Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction

Energy efficiency refers to the ability of a system to decrease its energy

consumption while providing the same level of service. It helps the consumers to

decrease their energy consumption and thus pay less bills. One of the basic

keystones of the national and international strategies to reduce greenhouse gas

emissions at reasonable economic costs is to increase energy efficiency (Medina

et al., 2016). Moreover, Saunders et al. (2021) examine the policies used to

encourage improved energy efficiency and to bridge the energy efficiency gap,

and explore its reasons.

The main objective of this study is to assess energy efficiency measures

in Bohol Island State University - Main Campus (BISU - MC) by evaluating the

energy use intensity (EUI) of the university campus as an energy performance

indicator and energy baseline for buildings, analyze energy consumption trend,

and understand the factors influencing building energy performance. Lastly,

develop recommendations for energy efficiency measures at BISU - MC. This

chapter presents discussion of existing literatures, reports and findings, and

approaches to supplement the validity of the study.

2.2 Building Energy Efficiency

Building energy efficiency has become a critical aspect of sustainable

development, with increasing efforts to reduce energy consumption and minimize

environmental impacts. Buildings account for a significant portion of global

energy consumption. According to the International Energy Agency (2021),

buildings consume nearly 30% of the world's total energy and contribute to

approximately 26% of global energy-related emissions. An energy-efficient

building balances all aspects of energy use in a building lighting, space

conditioning, and ventilation by providing an optimized mix of passive

design strategies and energy-efficient equipment (Gupta & Chakraborty, 2020).

Numerous studies have explored the strategies, technologies, and policies that

contribute to energy-efficient buildings.

Public buildings are a significant focus for energy-efficiency interventions.

The energy consumption in buildings open to the public is 40% greater than that

in residential buildings and 30% of the non-residential buildings in Europe are

public buildings. Buildings as an entity at the service of the citizens are

responsible for securing long-term energy sustainability. They consume energy

and set a positive example of the incorporation of energy efficiency measures

and encouraging efficiency actions among the public (Lovera et al., 2017).

Any improvement made to the existing structure or a building system that

increases the overall energy efficiency is considered as an energy efficiency

retrofit. Energy retrofitting is argued to be the most feasible and cost-effective

method for improving existing buildings’ energy efficiency (Jafari & Valentin,

2017). Among the different proposed methodologies for energy assessment of

buildings, some focus on energy savings, while others on the overall retrofitting

of the whole building site (Luther & Rajagopalan, 2014). Studies highlight the role

of government policies in driving retrofits and emphasize tailored strategies for

different building types (Carpenter & Hoppszallern, 2011).

Heracleous et al. (2022) considered various retrofitting measures for a

case study for a school in Cyprus, both active and passive, to enhance the

energy performance of school buildings. Active measures, such as Mechanical

Ventilation with Heat Recovery (MVHR), have been highlighted for their potential

to drastically reduce primary energy consumption by up to 49%. On the other

hand, passive measures underscores the importance of insulation, both on roofs

and walls, which can lead to primary energy reductions of 18% and 9%,

respectively.

Despite advancements in building energy efficiency, challenges remain.

The high initial costs of energy-efficient technologies, lack of awareness, and

resistance to change hinder large-scale implementation (Li et al., 2021).

2.3 Energy Performance Indicator and Energy Baseline

Energy performance indicators (EnPIs) have been tailored for specific

sectors such as higher education institutions (HEIs). For example, detailed

indicators like total energy consumption per area or per student have been used

to evaluate energy efficiency initiatives in university campuses. These metrics

help identify high-consumption units and guide targeted interventions for

research, education, and support facilities (Ramisio et al., 2024). According to

the International Energy Agency (2021), EnPIs help organizations benchmark

their energy performance and identify areas for improvement.

Basu et al. (2019) identified 35 EnPIs relevant to multifamily residential

buildings, categorized into six main factors: climate, building envelope, services

and systems, operation and maintenance, occupant behavior, and indoor

environmental quality. This comprehensive approach supports energy audits and

diagnostics during retrofitting phases. They are essential for implementing

energy efficiency retrofits and tracking progress over time.

An energy baseline (EnB) establishes a reference point for energy

consumption, allowing organizations to measure deviations and improvements

over time. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE, 2020) states that EnB are

essential for setting realistic energy-saving goals and verifying the impact of

energy efficiency measures. Establishing a baseline is critical for consistent

benchmarking and evaluating the impact of energy-saving measures (BIER

Roundtable, 2024).

