitalisation due to injury
 Syllabus Knowledge Reflection
Areas of strength: Areas of weakness:

Where to from here…

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Note: all of the MC questions for this syllabus dot point would be in relation to ATSI groups because
they are the only group that ALL STUDENTS are expected to cover as per syllabus requirements.
Syllabus Dot Point:
- High levels of preventable chronic disease, injury and mental health problems
o cardiovascular disease (CVD)
o cancer (skin, breast, lung)
o diabetes
o respiratory disease
o injury
o mental health problems and illnesses

32. What type of cancer currently has the highest mortality rate in Australia? (HSC, 2021)
a. Breast
b. Lung
c. Prostate
d. Skin

33. Which row of the table shows the risk factors and protective factors for the second-highest
leading cause of cancer deaths for females in Australia in 2016? (HSC, 2019)

Risk factors: Protective factors:

Constipation, high-fat diet Not smoking, consume foods high in fibre

a.

Alcohol consumption, family history Regular physical activity, avoid weight gain
b.

Excessive exposure to sunlight, fair skin Apply sunscreen, wear SPF clothing
c.

Not smoking, wear personal protective

Smoking, exposure to occupational radiation equipment
d.

34. Which of the following identifies the two types of cardiovascular disease with the highest
rates of mortality in Australia? (HSC, 2019)
a. Stroke and angina
b. Stroke and coronary heart disease
c. Peripheral vascular disease and angina
d. Peripheral vascular disease and coronary heart disease

35. Which type of skin cancer is most closely linked to increased mortality? (HSC, 2014)
a. Solar keratosis
b. Basal cell carcinoma
c. Malignant melanoma
d. Squamous cell carcinoma
36. A person started to feel numb on one side of their body. They had blurred vision and
difficulty speaking.

Which disease was this person likely to be experiencing? (HSC, 2022)

a. Coronary heart disease
b. Cerebrovascular disease
c. Congenital heart disease
d. Peripheral vascular disease

37. Which of the following has contributed most to the declining prevalence of cardiovascular
disease (CVD) in Australia? (HSC, 2014)
a. Improved community awareness and treatment of CVD
b. Improved nutritional quality of food consumed by Australians
c. Increased levels of organised sport participation and exercise by those at risk of
CVD
d. Increased numbers of alternative health professionals and volunteers working with
those at risk of CVD

38. Which of the following is an example of an environmental determinant being changed to

effectively target groups most at risk of cardiovascular disease? (HSC, 2022)
a. Implementing a healthy school canteen policy in all primary schools
b. Increasing the number of cycleways and walking paths in all local government areas
c. Providing Australians with a $50 voucher to access sporting facilities within their
community
d. Developing legislation that stops the sale of tobacco products to people under 21
years of age

39. In which cardiovascular condition is plaque most likely to form on the inner lining of the
arteries? (HSC, 2013)
a. Angina
b. Heart attack
c. Atherosclerosis
d. Peripheral vascular disease

40. Which of the following refers to poor blood supply from the heart to the limbs? (HSC, 2020)
a. Angina
b. Coronary heart disease
c. Cerebrovascular disease
d. Peripheral vascular disease
41. Which of the following best explains why breast cancer death rates are decreasing while
incidence rates are increasing in Australia? (HSC, 2013)
a. Enhanced early detection and treatment
b. Increased use and acceptance of alternative medicines
c. Improved access to and delivery of immunisation programs
d. Advances in understanding the role of family history in surviving breast cancer after
diagnosis

42. Which condition is currently the leading cause of mortality in Australia? (HSC, 2012)
a. Asthma
b. Lung cancer
c. Breast cancer
d. Cardiovascular disease

43. Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for breast cancer? (HSC, 2019)
a. Age
b. Obesity
c. High-fat diet
d. Physical inactivity

44. Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor of cardiovascular disease? (HSC, 2012)
a. Age
b. Diet
c. Gender
d. Heredity

45. Which of the following diseases is now three times more prevalent than it was 20 years ago
in Australia? (HSC, 2012)
a. Bronchitis
b. Diabetes
c. Influenza
d. Polio

