Lecture 1

NUMBER SYSTEM
 NUMBERS
Counting numbers
Include zero in natural
negative numbers
of natural numbers

NATURAL NUMBERS : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …
WHOLE NUMBERS : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …
INTEGERS : … , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …
 NUMBERS
INTEGERS : … , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …
If p is any integer and q any non-zero integer, then
RATIONAL NUMBERS :
p
is a rational number.

l
q
5 -3
? 4 1 Ratio of integers
l

l
9 1 3 5

Numerator → Integer
Denominator → Non-zero Integer
 RATIONAL NUMBERS
If p is any integer and q any non-zero integer, then ispa rational number.

l
q
Decimal form of rational number is terminating or non-terminating & recurring.

9
= 2.25 → Terminating
l

4
11 –
= 3.666…→= 3.6
Non-terminating and recurring
l

4.914914… = 4.914
 Identify Rational Numbers
–
0.048 → Rational
Non-terminating
number recurring

4.914 → Rational number recurring

Non-terminating

2.066 → Rational number

Terminating

0.0122547825… → Non-terminating
Not non-recurring
a Rational number

3.1415926538… → Non-terminating
Not non-recurring
a Rational number

2.61353029864…→ Non-terminating
Not non-recurring
a Rational number

1.90357415569…→ Non-terminating
Not non-recurring
a Rational number

270.253 → Rational number recurring

Non-terminating
 IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
Numbers whose decimal form is non-terminating and non-recurring are called
Irrational numbers.
These decimal numbers are
Which type of numbers
non-terminating are they?
and non-recurring

0.0122547825…

?
3.1415926538…
2.61353029864…
1.90357415569…
 IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
Numbers whose decimal form is non-terminating and non-recurring are called
Irrational numbers.

The These
Letssquare decimal
roots of
find square numbers
numbers
root are
that are not perfect squares are
of numbers
non-terminating
Irrational numbers.
that are and non-recurring
not perfect squares

√2 = 1.414213562373…

√3 = 1.732050807568…

√5 = 2.236067977499…

√6 = 2.449489742783…
 REAL
NUMBERS
RATIONAL NUMBERS IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
Integer Terminating or Non-terminating
Non-terminating Non-recurring
Non-zero integer
recurring

INTEGERS : …, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, …

WHOLE NUMBERS : 0, 1, 2, 3, …

NATURAL NUMBERS : 1, 2, 3, 4, …
EUCLID’S
DIVIDEND =DIVISION
DIVISOR ×ALGORITHM
QUOTIENT + REMAINDER
For two given positive integers a and b there exist unique integers q and r
satisfying a = bq + r ; 0 < r < b

DIVISOR
Example 1:8÷2 DIVIDEND Example 2 : 15 ÷ 2
2) 8 (4 QUOTIENT 2 ) 15 (7
- 8 - 14
0 REMAINDER 1
8 = 2 × 4 + 0 15 = 2 × 7 + 1
a = b × q + r a = b × q + r
Exercise 1.1

Q.1 Is zero a rational number ? Can you write it in the form

p
where p and q are , integers and q ≠ 0 .
q
Sol: Yes. Zero is a rational number.
Zero can be written in any of the following ways.

0 0 0 0
, , , , etc.
1 –2 3 –7

p
Thus 0 can be written as q , where p = 0 and q is any non - zero integer .

∴ Hence 0 is a rational number.

Note: To find ‘n’ rational numbers between any two
rational numbers, we will multiply both the
numbers by (n + 1)
(n + 1)
 Exercise 1.1

Q.2 Find six rational numbers between 3 and 4.

Sol: Since we require 6 rational numbers between 3 and 4, So we write

3 3 7 21 4 4 7 28
∴ = × = and = × =
1 1 7 7 1 1 7 7 To find ‘6’ rational
numbers between any
Also 21 < 22 < 23 < 24 < 25 < 26 < 27 < 28 two rational numbers,
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 we multiply both
∴ < < < < < < < numbers by (6 + 1) 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 (6 + 1) = 7

22 23 24 25 26 27
∴ Hence six rational numbers between 3 and 4 are , , , , and
7 7 7 7 7 7
 Exercise 1.1