EnB can be defined as a comparison tool that allows to evaluate energy

performance before and after some modification in the building. The primary goal

of the energy baseline model is to estimate energy demand if energy efficiency

measures are applied to a building for the sake of energy savings estimations.

Qaisar and Zhao (2022) examine current approaches for estimating building
energy baselines, including physics-based, data-driven, and hybrid approaches,

as well as model development process and essential elements.

2.3.1 Energy Consumption

Energy consumption is the total amount of energy required for a given

process and is measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh). This includes the use of

electricity, gas, diesel, oil, and biomass. The concept of energy consumption is

directly related to energy efficiency since higher consumption results in lower

energy efficiency. With the right information and technology, it is possible to use

energy more responsibly and efficiently. This results in a reduction in energy

consumption and, therefore, in significant savings on utility bills. (Repsol, 2023).

With the rapid development of the global economy and the continuous

growth of the population, the proportion of building energy consumption in global

energy consumption has increased yearly. Building energy consumption refers to

the energy used in the construction and operation of buildings, including the

energy consumed in the production of building materials, construction processes,

building operation, and maintenance (Ma et al., 2025). According to the

International Energy Agency (2021), the share of building energy consumption in

global energy consumption has risen from about 30% in the 1970s to

approximately 40% today, and it is expected that buildings will account for more

than half of global energy consumption by 2050. Economic expansion and

industrial activities are directly linked to higher energy consumption. Studies

indicate that energy demand in developing nations is rising due to increasing

industrial production and infrastructure development (Wang et al., 2020).

 Temperature fluctuations significantly affect energy use, especially for

heating and cooling systems. Xu et al. (2019) highlights that extreme weather

conditions contribute to seasonal energy demand spikes, particularly in

residential and commercial buildings. Population density and urban expansion

have led to increased energy use. Urban areas consume nearly 75% of global

energy, with high demand for electricity, transportation, and industrial processes

(Zhou et al., 2021).

Buildings account for a large share of energy consumption worldwide.

According to Berardi (2018), residential and commercial buildings use

approximately 40% of total energy, with space heating, cooling, and lighting

being the primary consumers. Energy-efficient appliances, smart grids, and LED

lighting have proven effective in reducing energy use. Research by Deng et al.

(2021) suggests that energy-efficient technologies can reduce consumption by

20–30% in buildings and industrial sectors.

The rapid development of education has led to an increasing scale of

buildings in universities, resulting in a significant increase in energy consumption.

(Zhao, 2025). Public buildings like schools, represent an important opportunity

towards energy efficiency and suitable Indoor Climate Quality (ICQ) levels

representativeness. Due to high number in the total state building stock, they

contribute to a considerable part of the overall amount of energy consumption,

and consequently of the expenses paid by the national budgets. Schools energy

use contribute highly to the school running costs – after salaries of teachers and

staff, energy costs are the second most significant expense (Pereira et al., 2014).
2.3.2 Energy Use Intensity

EUI is expressed as energy per square foot per year. It is calculated by

dividing the total energy consumed by the building in one year (measured in kBtu

or GJ) by the total gross floor area of the building (measured in square feet or

square meters). It serves as an indicator of how efficiently energy is used to

produce goods, services, or maintain operations (Carbon Collective, 2024).

Lower energy intensity signifies improved energy efficiency, as less energy is

required to achieve the same level of activity or service. EUI is a very important

indicator to evaluate building energy performance and energy saving potential.

Annual EUI could also be used as the baseline indicator for building owners and

designers to set a comparable energy reduction goal for the following years

(Yang & Choi, 2015).

Wang (2019) investigated the energy consumption at 30 national

universities, 9 national universities of science and technology, 17 private

universities, and 16 private universities of science and technology in Taiwan from

2015 to 2017. Energy use intensity at the four types of universities was 85.3–

93.2, 81.1–88.8, 81.3–85.6, and 56.5–57.5 kWh/m2/year, respectively. In terms

of the structural composition of the universities' energy consumption, 92% of the

energy was electricity, and the remainder was fuel and gas. Hence, universities

should focus on electricity for energy conservation.

 Chen et al. (2022) examines the relationships between EUI and dwelling

or housing characteristics, technology (appliances), socio-demographic

characteristics, geographic factors, and energy-related behavioral actions.

Additionally, it explores whether these relationships vary across low, medium,

and high-income households. Overall, the analysis revealed two important

findings. First, residential energy use intensity is shaped significantly by housing

characteristics, socio-demographic factors, technology, and energy-related

behavioral actions. Second, the relationships between the factors examined and

energy use intensity vary quite substantially across income groups. Therefore,

lower income households have a higher EUI than higher income households.

