CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

A library is an organised collection of information sources which is made

accessible to the people. The library usually contains the information
physically or in a digitized format.In the olden period the access was
usually in the library room as the technology grew up the access that
was made online (Dinesh et al.,2015). Library is a fast growing
organism. The ancient methods to maintain it are no longer dynamic
and efficient. For expeditious retrieval and dissemination of information
and better service for the clientele, application of modern techniques
has become absulutely indispensable (Neelakandan etal, 2010).

Libraries can be divided into categories by several types, which are:

Academic libraries, Corporate libraries, Government libraries such as
national libraries, Historical society libraries, Private libraries, Public
libraries, School libraries, Special libraries,Digital libraries, Picture
(photograph) libraries, Slide libraries, Tool libraries, Architecture libraries,
Fine arts libraries, Medical libraries, Theological libraries etc.

A library is comprised of the following sections, based on the

services rendered.

i. Acquisition Section: The books demanded by different departments

are done by the Acquisition section. Polytechnic book centre is also
working in this section for supply of books to the libraries in this
polytechenic

ii. Technical Section: To classify, catalogue, OPAC, Barcode etc.

the document of the polytechnic library this section is working.
iii. Circulation Section: This section provides documents to the
members and users of library for home reading as well a s
rea d i n g in the library. The document are arranged on th e

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ra c ks in stacks as per the dewey decimal classificatio n
s c h eme.
iv. Periodical Section: To procure, maintain and arrange periodicals
services to library members. Periodical section provides reference
service with respect to the requirement of the reader. Reference
section is attached to periodical section for convenience of the library
users.
v. Databases: Databases like OPAC, CAB-CD ROM abstracting

databases, Delent online Network Service etc. are available for the library

members.

vi. Reprographic Section: This Section has two automatic plain

paper copiers and a duplicating machine through which the services
of photocopy are provided to the readers.
vii. Binding Section: This section is working for binding work of the
damaged books. Back volumes and other document of this library. The
required binding machinery is avaliable in this section. Library
management is a sub-discipline of institutional management that focuses
on specific issues faced by libraries and library management
professionals. Library management encompasses normal management
tasks as well as intellectual freedom, anti-censorship, and fundraising
tasks. Issues faced in library management frequently overlap those
faced in management of non-profit organizations(Sharma etal.,2005).
1.2 Statement of the Problem

Presently, transaction of books in the institutional libraries have been

done manually in most cases, thereby taking more time for transaction
like borrowing of books or return of books and also searching of member
and books. Series of problems occur as a result of this thereby resulting
to inefficient library management. In most cases as a result of human

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error there maybe loss and damages of records due to not using a
computerized system in the library.

Nevertheless, the difficulty in the searching of books which could be

termed to be inadequacy in book Management is a problem in the manual
library thereby causing inefficiency and time consuming in the library.
Also the problem of space consuming erupts after the number of
records become large the space for physical storage of file and records
also increases if no auterized system is implemented as well as the
issue of cost Due to problem of lack of prompt information retrieval and
time wastage in using the library. In addition due to the cumbersome,
in this project compter approach will be used to solve these problems.
Each of the manuel procedure will be analysed.

1.3 Aim and Objectives

The aim of this project is to develop a system that can handle and

manage the activities involved in a library in an efficeint and reliable way.

The objectives are:

i. Designing a computerized library management system which would

help evacuate the problem faced in manuel library.

ii. Implementing the system.

iii. Evaluating and testing the performance of the system

1.4 Scope of the Project

The project product to be produced is a Library Management System

which will automate the major library operations. The first subsystem is
the registration of the users to the system to keep track of authorized
users to the system. The second subsystem is the registration of new
books into the library management system to know when new books
are brought into the library.

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The third subsystem is a borrower and return of books which is the

major area needed by the user. There are three end users for the Library

Management System. The end users are the admin, users and members.

1.5 Motivation of the Study

The motivation behind the study of designing and implementing a Library

Management System (LMS) is driven by several critical needs and
challenges faced by modern libraries. Addressing these motivations can
lead to significant improvements in library operations, user experience,
and resource management. Here are the key motivating factors for this
project:

1. Need for Efficient Resource Management

Libraries handle a diverse and extensive collection of resources, including

books, journals, electronic media, and more. Traditional manual methods
of managing these resources, such as card catalogs and paper records,
are often inefficient and prone to errors. An LMS is motivated by the need
to automate and streamline these processes, reducing the time and effort
required for cataloging, tracking, and managing library materials. This
efficiency is crucial for maintaining an organized and accessible collection.

2. Enhancing User Experience

In an era where digital technology has transformed user expectations,

library patrons increasingly demand seamless and user-friendly services.
An LMS can significantly enhance user experience by providing intuitive
interfaces for searching the catalog, placing holds, renewing loans, and
accessing digital resources. Improving user satisfaction and engagement
is a primary motivation, as it directly impacts the library's ability to serve
its community effectively.
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1.6 Significance of the Study

The significance of studying and implementing a Library Management

System (LMS) encompasses several important aspects:

1. Enhanced Efficiency:
o Automation: Automates routine library tasks such as
cataloging, check-outs, and returns, reducing manual effort
and minimizing errors.
o Speed: Speeds up various processes, such as searching for
books, managing inventory, and generating reports, which
improves overall library efficiency.

2. Improved User Experience:

o Accessibility: Provides a user-friendly interface for both
library staff and patrons, making it easier to search for and
manage library resources.
o Convenience: Offers features such as online catalog access,
reservation of books, and automated notifications, enhancing
the convenience for library users.

3. Effective Resource Management:

o Inventory Control: Helps in tracking the library’s collection
accurately, including monitoring the availability of books and
managing the acquisition and disposal of resources.
o Data Management: Facilitates the organized storage of data
related to library resources and user interactions, aiding in
better decision-making and planning.

4. Enhanced Data Accuracy and Reporting:

o Record Keeping: Ensures accurate and up-to-date records of
books, user transactions, and other library data.
o Reporting: Provides comprehensive reporting tools for
generating usage statistics, financial reports, and other
analyses to support library management.
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 5. Scalability and Flexibility:
o Adaptability: Can be scaled to accommodate a growing
number of users or an expanding collection of resources,
ensuring that the library system remains effective as needs
change.
o Customization: Allows for customization and integration with
other systems or tools to meet specific library needs and
preferences.