Q.3 Find five rational numbers between

3
5
and
4
.
5 4
3
Soln: Since we require 5 rational numbers between and , So we write
5 5

3 3 6 18 4 4 6 24
∴ = × = and = × =
5 5 6 30 5 5 6 30
To find ‘5’ rational numbers
between any two rational
Also 18 < 19 < 20 < 21 < 22 < 23 < 24
numbers ,we multiply both
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 numbers by (5 + 1) 6
∴ =
30 < 30 < 30 < 30 < 30 < 30 < 30 (5 + 1) 6

3 4 19 20 21 22 23
∴ Hence 5 rational number between 5 and are , , , and .
5 30 30 30 30 30
 Exercise 1.1

Q.4 State whether the following statements are true or false. Give reasons for
your answers. Integers: ...,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,…
(i) Every natural number is a whole number. Whole numbers: 0,1,2,3,…
Sol: TRUE : Every natural number lies in the collection of whole numbers.
Natural numbers: 1,2,3,4,5,…
(ii) Every integer is a whole number. Whole numbers: 0,1,2,3,4,5,…
Every natural
whole numbers 0,1,2,3…
Sol: FALSE : – 3 , – 2… are…,-3,-2,-1
not a wholeare
numbers. number
not whole
These can be is
numbers a whole
also written as
number
1 3 5 Which 1 2 3
7 0 these
are
But
(iii) Every rational number is a whole number.
are not
2,2 1
2 , 4 ,rational , 1 ,
numbers1 ,1
whole number’s
Sol: FALSE : 1 3 5 7
are not a whole numbers.
2, 4, 2, 2,
 Exercise 1.2

Q.1 State whether the following statements are true or false.

Justify your answers.
Real numbers can be
(i) Every irrational number is a real number. Every
rationalpoint on number
or irrational line is a
numbers
real number which is rational or
Sol. TRUE. A real number is either rational or irrational. irrational number.

(ii) Every point on the number line is of the form m , where m is a

natural number.
1 7
Sol. FALSE. Number of other types like – 5, – 4, ,– also lie on the
2 8
number line.

(iii) Every real number-3 -2

is an irrational -1
number. 0 1 2 32 3
Sol. FALSE. Rational numbers are also real numbers.
 Exercise 1.2

Are the square roots of all positive integers irrational ? If

Q.2 not, give an example of the square root of a number that
is a rational number.
Sol. No. square roots of all positive integers are not irrational.

e.g. 4, 9, 16, 25 .......... etc. are positive integers but their square roots are
rational numbers.

i.e. 4 = , 9 = , 16 = , 25 = , .................
Lecture 2
 Exercise 1.3

Q.1 Write the following in decimal form and say what kind of
decimal expansion each has :
(i) 36
100 0.09090
Sol. 36
= 0.36, terminating decimal 1.0000
11 1
100
-99
1 100
(ii) -99
11
100 1 can be also written
1 -99 as 1.0000
Sol.
11
1
1
∴ = 0.090909... = 0.09 , recurring decimal
11
 Exercise 1.3

Q.1 Write the following in decimal form and say what kind of
decimal expansion each has :
1
(iii) 4
8
1
Sol. 4 = 32 + 1 = 33 = 4.125 , terminating decimal
8 8 8

Mixed fraction Is it terminating or recurring?

1.3
Q.1 (v) (vi)
 Exercise 1.3

Q.1 Write the following in decimal form and say what kind of
decimal expansion each has :

(iv) 2
11 0.1818
2 11 22.0000
Sol.
11 -11
90
∴
2 -88
= 0.1818... = 0.18 , recurring decimal
11 20be also written
1 can
-11as 2.0000
90
-88
2
 Exercise 1.3