2.4 Building Energy Performance

The operation of buildings is known to suffer from various deficiencies,

degrading their energy performance. An untapped potential lies in the

optimization of building operation to reduce CO2 emissions and to increase the

cost effectiveness and user comfort. Over the past 40 years, extensive research

has been carried out to investigate and develop methods for building

performance optimization based on measured data from building services, such

as heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and lighting systems (Benndorf et al.,

2018). Building energy performance measurements can serve as a basis for

building owners to make informed decisions for enhancing building energy

efficiency. However, there is a growing concern in the building industry about the

gap between the projected energy performance and the actual energy

performance of buildings (De Wilde, 2014).

 Ali et al. (2023) aimed to develop a comprehensive framework that assists

in accurately estimating building energy performance considering occupants’

energy use behavior. The framework proposed a scheme to collect occupant

behavior data, such as occupancy patterns, appliance usage, and lighting

conditions, through a living-lab setup and developing an occupants’ behavior

model that was utilized for more accurate building energy modeling and

performance analysis. It is crucial to bridge this performance gap in achieving the

goal of reducing energy demand and enhancing building energy efficiency. The

difference between the predicted and actual energy performance is due to

approximations in the data as well as a lack of consideration for occupants’

energy use behavior (Paone & Bacher, 2018).

A study in Indonesia by Alianto et al. (2019) aims to determine the

perceptions of the occupants of vocational secondary school toward the building

conditions based on building design criteria. A total of 216 respondents,

consisting of students and teachers, from four vocational schools in Malang City,

and three vocational schools in Medan City were involved in this study. The

results indicate that most of the design criteria are perceived as important to be

followed up from the point of view of students, both in the north and south

positions. Furthermore, Jain et al. (2020) reports on a holistic building

performance evaluation. It assesses the performance issues and inter-

relationships between energy and indoor environmental quality in a recently built

school campus in London. This study shows that if the building design focus

primarily remains on energy, unintended consequence of indoor environmental

quality underperformance may occur where there are conflicts between energy

and indoor environmental quality objectives.

2.4.1 Building Envelope

The efficiency of a building envelope is a key factor in managing energy

consumption, as it serves as a protective barrier between indoor and outdoor

environments. It consists of essential components such as walls, roofs, windows,

doors, and insulation materials that influence heat transfer, ventilation, and

lighting conditions within a structure (Aksamija, 2015). A well-designed building

envelope enhances energy efficiency by reducing heating and cooling demands,

improving occupant comfort, and lowering operational costs (Huovila et al.,

2017).

According to Yang & Choi (2015), EUI is a critical measure for evaluating

the energy performance of buildings, and an optimized envelope can significantly

reduce EUI values. In educational institutions, where multiple facilities operate

simultaneously, an efficient building envelope is essential for maintaining an

optimal learning environment while minimizing energy consumption. Previous

studies highlight the effectiveness of various envelope strategies, such as high-

performance glazing, reflective roofing, and improved insulation, in reducing

energy demand (Gupta & Chakraborty, 2020). Additionally, Gul & Patidar (2015)

emphasizes that understanding the relationship between energy consumption

and envelope characteristics enables better energy management decisions.

Furthermore, an energy-efficient envelope design aligns with sustainability goals

by reducing peak electricity demand and promoting long-term cost savings

(Ylaya & Malicay, 2022).

2.4.2 Electrical Equipment and Appliances

Electrical equipment and appliances contribute significantly to the overall

energy consumption of buildings, particularly in educational institutions where

various devices operate simultaneously. Commonly used appliances such as

lighting systems, computers, laboratory instruments, and air conditioning unit

account for a major portion of energy use (Gupta & Chakraborty, 2020). The

efficiency of these devices varies depending on their technology, usage patterns,

and maintenance. Studies by Ylaya and Malicay (2022) suggest that the adoption

of energy-efficient appliances, such as LED lighting and inverter-based air

conditioning systems, can lead to a considerable reduction in power consumption

without compromising functionality.

Proper maintenance of electrical equipment and appliances also plays a

critical role in energy efficiency. Studies show that regular servicing of air

conditioning systems, cleaning of electrical contacts, and timely replacement of

inefficient devices can prevent excessive power consumption (Gul & Patidar,

2015). Furthermore, educating faculty members and students about responsible

energy use can contribute to long-term energy conservation efforts. Overall, a

combination of energy-efficient appliances and regular maintenance practices

can significantly improve the sustainability of university campuses.