46. What is the current leading cause of death for both males and females in Australia? (HSC,
2011)
a. Cerebrovascular disease
b. Coronary heart disease
c. Lung cancer
d. Diabetes
47. Which of the following is most likely to cause a stroke? (HSC, 2011)
a. A reduction of blood supply to the legs
b. Restricted oxygenated blood supply to the heart
c. A clot interrupting the blood supply to the brain
d. Cholesterol constricting the ventricles of the heart

48. Which risk factor has been linked to both heart disease and cancer? (HSC, 2011)
a. Obesity
b. Mental illness
c. Osteoporosis
d. Hypertension

49. In recent times, there has been a decrease in cancer related deaths and an increase in new
cancer cases in Australia. These changes are most likely to be the result of (HSC, 2010)
a. improved detection and increased survival rates.
b. improved detection and decreased skin cancer rates.
c. an increase in healthy eating and physical activity habits.
d. an increase in the Australian population and the influence of gender and family
history.

50. Which of the following are factors that protect against preventable chronic disease? (HSC,
2010)
a. Maintaining a healthy weight range, not smoking, eating healthily, having regular
health checks.
b. Maintaining a healthy weight range, not smoking, hypertension, having regular
mammograms.
c. Maintaining a healthy blood pressure, being male, eating healthily, maintaining a
healthy weight range.
d. Maintaining a healthy weight range, not smoking, exercising regularly, being over the
age of 40 years.

51. Which of the following best describes atherosclerosis? (HSC, 2016)

a. Dilation of the arterial walls
b. Increased elasticity of blood vessels
c. Damage to the blood vessels in the hands and feet
d. A build-up of plaque on the interior walls of arteries
52. Which of the following lists the most common risk factors associated with both
cardiovascular disease (CVD) and breast cancer? (HSC, 2016)
a. Ethnicity, gender, lack of physical activity
b. Family history, smoking, low sugar intake
c. Family history, obesity, lack of physical activity
d. Ethnicity, high fat diet, early onset of menstruation

53. What is cerebrovascular disease? (HSC, 2017)

a. A bacterial infection affecting heart valves
b. A problem with the circulation of blood to the lungs
c. A problem where the heart begins to function less effectively in its role of pumping
blood
d. A condition where the arteries supplying oxygen to the brain become impaired in
their function

54. Which group is most at risk of developing breast cancer? (HSC, 2017)
a. Women who take the contraceptive pill and exercise regularly
b. Women over the age of 50 with high levels of circulating oestrogen
c. Women who have given birth to multiple children and breastfed them
d. Women with early onset menopause and using hormone replacement therapies

55. Which row of the table correctly matches the type of cancer? (HSC, 2023)

56. Which risk factor contributes to the leading cause of cancer death in males in Australia?
(HSC, 2020)
a. High-fat diet
b. Tobacco smoking
c. Physical inactivity
d. High blood pressure
57. The graph shows the trends in death from cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Australia.

Which statement best explains the trend represented by the graph? (HSC, 2011)
a. Initiatives prior to the 1970s significantly reduced CVD mortality in Australia.
b. Initiatives prior to the 1970s significantly reduced CVD-related morbidity in Australia.
c. Education programs since the 1950s increased the life expectancy of Australians.
d. Education programs since the 1950s decreased the prevalence of CVD in Australia.

58. The table shows the incidence rate and mortality rate for two types of cancer (X, Y) with
the highest mortality rate for females in Australia in 2017.

Which statement best explains why cancer Y has a lower mortality rate than cancer X?
(HSC, 2022)
a. Government funding has increased for research into treatment options for cancer
Y.
b. Health services have been reoriented so that cancer Y is detected and treated
earlier.
c. Individuals have enhanced their personal skills to effectively address the
modifiable risk factors for cancer Y.
d. An increased number of out-patient health services for cancer Y has improved
access for the priority population group.
59. The chance of being alive for five years after being diagnosed with a condition, compared
with the general population, is called the 5-year relative survival rate.

The table shows data for breast cancer and lung cancer in Australia, 2011–2015.