Q.2 You know that 1 = 0.142857 . Can you predict what the
7 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , are, without actually doing the
decimal expansions of
7 7 7 7 7
long division? If so, how?
Sol. decimals which are repetation of
1 11
1, 4, 2, 8, 5, 7 e.g. 0.142857
×2
∴2× 0.285714
0.142857
1 2 12

e.g. 0.142857
×3
∴3× 0.428571
0.142857
 Exercise 1.3

Q.2 You know that 1 = 0.142857 . Can you predict what the
7 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , are, without actually doing the
decimal expansions of
7 7 7 7 7
long division? If so, how?
1 13 22

eg:
0.142857
×4
∴ 4 × 0.142857
0.571428
2 14 23
eg: 0.142857
∴ 5 × 0.142857 ×5
0.714285
2 15 34
eg: 0.142857
×6
∴ 6 × 0.142857
0.857142
Exercise 1.3
p
Q.3 Express the following in the form q Hence
, wheremultiply
p and qboth
sides by 10 which has
are integers, q ≠ 0 0.66… × 10 one zero
(i) 0.6 will be 6.66…. can be written as
0.66…
Sol:
After the decimal point
i.e x = 0.66… ……………..(i)
How many digits are
Multiplying both sides by 10, we get repeating
10x = 6.66… ……………..(ii)
Only one digit i.e 6
Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get 6.66
10x - x = 6.66…. – 0.66… – 0.66
∴ 9x = 6.0 6 . 00
Exercise 1.3
p
Q.3 Express the following in the form q , where p and q
are integers, q ≠ 0
(ii) 0.47

Sol. Let x = 0.47 = 0.477....

Multiplying both sides by 10, we get
10x = 4.777.... ------------- (1)
Multiplying both sides by 100, we get
100x = 47.777.... ------------- (2)
Subtracting (1) from (2), we get
100x 10x = (47.777....) (4.777...)
90x = 43
43 43
∴ x = ∴ 0.47 =
90 90
 Exercise 1.3
p
Q.3 Express the following in the form q , where p and q
Hence multiply both
After the decimal point
sides by 1000 whichHow has many digits are
Sol: three can be written
zeros as
repeating
Solution:
0.001001 …….
i.e x = 0.001001… ………..(i) 0.001001 ….. × 1000 =
Multiplying both sides by 1000, we get 1.001001….
1000x = 1.001001… ………..(ii) Three digit i.e 001
Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get
1000x – x = 1.001001… – 0.001001… 1.001001…..
∴ = 1 – 0.001001….
999x
1 . 00 0000
Exercise 1.3
p
Express 0.99999 ..... in the form
Q.4 q . Are you surprised by
After the decimal point
your answer? With your teacher and classmates
How many discuss
digits are
why the answer makes sense. repeating
Sol. Let x = 0.9999 ..... = 0.9 --------- (1) 0.9999 × 10 = 9.9999
Multiplying both sides by 10, we get Solution:
10x = 9.9999 ..... --------- (2)
Subtracting (1) from (2), we get Hence multiply both sides
by 10 which has
9.9999…..
10x – x = (9.9999....) (0.9999....)
one zero
9x = 9 Only one digit i.e 9 – 0.9999….
x = 1
9. 0 00 0
∴ 0.9999 .. = 1
But the answer makes sense
Yes, at a glance we are surprised at our answer. So there is no gap between
when we observe that 0.9999.... goes on forever.
1 and 0.9999.......and hence they are equal.
Lecture 3
 1 can be also written
Exercise 1.3
as 1.0000……
What can the maximum number of digits be in the repeating
Q. 5 block of digits in the decimal expansion of 1 ? Perform the division
17
to check your answer. ∵ 1 < 17
Sol. 0.0 5 88235294117647 ∵ quotient,
10 < 17after decimal
In the
17 11.0000000000000000 70 pointBut 100
there> are
17 16 digits
85 -68 Hence
15 0 20
-136 -17
14 0 30 ∴ The maximum number of digits in the
1 are 16.
-136 -17 quotient while computing
13 0 17
40 -119
-34
60 110
-51 -102
90 80
-85 -68
50 120 ∴ 1
-34 -119 17 = 0.0588235294117647
16 0 1
-153
 Exercise 1.3
Look at several examples of rational numbers in the form
p
Q.6 q (q ≠ 0), where p and q are integers with no common
factors other than 1 and having terminating decimal representations
(expansions). Can you guess what property q must satisfy?
Sol. The denominator of the given
rational number has either 2 or 5 or both of them as the only prime
factors.
1 1 1 1 1 1
= = =
8 25 50
0. 1 2 5 0. 0 4 2 50
0. 0 2 Let us divide
8 10 25 100 5 25
8 100 50 1 0 0
5 5
20 divided
Let us divide 1 00
16 0 1
40 ∵ ∵ 10 1
<< 0
40 2525 ∵ 10 1 <<
0 50
50
If the denominator of a rational number in standard form has no prime
factors other than 2 or 5, then and only then is can be represented
as a terminating decimal.
 Exercise 1.3