2.4.3 HVAC System

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems have become

an integral part of modern buildings and are designed to provide comfortable

indoor environments while conserving energy and reducing carbon emissions

(Mckoy et al., 2023). The need for energy-efficient HVAC systems and practices

to mitigate the energy demand is essential. There are factors that affect the

energy usage of HVAC systems, such as the size of the home, the efficiency of

the system, the outdoor temperature, and the indoor temperature settings.

Inefficiency of HVAC systems can result in higher energy bills and carbon

emissions. The reduction of energy consumption and improvement of indoor air

quality can be achieved by installing high-efficiency HVAC systems and ensuring

proper maintenance (Borda et al., 2023).

HVAC systems play a vital role in maintaining comfortable and healthy

indoor environments, especially in buildings. In university settings, where

buildings serve a variety of functions and host large numbers of students and

staff, HVAC systems play a crucial role in maintaining a comfortable environment

while keeping energy use in check. Litardo et al. (2022) emphasizes that

implementing advanced monitoring systems improves energy management and

efficiency.
 The impact of HVAC system upgrades contribute to sustainable building

practices that balance energy conservation with student and staff. Gluck et al.

(2017) highlighted that predictive HVAC control systems, which anticipate

occupancy patterns, can optimize energy use without compromising comfort.

Across university campuses, upgrading HVAC controls has already made a

noticeable difference. It will not only lower energy bills but also create a more

comfortable learning and working environment. Classrooms, offices, and

laboratories benefit from better temperature regulation, making them more

conducive to productivity.

2.4.4 Lighting System

Lighting is one of the areas with significant improvement potential in

energy efficiency. A study by Enkvist et al., (2007) pointed out that investment in

energy‐efficient lighting is one of the most cost‐effective ways for improving

energy efficiency in buildings and reduce CO2 emissions. Dubois and

Blomsterberg (2011) concluded that an annual energy intensity of 10kWh/m2 is a

realistic target for electric lighting in future low energy office buildings. This would

yield a significant reduction in energy intensity of at least 50% compared to the

actual average electricity use for office lighting. This review also discusses

different strategies for reducing lighting energy use in addition to providing a

summary of saving potential.

Dubois et al. (2015) reviewed retrofit strategies such as replacing lamps,

ballasts, or luminaires; implementing task-ambient lighting designs; reducing

maintained illuminance levels; improving spectral quality; and using daylighting

systems. These measures demonstrated significant energy savings with short

payback periods and minimal disruption during implementation. The study

highlighted weaknesses such as limited knowledge about retrofit measures,

uncertainty in predicted energy savings, and reliability issues with control

systems like occupancy sensors. Furthermore, a systematic review by Osibona

et al. (2021) revealed that poor home lighting could negatively affect sleep

patterns, mood, and overall health. Energy-efficient lighting solutions that mimic

natural light cycles are recommended to enhance health outcomes.

Lighting systems are pivotal in determining the energy efficiency of

educational institutions. The Philippine Department of Energy's Guidelines on

Energy Conserving Design of Buildings (2020) emphasizes the importance of

integrating energy-efficient lighting systems in educational facilities to achieve

energy savings and reduce carbon emissions. However, the actual energy

savings realized in practice depend on various factors including building design,

occupancy patterns, and the implementation of effective lighting controls (Brown,

2021).

2.4.5 Occupancy Behavior and Usage

The building occupants and their behavior are crucial components in a

built environment, and their tremendous impact on building energy consumption

has recently begun to increase. Occupant behavior (OB) is generally defined as

the occupants’ behavior towards building energy-related operations, i.e., controls

of appliances such as lighting, HVAC or of windows and blinds (Hong et al.,

2015). A review analysis of Uddin et al. (2021) revealed that personal (i.e.,
psychological, physiological), climatic (i.e., environmental, physical), occupant

movement, building design, social, and economic criteria are the main features

considered by the numerous researchers.

Campus building is essential to be the pioneer of the energy saving-

system in the society. Occupant's behavior should be considered to better

formulate an appropriate energy-saving strategy in the campus building. Liu et al

(2019) identifies the social parameters in achieving energy efficiency in campus

building using a quantitative approach. In addition, Serghides et al (2015)

focuses on the assessment of indoor comfort and energy consumption of a

university building in Cyprus, during winter and summer of 2012 and 2013. The

aim was to make a comparative study of the occupants’ behavior and its effects

on the building's energy consumption, along with the indoor thermal and visual

comfort between the two seasons. The results are analyzed and comparative

studies of the occupants’ behavior conclude to various patterns of effects on the

thermal and visual comfort of the building, as well as on its energy consumption.

Energy consumption in universities is influenced by occupancy behavior,

which includes how students, faculty, and staff interact with campus facilities.