Which of the following provides the most likely reason for the difference in these 5-year
relative survival rates? (HSC, 2021)
a. Health promotion strategies in schools have been more effective in reducing risk
factors for lung cancer compared to breast cancer.
b. There was a higher hospitalisation rate and greater demand for emerging treatments
for lung cancer compared to breast cancer.
c. There was a higher demand for palliative care services when individuals were
diagnosed with breast cancer compared to lung cancer.
d. Technology advancements have increased early detection and provided more
successful treatment options for breast cancer compared to lung cancer.
60. The graph shows the trends in the incidence of a type of cancer for males and females in
Australia from 2004 to 2019.

Which row of the table identifies the type of cancer represented in the graph and the
most effective strategy for the federal government to implement in order to reduce its
overall expenditure on this type of cancer by 2040? (HSC, 2021)

61. Which type of cancer are people who work outdoors most at risk of developing? (HSC,
2020)
a. Bowel
b. Breast
c. Cervical
d. Skin
 Syllabus Knowledge Reflection
Areas of strength: Areas of weakness:

Where to from here…

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Syllabus Dot Point:
- A growing and ageing population
o healthy ageing
o increased population living with chronic disease and disability
o demand for health services and workforce shortages
o availability of carers and volunteers

62. Which strategy is most likely to reduce the current impact of a growing ageing population
on Australia’s health system and services? (HSC, 2021)
a. Increasing support services that enable older Australians to keep living in their own
home
b. Providing education programs in secondary school to reduce the risk factors for
preventable chronic disease
c. Introducing an application fee for individuals to register as volunteers with
organisations that assist the elderly
d. Sending annual reminder emails to older Australians encouraging them to register for
government support programs

63. The following graphs represent the age and biological sex of Australia’s population in 2000
(observed) and 2051 (projected).
Which action would the Australian Government need to implement in 2023 to best support the
health of Australians in 2051? (HSC, 2023)
a. Increase the number of staff in aged care facilities
b. Develop legislation to regulate the use of e-cigarettes
c. Target strategic planning to improve the health of infants
d. Increase funding and research into Alzheimer’s disease and dementia

64. Which of the following is an effect of a growing and ageing population? (HSC, 2018)
a. Decreased demand for carers
b. Increased access to elective surgery
c. Increased demand for health services
d. Decreased number of people living with chronic disease

65. How can volunteer organisations reduce the impact of an ageing population on the public
health system? (HSC, 2010)
a. By subsidising prescription medicines
b. By transporting the aged to health care services
c. By assisting the aged to remain in their own homes
d. By increasing the number of trained health professionals in the workforce

66. Which of the following best describes healthy ageing? (HSC, 2016)
a. Ageing at a healthy rate and trying to look younger
b. Increasing the proportion of people who consume healthy foods throughout their life
c. Reducing the risk of illness and disease when growing older by maintaining physical,
dietary and mental health
d. Reducing the number of people who die at a young age from illnesses related to
hereditary and genetic factors

67. What is the most likely consequence of a growth in the percentage of aged people in the
Australian population? (HSC, 2014)
a. Higher demand for medical services provided by hospitals
b. Better research into the effects of medication for aged people
c. Increased revenue from private patients in Australia’s health care sector
d. More employment opportunities for aged people in the health care sector
68. Which of the following two strategies aim to reduce the impact of a growing and ageing
population on the health care system in Australia? (HSC, 2019)
a. Introducing the Medicare Safety Net and increasing the number of volunteers
b. Increasing the retirement age and introducing Lifetime Health Cover loading
c. Increasing the number of carers and providing greater access to physical activity
options to meet specific needs
d. Increasing the private health insurance rebate and providing access to the
Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme

69. To which of the following does the concept of ‘healthy ageing’ refer? (HSC, 2013)
a. Treating elderly people for commonly reported conditions
b. The behaviours and activities that contribute to quality of life for elderly people
c. Providing appropriate facilities and services to accommodate aged and elderly people
d. Reducing the effects of poor health choices made in early adulthood that create risks
to health status in later life