Write three numbers whose decimal expansions are

Q.7 non - terminating non - recurring.
Sol. Three numbers whose decimal representations are non - terminating
and non - recurring are 2 , 3 , 5 , ..... etc.
OR
0.1010010001 .............,–1.2323423452....... and
0.4040040004
For the number to have non-terminating,
non-recurring decimal expansions. It
should be irrational number
 Exercise 1.3
Find three different irrational numbers between the rational
Q.8 5
and
9
7 11
Soln. 0.714 2 … 0. 8 1..

7 5 .0000 9
11 9.00
-4 9 –88
20
10 –11
-7 9 Write any three different
30 Irrational numbers between
-28
20 0.714285… and
-14 5 0.81…
∴
7 =
6. 0.714285
9
. = 0.81
11
.
5 9
Thus three different irrational numbers between &
7 11
are 0.727207200....., 0.7676676667........ and 0.8080080008.......
Exercise 1.3

Q.8 Classify the following numbers as rational or irrational :

(i) 23
Sol. 23 is an irrational number as 23 is not a perfect square.
(ii) 225
Sol. 225 = 15 × 15 = 15 which is rational.
∴ 225 is a rational number.
(iii) 0.3796
Sol. 0.3796 is a rational number as it is terminating decimal.
(iv) 7.478478.....
Sol. 7.478478 ....... is non-terminating but repeating so it is a rational
(v) 1.101001000100001....
Sol. 1.1010010001..... is non - terminating and non - repeating,
so it is an irrational number.
Lecture 4
 Exercise 1.4

Q. 1 Visualize 3.765 on the number line using successive magnification.

Sol. -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

3.7 can be written as 3.70 3.765 lies

between 3 and 4
3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4 .0
3.8 can be written as 3.80 Make 10 equal parts between
Make 10 equal parts
3.7 and 3.8
between 3 and 4
3.765 lies between 3 can be written as 3.0
0 3.71
3.76
3.7 3.72 3.73 3.74 3.75 3.76 3.77 3.78 3.79 3.8 0
and 3.77 3.765 lies between
Make 10 equal parts between 4 can be written as 4.0 3.7 and 3.8
3.76 and 3.77
3.760 3.761 3.762 3.763 3.764 3.765 3.766 3.767 3.768 3.769 3.770
 Exercise 1.4

Q. 2 Visualise 4.26 on the number line up to 4 decimal places.

4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5

4.26 lies between (i)
4.262 and 4.263
4.26 can be written as 4.260
4.26 lies between
4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.274.28 4.29
Make4.3010 equal4.2
parts
4.27 can be written as 4.270 andbetween
4.3 (ii)
4.262 and 4.263
Make 10 equal parts
4.2 can be written as 4.20
between 4.2 and 4.3
4.260 4.261 4.262 4.263 4.264 4.265 4.266 4.267 4.268 4.269 4.270
4.3 can be written as 4.30 (iii)

4.26 lies between

4.262 4.26
4.262 and4.262
4.262 4.27 4.262 4.262 4.262 4.262 4.262 4.262 4.2630
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (iv)
Make 10 equal parts
between 4.26 and 4.27
 1
2

1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9
16 210 11 12 13 314 15
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 1
2

In ∆OAB
By Pythagoras
By PythagorasTheorem,
Theorem,
By Pythagoras
2 Theorem,
2
2
(Hypotenuse)
OB = = (Base) + + (Height)2
(Hypotenuse)2 = (Base)
(Base)22 ++ (Height)2
= = +
= (Base)22 +
5
= =1(Base)
+ 21+ 1
10
= =2(Base)22 + 1
= (Base)
2 = (Base)
? 1 (Base)
Taking =
square root on
(Base)2 =
both sides
= we =get,
= =
=
1

To plot on the number line consider,

Height = 1 unit
Base = ?
 Practice set 1.2

Scale :
3 cm = 1 unit
By Pythagoras Theorem,
(Hypotenuse)2 = (Base)2 + (Height)2
2
= (Base) +
5 = (Base)2 + 1
= (Base)2 15
2 14
(Base) = 13
= = 12
11
10
9
1 unit
8
7
6
1 2 35 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
4
3
2
1
 PROPERTY OF GEOMETRIC MEAN