1.7 Project Layout

The project layout for designing and implementing a Library Management

System typically includes the following phases:

1. Project Planning:
o Define Objectives: Clearly outline the goals and objectives
of the LMS project.
o Scope: Determine the scope of the project, including features
and functionalities to be included.
o Resources: Identify required resources such as hardware,
software, and personnel.
o Timeline: Develop a project timeline with milestones and
deadlines.

2. Requirements Gathering:
o Stakeholder Analysis: Identify and consult with
stakeholders, including library staff, patrons, and
administrators, to gather their requirements.
o Functional Requirements: Document the features and
functionalities needed, such as cataloging, circulation, user
management, and reporting.
o Non-Functional Requirements: Define performance,
security, and usability requirements.

3. System Design:
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 o Architectural Design: Create an architectural plan for the
system, including hardware and software components.
o Database Design: Develop the database schema, including
tables, relationships, and indexing.
o User Interface Design: Design the user interface with a
focus on usability and accessibility.
o System Integration: Plan for integration with existing
systems or third-party tools if needed.

4. Development:
o Coding: Develop the system according to the design
specifications.
o Testing: Perform unit testing, integration testing, and system
testing to ensure the system functions correctly and meets
the requirements.
o Bug Fixing: Address any issues or bugs identified during
testing.

5. Implementation:
o Installation: Install the LMS software on the library’s
hardware or cloud platform.
o Data Migration: Migrate existing library data to the new
system.
o Training: Train library staff and users on how to use the new
system.

6. Deployment:
o Go-Live: Launch the system and make it available for use by
library staff and patrons.
o Monitoring: Monitor the system for performance issues and
user feedback during the initial phase.

7. Maintenance and Support:

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 o Ongoing Maintenance: Perform regular updates, backups,
and maintenance to ensure the system remains functional and
secure.
o User Support: Provide support to users for troubleshooting
and resolving issues.
o Feedback Collection: Gather feedback from users to identify
areas for improvement and implement necessary changes.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0

2.1 Introduction

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Library is regarded as the brain of any institutes, of course many
institute understand the importance of the library to the growth of the
institute and their esteem users which we categorically call the
students. Anintegrated library system, also known as a library
management system (Adamson et al., 2008) is an enterprise resource
planning system for a library, used to track items owned, orders made,
bills paid, and users who have borrowed. The Library Management
System is a Library Management software for monitoring and
controlling the transactions in a library (Ashutosh and Ashish., 2012).
Library Management System supports the general requirement of the
library such as the acquisition, cataloguing, circulation and other
sections. Before the advent of computer in modern age there are
different methods of keeping records in the library. Records are kept in
the library on shelves and each shelf are labelled in an alphabetical or
numerical order, in which the categories of books available are arranged
on different position on the shelves and as well are recorded on the
library manuscript and when any book is to be referenced the manuscript
is being referred to, to know the position of suchrequired book by the
person that requested for the book.After the invention of computer
different researchers have carried out various approach on an automated

library management system in which this project is as well all about.

The first library management system to be reviewed is the KOHA

library management system. Since the original implementation in 1999,

KOHA functionality has been adopted by thousands of libraries

worldwide, each adding features and functions, deepening the

capability of the system. With the 3.0 release in 2005, and the

integration of the powerful Zebra indexing engine, KOHA became a

viable, scalable solution for libraries of all kinds. LibLime KOHA is built on

this foundation. With its advanced feature set, LibLime KOHA is the most

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functionally advanced open source Integrated Library System in the

market today. The major setback of this Library Management System is

that it is a web based and as a result it is not security conscious because

hackers could have the database hacked and access or modify the

information of such user. (www.koha.org). Another Library Management

System is the Capital’s library software with the following benefits

Increases support available for staff and users in any modern

library service, provides efficiency, innovative system that’s saves

library timeand improves the user experience. A library management

system usually comprises a relational database, software to interact

with that database, and two graphical user interfaces (one for users,

one for staff). Most integrated library systems, separate software

functions into discrete programs called modules, each of them integrated

with a unified interface.

Examples of modules might include:

i. Acquisitions (ordering, receiving, and invoicing materials)

ii. Cataloguing (classifying and indexing materials)

iii. Circulation (lending materials to patrons and receiving them back)

iv. Serials (tracking magazine and newspaper holdings)

v. The OPAC (public interface for users)

A library management system usually comprises a relational database,

software to interact with that database, and two graphical user

interfaces (one for users, one for staff). Most Library Management

System separate software functions into discrete program called

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modules, each of them integrated with a unified interface. Prior to

computerization, library tasks were performed manually and

independently from one another. Selectors ordered materials with

ordering slips, cataloguers manually catalogued items and indexed them

with the card cataloguing system (in which all bibliographic data was kept

on a single index card), and users signed books out manually, indicating

their name on cue cards which were then kept at the circulation desk.

Early mechanization came in 1936, when the University of Texas began

using a punch card system to manage library circulation. While the punch

card system allowed for more efficient tracking of loans, library services

were far from being integrated, and no other library task was affected by

this change. The literature study in previous system could give more

reference in system development process. All the advantages in the

previous system can be implemented during the development of this

proposed system. This chapter entails the literature review related to

Library Management System initiatives worldwide, at national, regional

and international levels. Secondary data will be searched from print

and online resources. Foreign literatures will be mainly used and some

of these had been highlighted to peruse and emulate. The purpose of this

literature review is to establish the potential topics and suggest ideas for

another research, reporting published materials on existing conceptual

framework, theories, techniques, processes, styles and instruments of

other researchers related to the topic under investigation. It will help

analyse scope of study and in determining the various variables to be

included. As for this research, the main purpose of literature review will
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be to grasp comprehensive ideas on the extent of library management

system initiatives and projects that had taken place worldwide and the

factors and conditions that had influenced and contributed to their

success. The approach to literature review is the browse method where

print and electronic sources were looked at, read and digested,

looking for some relevancy, appropriateness and usefulness of the

topic at hand.