70. What action has been taken to reduce the impact of an ageing population on the health care
system in Australia? (HSC, 2012)
a. Increasing the Medicare levy for older people
b. Reducing funding available to carers of older people
c. Encouraging older people to remain in the work force
d. Decreasing access to the health system for older people

71. The number of palliative care hospital admissions in Australia increased in the period
2013–2018. Which of the following was the most significant factor that contributed to this
increase? (HSC, 2022)
a. Increased prevalence of dementia and cancer
b. Longer waiting times for elective surgery in public hospitals
c. Increased mortality rates from diabetes and mental health illness
d. A greater number of Australians participating in health screening programs
 Syllabus Knowledge Reflection
Areas of strength: Areas of weakness:

Where to from here…

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Critical Question 3: What role do health care facilities and services play in achieving better
health for all Australians?

Syllabus Dot Point:

- Health care in Australia
o range and types of health facilities and services
o responsibility for health facilities and services
o equity of access to health facilities and services
o health care expenditure versus expenditure on early intervention and prevention
o impact of emerging new treatments and technologies on health care, e.g. cost and
access, benefits of early detection
o health insurance: Medicare and private

72. What could be an advantage for an individual who has private health insurance? (HSC,
2021)
a. The Medicare Safety Net is decreased.
b. The Medicare Levy Surcharge needs to be paid.
c. The cost of some ancillary health services is reduced.
d. The recovery time after elective surgery in a private hospital is decreased.

73. Which strategy could the Australian Government implement to most effectively address
the inequity of access to health care for socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals?
(HSC, 2022)
a. Decreasing the Medicare rebate for health services
b. Supplying free child immunisations to all Australian families
c. Providing additional funding to train more doctors and nurses
d. Increasing the number of medical centres with doctors who bulk bill patients

74. A person had knee surgery. They were able to choose their own doctor, hospital and the
date for their surgery. Which of the following enabled the person to make these choices?
(HSC, 2022)
a. Medicare Safety Net
b. Private health insurance
c. Health care concession card
d. Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme
75. Which of the following incentives was introduced by the Australian Government to
encourage individuals to take out private health insurance? (HSC, 2023)
a. Entitlement to a mental health treatment plan
b. Guaranteed 50% rebate on all ancillary services
c. Free admission for treatment in private hospitals
d. Exemption from paying the Medicare levy surcharge

76. What strategy would be most effective in improving equity of access to health services for
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples? (HSC, 2023)
a. Increasing awareness of online health resources.
b. Increasing the funding for child immunisation programs.
c. Providing a telephone or video consultation with a specialist.
d. Implementing training for community members to become health care providers

77. The table shows some health-related responsibilities of governments in Australia. Which
row of the table correctly matches a responsibility to the relevant level of government?
(HSC, 2023)

78. Which type of health care service has the highest expenditure by state/territory
governments in Australia? (HSC, 2019)
a. Dental services
b. Public hospitals
c. Palliative care hospitals
d. Pharmaceutical service

79. What is a potential benefit for individuals of emerging new surgical treatments in health
care? (HSC, 2019)
a. Higher Medicare rebate
b. Reduced waiting times for surgery
c. Greater accessibility to treatments in rural areas
d. Faster recovery time from less invasive treatments
80. What currently is the area of greatest health care expenditure in Australia? (HSC, 2013)
a. Research
b. Hospitals
c. Dental services
d. Preventative health initiatives

81. Ancillary cover in private health insurance can assist with which of the following costs?
(HSC, 2013)
a. General practitioner fees
b. Prescription and other medications
c. Physiotherapy, dental services and optometry
d. Treatment as a private patient in either a public or private hospital

82. Which of the following identifies a responsibility of each level of government in Australia’s
health care system? (HSC, 2019)

Commonwealth State/Territory Local

Administering Medicare Delivering cancer screening Managing environmental health

a. A services
.

Administering Medicare Regulating private Delivering home-based health

b. B health insurance services
.

Monitoring health policy

c. CDelivering immunisation programs Funding ambulance services implementation
.

d. D Funding primary health care Managing public hospitals Delivering immunisation programs
.