This property is applicable only to right

angled triangles
In ΔAEC,
E
m ∠AEC = 90o

seg EB ⊥ hypotenuse AC

∴ EB² = AB × BC
EB is the geometric mean of AB and BC
A 9.3 B 1 C EB2 = AB × BC
= 9.3 × 1
 1
Steps:

1
use(i) Draw a seg AB of length 9.3cm

2
Let us In the
ΔAEC, same

2
property (ii) by Produce
joining seg AB to point C

3
How?
∠AEC

3
What is
the sides length
m such
EA and of= EB?
that 90=o 1cm
EC
BC

4
E
and form (iii)ΔAEC

4
Draw perpendicular bisector
seg EB ⊥ hypotenuse AC
5
of seg AC which intersect seg AC

5
6
∴ atEB² point
=D AB × BC

6
(iv) Draw= 9.3 × 1 with centre
semicircle
7

7
D B9 1 cm10 C 11 12 F ∠AEC as D15 and 0AD OR DC as a radius
= 90
8

1 2 3 4 7 8 13 14
9.35cm 6 v) Draw perpendicular at

8
1 2
What
[angle
3 4
is 5
measure
subtended
6 7
of
8by 9 10
9

10.3 cm
∠AEC? point B
semicircle]
9
10

10 (vi) Using compass rotate BE so

that it intersect seg AC at point F
11

11
12

12
13

13
14

14
15

15
Lecture 5
Exercise 1.5

Q. 1 Classify the following numbers as rational or irrational :

(i) 2 – 5

Sol. 2 – 5 is an irrational number being a difference between a rational

and an irrational.
Rational number – Irrational
(ii) ( 3 + 23 ) – 23 number = Irrational number

Sol. ( 3 + 23) – 23 = 3 + 23 – 23
= 3, which is a rational number.
(iii) 2 7
Ratio of two integers
7 7
2 7 2
Sol. = , which is a rational number.
7 7 7
Exercise 1.5

Q. 1 Classify the following numbers as rational or irrational :

1
(iv)
2
1
Sol. is irrational being the quotient of a rational and an irrational.
2

(v) 2
π
Sol. 2 is irrational being the product of rational and irrational.
π
Exercise 1.5
Use the identity (a+b)(a-b)=a2-b2
Q. 2 Simplify each of the following expressions :
(i) (3 + 3 ) ( 2 + 2 )

Sol. ( 3 + 3 ) (2 + 2 ) = 3 (2+ 2) + 3(2 + 2)

= 6 + 3 2 + 2 3 + 6
(ii) (3 + 3) (3 – 3)
Sol. = ( 3 )2 – ( 3 ) 2
( 3 + 3 ) ( 3 – 3) Expand using (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
= 9 – 3

= 6
2
(iii) ( 5+ 2)
Sol. 2
( 5+ 2) = ( 5 ) 2 + 2 ( 5 ) ( 2) + ( 2) 2
= 5 + 2 10 + 2

= 7 + 2 10
 Exercise 1.5

Q. 2 Simplify each of the following expressions :

(iv) (5 – 2) (5 + 2) Use the identity (a+b)(a-b)=a2-b2
Sol. (5 – 2) ( 5 + 2 ) = ( 5 ) 2 – ( 2 2)
= 5 – 2
= 3

Recall, π is defined as the ratio of the circumference (say c) of a circle

Q. 3 to its diameter (say d). That is, π
c
d
. This seems to contradict the
fact that π is irrational. How= will you resolve this contradiction ?