Predetermined keywords to be used during this search are library,

virtual library, e-library, hybrid library, library management

initiatives, library management problems, library management

research, library services,

resource sharing, distributed information resources, online databases,

library automation, library systems, mobile information access,

information professionals, librarian, global access, repositories and

interoperability, management systems, library integrated system,

database system administration (DBSA). As the research involves

qualitative data as well, researches will be made at the initial stage of

the research making enquires to get as much primary data as

possible from as many librarians as possible whenever there is

opportunities to understand the subject better and helped in the

formulation of the research questions. The literature review will be

about development of library management system which is organized

into the following sections namely Introduction,Features of Library

Management, Why we need library management system, A Review of

Problems and Challenges of Library Professionals in Developing

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Countries, Library Management System Initiatives Worldwide (review

of library management system).

2.1 Development of Library Management System

now
A library management system is a system for a library resource

planning, used to access the documents held, orders, payment or lending

all made by the clients. Sometime, a phrase like library integrated

system is employed, especially in the UK. Cynthia Lopta defines the

integrated system as an automated system in which all the functional

modules share the same bibliographic database. Integration as a concept

is most usually found in biblioteconomy. It became a landmark over 20

years ago, and it has grown into an almost synonym for integrated

system. Sometimes, integrated refers to a system in which the

library functions are processed in a main bibliographic file. By the

mid to late 2000s, library management system vendors not only the

number of services offered but also their prices leading to some

dissatisfaction among many smaller libraries. At the same time open

source Integrated Library System was in its early stages of testing.

Some libraries began to such open source integrated library system as

KOHA and Evergreen. Most reasons noted from these were to avoid

vendor lock in, license fees and participate in software development.

The much needed freedom from vendors also allowed libraries to

prioritize need according to urgency, as opposed to what their vendor can

offer. Recently, libraries which have moved to open source integrated

library system have found that vendors are more likely to provide quality

service in order to continue a partnership since they are no longer

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having the power of owing the Integrated Library System software and

tying down libraries to strict contracts. This has been the case with

the SC LENDS consortium. Following the success of Evergreen for the

Georgia PINES library consortium, the South Carolina States Library

along with some local public libraries formed the SCl LENDS cibsirtuyn

in order to share resource and to take advantage of the open source

nature of the Evergreen Integrated Library System to meet their specific

needs.

By October 2011, just two years after SC LENDS began operations,

thirteen public library systems across 15 counties had already joined

the consortium in addition to the south Caroline State Library.

Librarytechnology.org does an annual survey of over 1,500 libraries and

noted in 2008, 2 % of those who surveyed use the Integrated Library

System, in 2009 the number increased to 8 % and in 2 0 1 0 ( most recent

year available) 1 2 % of the libraries polled had adopted open source

Library Management System. Library project system that offers many

flexible and convenient features, allowing librarians and library users to

maximize time and efficiency. Library system gives all the detailed

information about students, staffs and books, it will track the books

available in the library and the books that have been issued to the

library users (students). It shows popular books among the students. It

will provide book lost in the library. It keeps records of the supplier and

the book binders.

2.1.2 Features of library management

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 i. Manage Book and Member Record with help of Barcode.

ii. Acquisitions: With library Management software,

Acquisitions function as generate Purchase order, Cancel

Purchase Order , Reminder Purchase order , Receive

Purchase Order , Invoice and instantly available in Reports .

Data can besearch by feeding Purchase Order number, Invoice

number, and Supplier name.

iii. Circulation: library manangement software enable the complete

management of multiple item issue and return of book using manuel or

barcode scanner.

iv. Barcode:Use of Bar Codes for Library Management eases the

everyday tasks of big libraries, where the number of transaction

exceed serveral thousands in number. Moreover, the software can

work even without Bar Codes seamlessly. The Bar-code generation and

printing process is a Built-In feature of this software.

v. OPAC:Library management software admin/Member can easily

search book author, Title, Accession No, Publication, and Language
also admin can filter data with category wise.

vi. Facility for User to suggest items:User suggestion and request for

purchasing a new item is handled by the software itself reducing the

administrator’s task.

vii. Alert through Email:Admin can send mail to members, vendors,

or any other people from the software.

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viii. Multiple Library Setup: Library management software can
setup at different locations.

ix. Export All Report into Excel, Word:Admin can take all the details

which are displayed in the reports into excel and word file.

x. Handles donated items, free items and keep track of donors:Some

library items are free or some person donates the item. So library
management software keep track of those items.

xi. Provide Multi User environment:Library management software gives

facility of multi user environment. Multiple users can login at the same
time in the Library management software.

xii. Maintain Any Media:one can define a number of things that one
wants to keep track of as well as can maintain different kinds of
media like Book, CD, File Documents, Video Cassette, and Audio
Cassette. Also one can maintain media with its own specifications
rather than common and define the specification you
want for that media, for book (pages, ISDN number, type, volume).

xiii. Powerful Search Engine

xiv. Custom Field Indices:Library Software provides sorted data on
required fields by clicking on the column header that is if clicked on
publisher the data will be sorted on publisher.

xv. Lock System:Lock the subject or group of the member, so that

media can't be issued which falls under this criteria. One can in this way

restrict the issuing of the media.

xvi. Circulation:Easy operation of circulation by entering the code of

media, get all the information related to the media and the number.

(Name, group, media type).

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xvii. Easy Navigation and Updating: Selecting an option from the given
menu provides all the data related to that option in tabular format in a
user friendly manner.

xviii. Auto Filter & Auto Search: On each master form, Library Software
will search on the field where your cursor is and what you type is taken as
a search value.

xix. Customize:one can customize the system to feel easier for data
entry also while adding records user can keep form in ‘add’ mode. Define
holidays and set the criteria of issuing the book if member is requested for
media or not.

xx. Scrap-Type:Define their own scrap type for scraping the media.

Provides scrap runner utility to record the umber of scrap media.

2..1.4
Needs for library management system

i. Improved customer services through greater access to accurate

information

ii. Increased productivity and job satisfaction among staff members

as it eliminates duplication of effort.

iii. More economical and safer means of storing and keeping of

information

Easier access to information like management reports and

iv.
stock etc. as well as accurate and faster results from statistical

analyses

v. Reduces errors and eliminating of ennui of long and repetitive

manual processing

vi. Greater accountability and transparency in operations

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vii. Improved efficiency and effectiveness in administration and

management as it has unprecedented access to real-time information.

viii. More reliable security for sensitive and confidential information.

ix. Appropriate knowledge -based action and intervention can now

take place in a timelier manner.