83. What is a benefit of emerging medical technologies? (HSC, 2013)

a. They are readily accessible for all patients.
b. They are inexpensive for public and private hospitals.
c. They can provide a means of early detection.
d. They decrease the need for Medicare and the Pharmaceuticals Benefits Scheme.

84. Who has primary responsibility for providing health care services such as public hospitals
and mental health facilities? (HSC, 2012)
a. State governments
b. Local governments
c. Federal government
d. Non-government organisations
85. Which government strategy would have the greatest potential to reduce long-term health
care expenditure? (HSC, 2012)
a. Increasing spending on emergency care in hospitals
b. Directing more expenditure towards preventative health
c. Providing rebates to people with private health insurance
d. Allocating greater funding to improve existing curative health services

86. What is Medicare? (HSC, 2011)

a. Australia’s main private health care provider
b. Australia’s tax-funded national health care system
c. Australia’s provider of publicly subsidised medication
d. Australia’s health insurance provider for the disadvantaged

87. Which of the following is a benefit of emerging treatments and technologies in health
care? (HSC, 2011)
a. Early detection of disease
b. Reduced cost for health care
c. Improved access to dental care
d. Improved participation in screening procedures

88. By researching the nature and benefits of a health product an individual is able to… (HSC,
2010)
a. use a holistic health approach.
b. make informed health consumer choices.
c. access alternative health care approaches.
d. access a range of complementary medicines.
89. What are some features of Medicare? (HSC, 2010)
a. Bulk billing, ancillary cover
b. Bulk billing, Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme
c. Free treatment in public hospitals, Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme
d. Free treatment in public hospitals, subsidised or free treatment by medical
practitioners

90. Which of the following is a health benefit of using emerging technologies for health care in
Australia? (HSC, 2016)
a. Reduced expenditure in medical research
b. Reduced costs of medical treatment for individuals
c. Faster recovery of patients from less-invasive procedures
d. Increased availability of medical services in regional and remote areas
91. In which list are all the factors perceived advantages of choosing private health
insurance? (HSC, 2016)
a. Private room, reduced time on waiting lists, assigned medical practitioners
b. Choice of doctor, reduced time on waiting lists, access to ancillary services
c. Private room, decreased cost to the individual, assigned medical practitioners
d. Choice of doctor, increased cost to the government, access to ancillary services

92. Who is responsible for funding the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)? (HSC, 2017)
a. State government
b. Local government
c. Federal government
d. Private health insurance

93. All Australian children are expected to have received specific immunisations by a certain
age. Who is responsible for funding these immunisations? (HSC, 2020)
a. Local government
b. Commonwealth government
c. State and Territory governments
d. Private health insurance companies

94. Which of the following statements is correct in relation to General Practitioner medical
services in Australia? (HSC, 2020)
a. Medicare covers the entire cost for all General Practitioner consultations.
b. The number of General Practitioner consultations has increased steadily over the past
10 years.
c. People living in rural locations have greater access to a General Practitioner than
those living in urban areas.
d. The number of people attending after-hours General Practitioner services has
decreased over the past 10 years.

95. Which of the following best demonstrates a strategy to improve equity of access to
medical services for people living in a remote location in Australia? (HSC, 2020)
a. Providing an interpreter at a medical consultation
b. Providing medical appointments in the late afternoon
c. Providing culturally appropriate staff at a medical centre
d. Providing a telephone or video consultation with a specialist
 Syllabus Knowledge Reflection
Areas of strength: Areas of weakness:

Where to from here…

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Syllabus Dot Point:
- Complementary and alternative health care approaches
o reasons for growth of complementary and alternative health products and services
o range of products and services available
o how to make informed consumer choices

96. What is the most likely reason for the increase in the number of people seeking alternative
health care approaches in Australia? (HSC, 2012)
a. Greater availability of alternative health care in public hospitals
b. Greater clinical effectiveness of alternative health care methods
c. Increased provision of Medicare subsidies for alternative approaches to health care
d. Increased acceptance of alternative medicine by the community and medical
practitioners