Sol. There is no contradiction as either c or d are irrational and hence π is

an irrational number.
Lecture 6
Write the conjugate of the following surds and find the
product of each pair

Surds Conjugate Product

Q.5 Rationalize the denominator :

Sol. Sol.
= × =

= =

= ×

=
Exercise 1.5

Q.5 Rationalise the denominators of the following :

(i) 1
7
Sol. 1 = 1 × 7
7 7 7

= 7
7
Exercise 1.5

Q.5 Rationalise the denominators of the following :

(ii) 1 (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2

7 – 6
Conjugate of
Sol. 1
7 – 6
is
1 7+ 6
= ×
7 – 6 7 + 6 Multiply
to
7 + 6 numerator and
= ( 7)2 – ( 6 )2 denominator

7 + 6
=
7 – 6

= 7 + 6
Exercise 1.5

Q.5 Rationalise the denominators of the following : (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2

1
(iii)
5 + 2
1
Sol. Conjugate of
5 + 2

1 5 – 2
= × is
5 + 2 5 – 2
5 – 2
= Multiply
( 5 )2 – ( 2 )2
to
5 – 2 5 – 2 numerator and
= =
5 – 2 3 denominator
Exercise 1.5

Q.5 Rationalise the denominators of the following :

1
(iv)
7 –2
Conjugate of
1 (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2
Sol.
7 – 2
is
1 7 + 2
= ×
7 – 2 7 + 2 Multiply
7 + 2 to
= numerator and
( 7 ) 2 – (2 ) 2
denominator
= 7+ 2
7 – 4

7+2
=
3
 , find the values of a and b.

12 +
Sol. ∴ Conjugate of =
6
is=
∴
∴ × =
∴ =
Multiply
∴ = ∴ a=2
to
(a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2 numerator and
denominator
∴ =
18 – 12

6+ 6
∴ =
6
Q. Show that :
(a + b)(a - b) = a2 – b2
in denominators and
Sol. L.H.S. = simplify the
Multiply Multiply
Multiply numerator
to =the numerator
× to the
+ to the numerator
numerator
× – ×
and denominator to and denominator
and denominator to to
rationalize it rationalize it
rationalize it
= + –

3 is common 6 is common
4 4 is common
= + –
9– 6 12 – 6 2–6

= + –
3 6 –4
3 6 4
= + +
3 6 4
= = 0
Q. Simplify :
=
2 22
(a(a
It++
isb)
It (a
in
b) –in
2isthe
2= b)2the
in = 2ab
forma form
–+bb
form
(a –Itb)is = aa2the
+
2– 2ab + b2
Sol. ofof(a(a++b)b)
of (a – b) (a 2– b)
28
=
1 1 (14)2
= + 28
3 2 32 =
196 – 180
1 1
= +
9 9 =
1 1 To add we need to
= + So lets cross =
14 14 Equalise the
multiply
denominator
Lecture 7
LAWS OF EXPONENTS FOR REAL
NUMBERS
Product
Law am × an = a m+n

Quotient
Law am ÷ an = a m -n

(Double Power
Law)
(am)n = am×n

(Same Power
ambm = (ab)m
Law)
Exercise 1.6

Q. 1 Find.
1 1
(i) 64 2 (iii) 125 3
1 1 1 1
Sol. 64 2 = 82 × 2 Sol. 125 3 = 53 × 3

= 8 = 5

1
(ii) 32 5
1 1
Sol. 32 5 = 25 × 5

= 2
Exercise 1.6

Q. 2 Find.
3 2
(i) 9 2 (ii) 32 5

3 2
3 2
Sol. 9 2 = (32)× 2 Sol. 32 5 = (25) × 5

3
= 32 × 2 = 25 ×
2
5
= 33 2
= 2
= 27
= 4
Exercise 1.6

Q. 2 Find.

3 1
–
(iii) 16 4 (iv) 125 3

1
3 – 1
3 Sol. 125 3 = (53)× – 3
Sol. 16 4 = (24)× 4
1
3 = 53 × – 3
= 24 × 4
= 5–1
3
= 2
= 8
Exercise 1.6

Q. 3 Simplify :

2 1
(i) 2 3 . 2 5 (ii) 1 7
33
2 1
Sol. 2 3 . 2 5 Sol. 1 7
33
2 1
+
= 23 5
= (3–3)7
10 + 3
= 2 15 = 3–21
13
= 2 15
Exercise 1.6

Q. 3 Simplify :
1
1 1
11 2
(iii) (iv) 7 2 . 8 2
1
11 4 1 1
Sol. 7 2 . 8 2
1
Sol. 11 2 1
1 = (7 × 8) 2
11 4 1
1 1 = 56 2
–
= 11 2 × 11 4
1 1
–
= 11 2 4

2–1
= 11 4

1
= 11 4
Thank You