2.1.5 Library management system initiatives worldwide

Neelakadan, Duraisekar, Balasubramani, and Srinivasa, (2010) in their

study developed a system using KOHA Open source software to

develop an updated database of books and other resources of the

school of Chemistry Library, Bharathidasan University to implement

automated system using KOHA library integrated Open source

software to carry out the charging and discharging functions of the

circulation section more effectively which provide various search options

to know the availability of books in the library to generate the list of

books due by a particular member and also the overdue charges. KOHA is

being said to be an integrated software system with all the required

models for small to very large libraries (Neelakandan et al., 2010). The

outcome of the system they developed has: Chemistry library

collections that are in single database, it gives the full control over the

library collections and operations, faculty members search and

research scholars can check the required books by OPAC modules,

research scholars and faculty members can check the status of their

borrowed books, they can get the complete details about the books

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for their further reading and research, data entry of the books can

be done through the downloading of bibliographic details from the

library of congress and other catalogues and other catalogues and the

library system developed can

share their data with various library and other department in the libraries.

The limitations of his research was based on:

i. Lack of Infrastructure facility

ii. Lack of Environment support

iii. Lack of Financial Resources

Koy yeeh keat, (2011)in his research developed a library management

system which could be mainly used by member and staff of the library.

The system allows members search for books and reserve books through

website so that they can save their time and cost to travel from one place

to another to use the library as well as know what the book entails in the

library. In the system developed, staffs can also be able to add news

and also view reports with several criteria as well as add, edit and

delete news. The system developed was aimed at allowing users to

reserve books via online, to convenient user borrowing books via

online, implementing email technologies to the website, implementing

SMS technologies to the system, designing a friendly graphical interface

which would suit the users.

In the designing of the system, various modules were considered which

are the:

i. Authorization and authentication module

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 ii. Member/staff module

iii. Search module

iv. Books maintenance module

v. News maintenance module

vi. Email module

vii. Report modules

viii. Publisher maintenance module

ix. Employee maintenance module etc.

The software used in the research entails the use of Microsoft products

like the Microsoft visual studio 2008 for the website development and

ASP.NET with C# as the programming language used having the

Microsoft SQL server 2008 as the database. Mainly the software and

hardware requirement used in his research were:

i. Operating system: windows 7 professional

ii. Database: MYSQL server 2008

iii. Development tools and programming language: Microsoft visual

studio 2008 and VB.NET

iv. Processor: Intel core i2 duo CPU T7250 @ 2.00 GHz

v. Ram: 2 GB

The methodology used in the research was the waterfall model which

entails the system planning, requirement analysis, system design,

programming, system testing and the evaluation.

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Ashutosh Tripathi, and Ashish
was Srivastaval, (2012) developed a system

which is a library management software for monitoring controlling the

transactions in a library. In their study they came up with a Library

Management System which was developed in java and mainly focuses

on basic operations in a library like adding new member, new books,

and updating new information, searching books and members and facility

to borrow and return books. The system these two developed an

automated Library Management System. In which through the software

user can add members, add books, search members, search books,

update informatin, edit information,borrow and return books in quick time.

The system they are developed has the following advantages. User

friendly interface, fast access to database, less error, more storage

capacity, search facility, Look and Feel Environment. All the manual

difficulties in managing the Library were rectified by implementing

computerization. The software which was designed can help users

maintain and organize library making the software very easy to use for

both beginners and advanced users. The system requirement for the

research entails how the library management system that was designed

can be used in windows 98 Windows2000, Windows XP and

Windows NT, supported for other platform such as Applet Macintosh and

UNIX. The system was made to run on Windows 98 or Windows NT4.0

operating system and met the following hardware requirements.

i. For Windows 95 based computers, a 486 / 66 MHz or higher

processor with 8MB

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ii. For Windows 98 based computers, a 500/88MHz or higher

processor with 32 Mb of RAM

iii. For Windows NT based computers, a 488 / 66 MHz or higher

processor with 16 MB of RAM

iv. For Windows 200 based computers, a 700/850 MHz or higher

processor with 512 MB of RAM
At the end of his research the combination of all the web pages he

designed resulted in a web application named Library

Management System, which works as online library. Several user

friendly coding were also adopted. Prabhakar kumar, Rahul

Kumar,Rajat Singh and Vikram Singh, (2014)developed a library

management system which aims in developing a computerized

system to maintain all the daily work of library. By the virtue of

their research work, the system developed entails many features

which are generally not available in normal library management

systems like facility of user login and a facility of teacher’s login.

The system developed also has a facility of admin login through

which the admin can monitor the whole system etc. the objectives

of the system developed was aimed at:

i. Improvement in control and performance.

ii. Save cost.

iii. Save time.

iv. Option of online Notice board where Librarian will be able to

provide a detailed description of workshops going in the college as well

as in nearby colleges etc.

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The software and hardware requirement in the designing of the system
were:

i. Operating system- Windows 7

ii. Database - MYSQL-MYSQL

iii. Development tools and Programming language- HTML was used

to write the whole code and develop webpages with CSS, java

script for styling work and PHP for sever side scripting.

iv. Intel core i5 2nd generation is used as a processor

v. Ram 1 GB

Sarawut Markchit, (2015) developed a system to identify the problem

and obtain necessary requirements data from the librarians, analyse the

obtain data, design and develop the system and conduct an assessment

or survey from the users of library resources service through website

and mobile system with service with regards overall performance of

Suratthani Rajabhat University Central Library. Sarawut Markchit system

was able to acquire material as quickly as possible, maintain a high level

of accuracy in all work procedures, and keep work processes simple, in

order to achieve the lowest possible unit cost and develop close,

friendly working relationships with other library units and vendors.

In his methodology he was able to make use qualitative methods using

structured interviews. Information were being gathered by the virtue of

this. The system was developed using some instruments used for the

development which were visual studio. NET(ASP.NET) for web-based

appllication, HTML5 for mobile application, web service for data

communication with the component and component and connected to

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staff system of this university, microsoft SQL server for database

management and longest matching algorithm for data retrieval.