97. Which alternative health care treatment involves inserting fine needles into specific parts
of the body? (HSC, 2019)
a. Acupuncture
b. Chiropractic
c. Homeopathy
d. Iridology

98. A patient is considering the suitability of an alternative health care approach. Which of the
following would best assist the patient to make an informed decision about this alternative
approach? (HSC, 2018)
a. Information provided on websites
b. Scientific evidence about its success
c. An advertisement that promotes its safety
d. The endorsement of a friend who has used it

99. Adjusting the spine through physical manipulation is an example of which type of
alternative health care? (HSC, 2011)
a. Acupuncture
b. Aromatherapy
c. Chiropractic
d. Iridology
100. How does Medicare reflect the principles of social justice? (HSC, 2011)
a. It provides resources only to those most in need of health services and treatment.
b. It is funded by the Australian government to supply equality in health care services to
all Australians.
c. It allocates resources according to the needs of the population in order to promote
equity of health outcomes.
d. It empowers individuals and communities to be involved in planning and decision
making to achieve good health.

101. Which level of government is responsible for the administration of public hospitals?
(HSC, 2017)
a. State
b. Local
c. Federal
d. Regional

102. Which of the following lists three examples of institutional health care? (HSC, 2018)
a. Nursing homes, private hospitals, psychiatric hospitals
b. Health promotion agencies, nursing homes, private hospitals
c. Community health clinics, physiotherapy, private health insurance
d. General practitioners, private health insurance, psychiatric hospitals
 Syllabus Knowledge Reflection
Areas of strength: Areas of weakness:

Where to from here…

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Critical Question 4: What actions are needed to address Australia’s health priorities?

Syllabus Dot Point:

- Health promotion based on the five action areas of the Ottawa Charter
o levels of responsibility for health promotion
o the benefits of partnerships in health promotion, e.g. government sector, non-
government agencies and the local community
o how health promotion based on the Ottawa Charter promotes social justice
o the Ottawa Charter in action

103. What are the likely benefits of health promotion that involves a partnership between
the government sector, non-government agencies and local communities? (HSC, 2021)
a. More effective and sustainable health outcomes as this collaboration has a greater
focus on treatment and cure
b. Efficient use of resources and enhanced empowerment of individuals as education
programs are replaced by broader government policies
c. More comprehensive and specifically tailored strategies are established with health
issues addressed at a number of levels with effective use of resources
d. Common goals are established and cost-saving strategies are implemented as
individuals should require fewer consultations with a general practitioner (GP)
104. In 2022 the Australian Government released its 10-year plan to improve primary health
care. One aspect of the plan is to improve access to Telehealth, which allows patients to
consult a health care provider by phone or video call. Which TWO action areas of the
Ottawa Charter does this plan best represent? (HSC, 2023)
a. Reorienting health services and developing personal skills
b. Building healthy public policy and reorienting health services
c. Creating supportive environments and developing personal skills
d. Building healthy public policy and creating supportive environments

105. Immunisation information is provided in a range of languages. Which of the following

best relates to the principle of social justice that is being applied in this case? (HSC, 2016)
a. Reducing equity
b. Recognising diversity
c. Reorienting health services
d. Establishing supportive environments
106. A local council has decided to install outdoor exercise equipment in a council-
managed park to make physical activity more accessible. It has also employed a personal
trainer for set times each day to provide advice and instruction to individuals using the
equipment.

Which two action areas of the Ottawa Charter does this strategy best demonstrate?
(HSC, 2021).
a. Strengthening community action and Developing personal skills
b. Creating supportive environments and Developing personal skills
c. Strengthening community action and Building healthy public policy
d. Creating supportive environments and Building healthy public policy

107. Which of the following is an example of reorienting health services as specified in the
Ottawa Charter? (HSC, 2014)
a. Redirecting services from cure to prevention
b. Redirecting services from private to public health care
c. Allowing health service professionals to focus on curing ill health
d. Supporting individuals to identify personal networks and services

108. Bike lanes have been established in built-up areas. Which action area of the Ottawa
Charter is this an example of? (HSC, 2018)
a. Developing personal skills
b. Reorienting health services
c. Strengthening community action
d. Creating supportive environments