2.2 DEFINITION OF TERM

 Library Management System (LMS): A Library Management

System (LMS) is a software application designed to manage and
automate various library functions and processes, including
cataloging, circulation, acquisitions, and inventory control. It helps
librarians and staff streamline operations, manage library resources
efficiently, and provide improved services to library users.
 Cataloging: Cataloging is the process of creating and maintaining a
systematic record of library resources, including books, journals,
and multimedia materials. It involves entering detailed information
about each item, such as title, author, publication date, and subject,
into the library's database for easy retrieval and management.
 Circulation: Circulation refers to the process of lending library
materials to users and managing their return. It includes tracking
the check-out and check-in of items, managing due dates, handling
overdue items, and processing renewals and reservations.
 Database Management: Database Management involves the
creation, maintenance, and use of a database system to store,
organize, and retrieve data. In the context of an LMS, it includes
managing the library's catalog, user records, transaction history,
and other relevant data.
 User Authentication: User Authentication is the process of
verifying the identity of users before granting access to certain
features or information within the LMS. This typically involves login
credentials such as usernames and passwords to ensure that only
authorized users can access their accounts and perform specific
actions.
 Acquisitions: Acquisitions refer to the process of acquiring new
library materials and resources. This includes selecting, purchasing,

24
 and receiving new items, as well as managing vendor relationships
and tracking expenditures.
 Inventory Control: Inventory Control involves managing the
library’s collection to ensure that materials are accounted for and
properly maintained. This includes tracking the physical location of
items, monitoring their condition, and conducting regular inventory
checks.
 OPAC (Online Public Access Catalog): An Online Public Access
Catalog (OPAC) is a user interface that allows library patrons to
search for and access information about library resources online. It
provides features such as keyword searching, filtering, and viewing
item details.
 Reservation System: A Reservation System allows library users to
reserve or place holds on items that are currently checked out or
unavailable. It helps users secure access to materials they need by
notifying them when the items become available.
 Barcode System: A Barcode System uses barcodes to uniquely
identify library materials and streamline the check-out and check-in
processes. Each item is tagged with a barcode that can be scanned
using a barcode reader to quickly access and update its status in
the LMS.
 User Interface (UI): The User Interface (UI) refers to the visual and
interactive elements of the LMS that users interact with. This
includes screens, menus, buttons, and other design components
that facilitate user interaction with the system.
 Backend System: The Backend System encompasses the server-
side components and processes that support the LMS. It includes
database management, server logic, and application programming
that handle data processing, storage, and retrieval.
 Security Measures: Security Measures are protocols and practices
implemented to protect the LMS from unauthorized access, data
breaches, and other security threats. This includes data encryption,

25
 access controls, and regular security audits to ensure the integrity
and confidentiality of library data.

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

3.1 Analysis of Existing System

The existing system of library management system involves lots and lots

of paper work. The system involves that all library user details will be

taken on a white and black method. To borrow book from a library a

borrower information is being taken for every registered user and can

actually sign out for return of the book once he/she is completed.

3.2 Problems of existing system

Having have the overview knowledge of the existing system, the following
are its problem

I. Loss of Data: A lot of paper works are needed for the safe keeping
of the details of books borrowed by a registered user
II. Time Wasting: User time are wasted as a result of searching for a
book that has been borrowed by a user whose record cannot be
traced on the paper records.

iii. Error Prone: The existing system of operation is prone to error.

iv. Tedious: It is tedious because it must take a routine

vi. Processing Speed: The processing speed is very low resulting into
low output.

26
3.3 DESIGN OF THE NEW SYSTEM

The library management system is a desktop based application

system used by an administrator (Librarian) as an alternative means

of record keeping of the books stored in the library. It has the following

features.

i. The administrator registers the applicant with their name as the

first and last name, matriculation number, department etc. and a

username is being suggested by the user alongside a login

password which is to be used for log in by the registered user.

ii. An applicant is allowed to log into the system with his name and

generated password which is given at the point of registration. The

administrator goes into the report to view the details of a particular user.

3.1. Input Specification

The input specification outlines the types of data and user interactions the
system will accept. For a Library Management System, inputs can be
categorized into several key areas:

a. User Registration and Management

 User Information:
o New User Registration:
 User ID (automatically
 generated or manually entered)
 Name
 Address

27
  Phone Number
 Email Address
 Membership Type (e.g., Student, Faculty, Guest)
o User Login:
 User ID
 Password
o User Profile Update:
 User ID
 Updated fields (e.g., address, phone number, email)

b. Book Management

 Book Entry:
o Book ID (automatically generated or manually entered)
o Title
o Author(s)
o ISBN
o Publisher
o Publication Year
o Genre
o Number of Copies
o Location (Shelf/Library section)
 Book Update:
o Book ID
o Updated fields (e.g., number of copies, location)
 Book Deletion:
o Book ID

c. Book Transactions

 Check-Out:
o User ID
o Book ID
o Date of Check-Out

28
  Check-In:
o User ID
o Book ID
o Date of Check-In
 Renewal:
o User ID
o Book ID
o New Due Date
 Reservation:
o User ID
o Book ID
o Reservation Date

d. Search and Query

 Search Books:
o Search Criteria (e.g., title, author, ISBN, genre)
 Search Users:
o Search Criteria (e.g., name, user ID)

e. Reporting and Analytics

 Generate Reports:
o Report Type (e.g., overdue books, popular books, user
activity)
o Date Range

3.2. Output Specification

The output specification defines the information that the system will
provide in response to user interactions and system processes. For a
Library Management System, outputs are typically categorized as follows:

a. User Interface Outputs

 User Registration Confirmation:

29
 o Success/Failure Message
o User ID (if applicable)
 Login Confirmation:
o Success/Failure Message
o User Dashboard
 User Profile Details:
o Display of current user information
 Error Messages:
o Detailed error messages for invalid inputs or system errors

b. Book Management Outputs

 Book Entry Confirmation:

o Success/Failure Message
 Book Details Display:
o Detailed view of book information
 Book Update Confirmation:
o Success/Failure Message
 Book Deletion Confirmation:
o Success/Failure Message

c. Transaction Outputs

 Check-Out Confirmation:
o Success/Failure Message
o Due Date
 Check-In Confirmation:
o Success/Failure Message
o Overdue Fees (if applicable)
 Renewal Confirmation:
o Success/Failure Message
o New Due Date
 Reservation Confirmation:
o Success/Failure Message

30
 o Reservation Status

d. Search and Query Outputs

 Search Results:
o List of books or users matching search criteria
o Details for each item found
 Detailed Item View:
o Comprehensive information about a specific book or user

e. Reporting and Analytics Outputs

 Generated Reports:
o Detailed report based on selected criteria
o Visual representations (charts/graphs) if applicable
 Downloadable Reports:

Option to download reports in formats like PDF, Excel

3.3.1 Advantages of New system

Certain merits have been associated with the proposed system which

enhances the design of the system. Some of which are stated

b eo w :

i. It eliminates the presence of the audience or fellow colleague who

can whisper the result to their friends.

ii. It is free from biasness (all users are served equally).

iii. It provides an immediate form of response to every user.

vii. It facilitates easy learning.

31
 CHAPTER FOUR

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND DOCUMENTATION

4.0 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SYSTEM

This describes how the system works and how best computers together
with other resources may be applied to perform data storage,
management and retrieval for decision making. The requirement of this
research work demand a web programming language.

4.1 SYTEM REQUIREMENT

4.1.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

The hardware that is required in the successful completion of this project

include;

i. A system running on Pentium 2.

ii. A random access memory (RAM) of 512 MB.

iii. Enhanced Keyboard.

iv. V.G.A or a coloured monitor.

v. A 2.0 GB hard disk.

4.1.2 Software REQUIREMENT

32
The software support for the design of the proposed system involves:

i. A windows 8 operating system.

ii. Macromedia Dreamweaver.

iii. WAMP server.

iv. My SQL database.

An internet access as well as an anti-virus software which

viii.

prevents the system from being infected by virus.

4.3 System testing

System Tests Plans are developed during System Design Phase.

Unlike Unit and Integration Test Plans, system test plans are composed

by client’s business team. System Test ensure that expectations from

application developed are met. The whole application is tested for its

functionality, interdependency and communication system Testing

verifies that functionality, and non- functional requirement have been

met. Load and performance testing, stress testing, regression testing

etc, are subsets of system testing.

4.4 Efficiency of the System

The efficiency of a Library Management System (LMS) can be evaluated

based on several factors:

1. Performance Metrics:
33
 o Speed: The system should quickly handle tasks such as book
check-ins/outs, searches, and database queries.
o Scalability: The system should perform well even as the
number of users or amount of data increases.
o Resource Utilization: Efficient use of server and database
resources to minimize operational costs.

2. Usability:
o Ease of Use: The interface should be intuitive for both library
staff and patrons, reducing the time needed for training and
daily operations.
o Accessibility: The system should be accessible from various
devices (computers, tablets, smartphones) and be compliant with
accessibility standards.

3. Reliability:
o Uptime: The system should have minimal downtime and be
robust against failures.
o Error Handling: Proper error messages and recovery options
should be in place to handle unexpected issues gracefully.

4. Data Management:
o Accuracy: Ensure accurate cataloging of books and user data
with minimal errors.
o Security: Implement strong security measures to protect
sensitive data from unauthorized access or breaches.

4.5 Installation of the New System

1. Pre-Installation Preparation:
o System Requirements: Verify that the hardware and
software meet the system’s requirements.
o Backup: Ensure that existing data is backed up to prevent
loss during the transition.

34
 2. Installation Steps:
o Software Installation: Follow the installation guide to set up
the LMS software on the server or cloud platform.
o Configuration: Configure the system settings, including
database connections, user roles, and library-specific
parameters.
o Data Migration: Import existing data (e.g., book catalog,
user records) into the new system.

3. Testing:
o Initial Testing: Conduct tests to ensure the system operates
correctly in a controlled environment.
o User Testing: Allow a small group of library staff and patrons
to use the system and provide feedback.

4. Training:
o Staff Training: Provide training sessions for library staff on
how to use the system.
o User Guides: Distribute user guides and manuals to assist
with common tasks.

5. Go-Live:
o Deployment: Move the system from a test environment to
live operation.
o Support: Provide technical support to address any issues that
arise during the initial period.

4.6 System Maintenance Guide

1. Regular Updates:
o Software Updates: Regularly check for and apply updates to
the LMS software to fix bugs and add new features.

35
 o Database Maintenance: Perform routine database
maintenance tasks such as backups, indexing, and cleanup.

2. Monitoring:
o Performance Monitoring: Use monitoring tools to track
system performance and address any issues promptly.
o Error Logs: Regularly review error logs to identify and
resolve potential problems.

3. User Support:
o Help Desk: Provide ongoing support to users for
troubleshooting and resolving issues.
o Documentation: Maintain up-to-date documentation for
users and administrators.

4. Security:
o Regular Audits: Conduct regular security audits to identify
and address vulnerabilities.
o Data Protection: Ensure that data encryption and access
controls are enforced.

5. Feedback and Improvement:

o User Feedback: Collect feedback from users to identify areas
for improvement.
o System Enhancements: Implement enhancements based on
feedback and emerging needs.

4.6 Limitation of the Study

1. Scope Limitations:
o Functionality: The study may focus on certain functionalities
and may not address all possible features or customizations.
o Integration: Limited integration with other systems (e.g.,
external databases or third-party tools) may be considered.

36
 2. Resource Constraints:
o Budget: Financial constraints may limit the extent of system
features and the quality of hardware and software used.
o Time: Time constraints may restrict the depth of testing and
the extent of user training provided.

3. Technological Limitations:
o Compatibility: The system may face compatibility issues
with older hardware or software.
o Scalability Issues: The system might encounter scalability
challenges as the library grows or as user demands increase.

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary

The quest to make life easier and processing faster has led to

computerization of various processes. Computer technology has

transformed so many sectors especially the Educational sector in no

small measure. In an effort to foster technology driven education, a

Library Management System has been developed to manage all library

operations such as borrowing, returning of books etc.

5.2 Conclusion

In conclusion, from proper analysis and assessment of the designed

system it can be safely concluded that the system is an efficient, usable

and reliable Library Management System. It is working properly and

adequately meets the minimum expectations that were for it initially. The

37
new system is expected to give benefits to the users and staff in terms of

efficiency in the usage of library system

5.3 Recommendation

For further research work to be carried out. I hereby suggest the following

i. University Library should be developed to work on any platform.

ii. Diagrammatic representation as a lecturing aid should

be included in a UniversityLibrary.

iii. University library lecturing should also be extended to other field

of study such as chemistry, english biology agricultural science and many

others.