109. Which of the following is an example of a health promotion strategy which addresses
the social justice principle of diversity? (HSC, 2019)
a. Local councils designing and providing free outdoor exercise facilities
b. Introducing legislation restricting the use of mobile phones for young drivers
c. Providing health information in different languages at a community health centre
d. Reducing the cost of prescription medication for socioeconomically disadvantaged
Australians
110. How do Medicare and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme support the principles of
social justice? (HSC, 2014)
a. They are funded by the Australian government to supply health care services.
b. They provide resources only to those most in need of health services and
treatment.
c. They allocate resources according to the needs of the population in order to
promote equality of health outcomes.
d. They empower individuals and communities to be involved in planning and decision
making to achieve good health.

111. For a health promotion strategy to be classified as strengthening community action, it

must… (HSC, 2014)
a. focus on a targeted health promotion for those most at risk.
b. focus policy direction and public discussion on the health promotion strategy.
c. facilitate participation from all government departments for the health promotion
strategy.
d. facilitate the funds and infrastructure for the health promotion strategy to be carried
through successfully.

112. A driver education course is an example of which area of the Ottawa Charter? (HSC,
2013)
a. Developing personal skills
b. Building healthy public policy
c. Strengthening community action
d. Creating supportive environments

113. A doctor prescribes nicotine patches as a strategy to help patients stop smoking.
Which action area of the Ottawa Charter is the doctor implementing? (HSC, 2012)
a. Building public policy
b. Developing personal skills
c. Re-orienting health services
d. Creating a supportive environment
114. Which of the following is a clear example of social justice principles in action? (HSC,
2012)
a. Providing children and infants with priority health care in all instances
b. Providing public health policies that are passed by government officials
c. Providing health materials and services that are delivered in a variety of languages
d. Providing incentives for people of higher socioeconomic status to use private health
care facilities

115. Which of the following is a government strategy that promotes the social justice
principle of diversity? (HSC, 2012)
a. Involving community groups in the planning of their local area health services
b. Increasing the amount of funding to address the health needs of ATSI peoples
c. Road safety education programs that target behaviours of adolescents
d. Legislation to ban smoking in the workplace and public spaces

116. Which of the following initiatives is an example of building healthy public policy as
characterised by the Ottawa Charter? (HSC, 2011)
a. Students walking or cycling to school
b. Financial grants for community sport teams
c. PDHPE classes for all children in Years K–10
d. A doctor prescribing exercise for patients at risk of diabetes

117. Members of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities are trained to deliver
Quit Smoking programs. Which action area of the Ottawa Charter is most likely being
addressed? (HSC, 2016)
a. Developing personal skills
b. Reorienting health services
c. Building healthy public policy
d. Strengthening community action

118. From December 2012, the Australian Government required all tobacco products to be
sold in plain packaging. Why did the government do this? (HSC, 2016)
a. To increase costs at the point of sale
b. To increase taxation on tobacco products
c. To provide a mix of strategies aimed at developing personal skills
d. To implement a health promotion strategy directed at changing behaviour
119. A health promotion initiative educates doctors to refer mental health patients to a social
support group. Which area of the Ottawa Charter does this represent? (HSC, 2017)
a. Developing personal skills
b. Reorienting health services
c. Strengthening community action
d. Creating supportive environments

120. To reduce the number of young people smoking, the sale of tobacco products to people
under 18 years of age was made illegal. Which action area of the Ottawa Charter is this
strategy an example of? (HSC, 2022)
a. Developing personal skills
b. Reorienting health services
c. Building healthy public policy
d. Strengthening community action

121. The Australian Men’s Shed Association was established in 2007 to provide men with
health information and opportunities for increased social interaction within their local
community. Which two priority action areas of the Ottawa Charter are best reflected in this
initiative? (HSC, 2020)
a. Developing personal skills and reorientating health services
b. Building healthy public policy and reorientating health services
c. Developing personal skills and creating supportive environments
d. Building healthy public policy and creating supportive environments
 Syllabus Knowledge Reflection
Areas of strength: Areas of weakness:

Where to from here…

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