REFERENCES

Adamson and Veronica. (2008). JISC & SCONUL Library Management

Systems Study . sheffield, UK sero consulting . pi51. Retrieved on 06

August 2015.

Ademodi, D.T., & Adepoju, E. O. (2009). Computer skill among Librarians

in Academic Libraries on Ondo and Ekiti states, Nigeria. Library Philosophy

& Pratice.

38
Adomi, E. E., & Anie, S. O. (2006). An Assessment of Computer Literacy
Skills of professionals in Nigerian University Libraries. Library Hi Tech
news, vol.23 (2) pp.10-14.

Ashutosh, T and Ashish,S. (2012). Online Library Management System.

IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN). VOL.2 (2), pp. 180-186.

sgupta, A. (2009). Preparing future librarians in India: A vision for LIS

Schools of Indian Universities in the 21st Century.

IFLA. Available:http://www.ifla.org/files/hq/papers/ifla75/126-dasgupta-
en.pdf.

DeSpautz, Joseph; Kenneth S. Kovacs; Gerhard Werling (2008). GAMP

Standards for validation of Automated systems. Parmaceutical processing.
Retrieved 28 February 2012.

Dinesh, R., Pravin, S., Aravindhan, M and Rajeswari,D. 2015. Library

access system smartphone application using android. International journal
of computer science and mobile computing vol.4(3).pp.142-149.

Gavgani,V.Z., Shokraneh,F. and Shiramin,A.R. (2011). Need for content

Re-engineering of The medical library and information science
curriculum in Iran. Library Philosophy & Practice. Available:
http://unllib.unl.edu/LPP/gavgani- shokraneh-shiramin.html.

Johnson, C.A. (2007). Library and information science education in

developing countries.

The International Information & Library Review, Vol. 39, pp. 64-71.

Neelakandan,B., Duraisekar,S., Balasubramani,R and Srinivasa,S. 2010.

Implementation of Automated Library Management System in the
School of Chemistry Bharathidasan University using Koha Open Source
Software. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research,
Dindigul, Vol. (1), pp. 149- 167.

39
Prabhakar kumar, Rahul Kumar,Rajat Singh and Vikram Singh. (2014).
Library Management System. Division of Computer Science School of
Engineering Cochin University of Science & Technology Kochi-682022.

Rahman, A. I. M. J., Khatun, M., & Islam, M. M. (2008). Library Education in

Bangladesh:

Strengths, Problems and Suggestions. Library Philosophy & Practice.

Avaliable:
http://unllib.unl.edu/LPP/rahman-khatun-mezbahulislam.html .

Sarawut Markchit. (2015). Offering Library Resources through Web-site

and Mobile Systems with Web Services for Central Library Suratthani
Rajabhat University.World Journal of Computer Application and
Technology, Vol.3 (1) pp. 1-8.

Sarawut Markchit. (2015). Library management system. Division of

computer science school of arts and science Tanku Abdul rahman college

kualla lampur.

Sharma,C.K., Singh and Khiran.(2005). Library Management

System. Available:en.wkipedia.org/wiki/Library_management.

APPENDIX: CODE

40
Index code
<?php include('header.php'); ?>

<?php include('navbar.php'); ?>

<div class="container">
<div class="margin-top">

<div class="row">
<?php include('head.php'); ?>

<div class="span2">
<?php include('sidebar.php'); ?>

</div>

<div class="span10">
<?php include('slider.php'); ?>
</div>

<div class="span2">
<h4></h4>

</div>
<div class="span10">
<?php include('thumbnail.php'); ?>

<div class="text_content">
<div class="abc">

<!-- text content -->

<h4>Vision</h4>

<hr>

<p>

The Federal University Oye Ekiti aspires to

become an institution of first choice recognised for providing critical
opportunities for student success,

41
acknowledged as a primary and engaged regioanl and global resource
for entreprenuerial education and best practise in mining and farming
technology.
</p>

<hr>
<h4>Mission</h4>

<hr>

<p>

To provide a robust and high quality

educational experience for studemts in a diverse learning environment
while promoting the values and indigeneous learning that is responsive to
the needs of our society and create institutional values.
</p>

<hr>
</div>

</div>
<!-- end content -->

</div>
</div>

</div>
</div>
<?php include('footer.php') ?>

Header
<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>
<head>
<title>Federal University Oye Ekiti</title>

42
 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-

scale=1.0">

<!-- Bootstrap -->

<link href="css/bootstrap.css" rel="stylesheet"
media="screen">
<link href="css/bootstrap-responsive.css" rel="stylesheet"
media="screen">
<link href="css/docs.css" rel="stylesheet"
media="screen">

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media="screen">
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media="screen">

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/style.css"

/>

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href="css/DT_bootstrap.css" />

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<script src="js/bootstrap.js"></script>
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language="javascript"
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<script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"
language="javascript"
src="js/DT_bootstrap.js"></script>

<script>
jQuery(document).ready(function() {
$(function(){
$('.pix_diapo').diapo();

43
});

});
</script>
<noscript>

<style>
.da-thumbs li a div {

top: 0px;
left: - 100%;
-webkit-transition: all 0.3s ease;
-moz-transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;

-o-transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;

-ms-transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;

transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;

}
.da-thumbs li a:hover div{

left: 0px;
}
</style>

</noscript>
</head>

<body>

Navbar

<?php include('tooltip.php'); ?>

<div class="navbar navbar-fixed-top navbar-inverse">

<div class="navbar-inner">
<div class="container">

44
<a class="btn btn-navbar" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".nav-
collapse">
<span class="icon-bar"></span>

<span class="icon-bar"></span>
<span class="icon-bar"></span>

</a>

<div class="nav-collapse collapse">

<ul class="nav">

<li class="divider-vertical"></li><li
class=""><a rel="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Home"
id="home" href="index.php"><i class="icon-home icon-
large"></i>&nbsp;Home</a></li>
<li class="divider-vertical"></li>

<li class="">
Here to About" id="login" large"></i>&nbsp;About</a>

<a rel="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Click

href="about.php"><i class="icon-info-sign icon-

<li class="divider-vertical"></li>

<li class="">

<a rel="tooltip" data-placement="bottom"

title="Click Here to Admin" id="login" href="librarian"><i
class="icon-user icon- large"></i>&nbsp;Admin</a>

</li>
<li class="divider-vertical"></li>

<li class="">

<a rel="tooltip" data-placement="bottom"

title="Click Here to User" id="login" href="user"><i class="icon-user icon-
large"></i>&nbsp;User</a>

45
 </li>
<li class="divider-vertical"></li>
<li class="dropdown">

<a href="#"
class="dropdown-toggle"

data-toggle="dropdown">
<i class="icon-book icon-large"></i>&nbsp;Sections

<b class="caret"></b>
</a>
<ul class="dropdown-menu">

<li><a href="circulation section.php"><i class="icon-search icon-

large"></i>Circulation Section</a></li>

<li><a href="Periodical section.php"><i class="icon-search icon-

large"></i>Periodical
Section</a></li>
<li><a href="Audio-Visual section.php"><i class="icon-search icon-
large"></i>Audio-
Visual Section</a></li>
<li><a href="General Reference section.php"><i class="icon-
search icon-
large"></i>General Reference Section</a></li>

<li><a href="Faculty reading.php"><i class="icon-search icon-

large"></i>Faculty Reading Section</a></li>
<li><a href="Archive section.php"><i class="icon-search icon-
large"></i>Archive Section</a></li>

<li><a href="American shelf.php"><i class="icon-search

icon-
large"></i>American</a></li>
</ul>

</li>
<li class="divider-vertical"></li>

46
 <li class="signup"><span
class="sg"></span></li>

</ul>
</div>

</div>
</div>
</div>

Head
<div class="span12">

<div class="header">
<div class="pull-left">
<img class="stilogo" src="LMS/A1.jpg">

</div>
</div>

<div class="alert alert-

info"><Strong>Heads Up!</strong>&nbsp;Welcome to Federal University
Oye Ekiti Library

<div class="pull-right">
<i class="icon-calendar icon-
large"></i> <?php
$Today = date('y:m:d');
$new = date('l, F d, Y',
strtotime($Today));
echo $new;

?>
</div>
</div>

47
 </div>

Sidebar
<div class="life-side-bar">
<div class="hero-container">

</div>
<ul class="nav nav-tabs nav-stacked">

<li class="">
<a href="#"><i class="icon-phone icon-
large"></i>&nbsp;Contact US</a>
</li>
</ul>

<strong>Address</strong>
<p>Federal University of Oye Ekiti</p>

<p>Oye Are Road</p>

<p>Oye Ekiti</p>
<p>(234)8165396888</p>

<p>[email protected]</p>
</div>

<!-- vision student login -->

<div id="vision" class="modal hide fade" tabindex="- 1"

role="dialog" aria- labelledby="myModalLabel" aria-hidden="true">

<div class="modal-header"><div class="alert

alert-
info"><strong>Vision</strong></div></div>

<div class="modal-body">

<p>By 2016. Federal University Oye Ekiti is a center of

learning were stackholders are conscientiously involved in loning holistic
individuals committed to positively respond to the needs of the school,
community and the country.</p>

48
 </div>

<div class="modal-footer">
<button class="btn" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true"><i
class="icon-remove icon-large"></i>&nbsp;Close</button>

</div>
</div> <!-- mission student login -->

<div id="mission" class="modal hide fade" tabindex="- 1"

role="dialog" aria- labelledby="myModalLabel" aria-hidden="true">

<div class="modal-header"><div class="alert

alert-
info"><strong>Mission</strong></div></div>

<div class="modal-body">

<p>

To nurture students to become productive responsible

citizens through the assistance of service -

oriented and highly competent internal and external

stakeholders working in a harmonious relationship.
</p>

</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<button class="btn" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true"><i
class="icon-remove icon-large"></i>&nbsp;Close</button>

</div>
</div>
Footer
<footer class="footer">

<div class="container">
<div class="foot-margin">
<p><a>2015 Federal University Oye Ekiti. All Rights Reserved. </a></p>

</div>
</div>

49
</footer>
<script type="text/javascript">

$(function() {
$('#da-thumbs > li').hoverdir();

});
</script>
<div id="logout" class="modal hide fade" tabindex="- 1"
role="dialog" aria-
labelledby="myModalLabel" aria-hidden="true">

<div class="modal-body">
<div class="alert alert-danger">Are you sure you want to Logout</div>

</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<button class="btn" data-dismiss="modal" aria-
hidden="true">Close</button>
<a href="logout.php" class="btn btn-danger">Yes</a>

</div>
</div>
<script type='text/javascript' src='scripts/jquery.easing.1.3.js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript'
src='scripts/jquery.hoverIntent.minified.js'></script>

<script type='text/javascript' src='scripts/diapo.js'></script>

</body>

</html>

50
 APPENDIX II

1 Admin login

After entering to the home page of the website, librarian can

choose the ADMIN LOGIN option where they are asked to enter

username and password, and if he/she is a valid user then a

login page will be displayed.

ADMIN
DATABASE

ADMIN ENTER
HOME USERSNAM CHECK
LOGIN
E AND VALIDITY
PASSWORD

ADMIN
DATABASE ADMIN
DATABASE

51
figure 3.4: Dataflow diagram for admin login

User login

After entering to the home page of the website, user can

choose the USER LOGIN option where they asked to enter
username and password, and if he/she is a valid user then a user
login page will be displayed.

USER
DATABASE

USER
ENTER
HOME USERSNAM CHECK
LOGIN
E AND VALIDITY
PASSWORD

USER
DATABASE USER LOGIN
PAGE

Figure 2: Dataflow diagram for user login

2. Data flow diagrams

ABOUT
HOMEPAGE

52
 Library management
system

Figure 2: Dataflow of the design structure

APPENDIX III

1. SCREENSHOT FOR THE HOMEPAGE .

2. SCREENSHOT FOR ADMIN/USER LOGIN.

53
3. SCREENSHOT OF ADD BOOKS METHOD

4. SCREENSHOT OF ADD USER

5. SCREENSHOT OF BOOK BORROWING

54
6. SCREEN SHOT OF USER TABLE

7. SCREENSHOT OF BORROW DETAILS TABLE.

8. SCREENSHOT OF BOOKS TABLE.

55
9. SCREENSHOT OF MEMBER TABLE.

56