Research indicates that variations in occupancy patterns significantly affect

electricity consumption in academic institutions (Hong et al., 2017). Classrooms,

laboratories, and administrative offices exhibit fluctuating energy demands due to

scheduled activities, peak operational hours, and unoccupied periods. Studies

highlight that inefficient usage behaviors, such as leaving lights, air conditioning,

and equipment on when not in use, contribute to unnecessary energy wastage

(Aziz et al., 2019). Several universities have implemented occupancy-based

control systems to optimize energy consumption. These include motion-activated

lighting, smart HVAC systems, and automated scheduling of electrical devices

based on usage patterns (Gunay et al., 2020). Moreover, educational campaigns

to promote energy conservation among students and staff have proven effective

in reducing unnecessary energy consumption (Agarwal et al., 2018).

2.5 Energy Efficiency Measures in Universities

Higher education institutions worldwide are increasingly prioritizing energy

efficiency strategies to minimize operational costs and promote sustainability.

According to a study by Altan (2021), energy efficiency initiatives in universities

primarily focus on retrofitting buildings, integrating renewable energy sources,

and deploying energy management systems (EMS) to monitor real-time

electricity consumption.

Retrofitting older buildings with energy-efficient lighting, enhanced

insulation, and improved HVAC systems has been identified as one of the most

effective approaches to reducing campus energy consumption (Geng et al.,

2020). Studies have shown that switching to LED lighting alone can lead to 30–

50% energy savings (Alrashidi et al., 2019). Additionally, the adoption of solar

panels, wind energy, and geothermal heating has been increasingly implemented

in universities as a means of reducing reliance on conventional energy sources

(Borges et al., 2020).

 The implementation EMS has also proven to be an effective measure in

optimizing campus-wide energy consumption. These systems provide real-time

data and analytics that enable universities to adjust their energy usage patterns

efficiently (Kabir et al., 2021). A study by Shadman et al. (2022) found that

universities utilizing EMS observed an average 18% decrease in energy costs

while improving overall operational efficiency.

Institutional commitment also plays a significant role in ensuring the

success of energy efficiency programs. Universities with strong energy policies,

regular energy audits, and sustainability initiatives have reported long-term

reductions in energy consumption (Rashid & Leal, 2022). The integration of

smart technologies, combined with administrative policies, has resulted in

substantial energy savings while maintaining student and staff comfort.

2.6 Linear Regression Analysis

Universities need to monitor and manage energy use across multiple

campus buildings. Statistical models such as linear regression have been

commonly used to predict energy consumption and identify energy-saving

opportunities. This method helps to establish the relationship between energy

use (dependent variable) and factors such as building size, weather conditions,

and occupancy (independent variables). However, linear regression assumes

that these relationships are linear, which may not always be the case in real-

world scenarios. As a result, fuzzy linear regression (FLR) has emerged as a

more appropriate method for dealing with uncertainties and imprecise data,

especially when dealing with environmental and operational variables that affect
energy consumption. This section reviews the application of both linear

regression and fuzzy linear regression, focusing on energy efficiency studies. In

cases involving multiple predictors, multiple linear regression is used, with the

formula extending to:

γ =a+b1 x 1+ b2 x 2 +, , , , ,+ bn x n+ ϵ

Where:

 x 1 , x 2 ,, , x nrepresent multiple independent variables (such as building area,

insulation type, and occupancy rate),

 b , b 2, ,, bn represent the coefficients for each predictor.

In energy efficiency studies, linear regression is applied to correlate energy

consumption with multiple factors. For example, Dounis and Caraiscos (2009)

applied multiple linear regression models to predict energy consumption in

buildings. They found that indoor factors like temperature, humidity, and

occupancy significantly contributed to energy consumption. Their model showed

that indoor environmental factors explained 70–85% of the variability in energy

use, depending on building type and operational characteristics.

Another study by Lam et al. (2012) applied linear regression to assess the

energy use in university buildings, focusing on factors such as HVAC system

type, building size, and occupancy rates. Their analysis revealed that energy

consumption could be predicted with up to 80% accuracy using a multiple

regression model. Specifically, they found that HVAC system settings and

building insulation type were the most influential factors in determining energy
consumption. However, while linear regression is valuable in quantifying

relationships between variables, it assumes that the relationship between

variables is linear, which may not always hold in practice, especially when

dealing with complex systems like energy use in buildings.

To address the limitations of linear regression in handling uncertainty, fuzzy

linear regression (FLR) integrates fuzzy logic into the model, allowing for the

inclusion of imprecise or uncertain data. In fuzzy linear regression, both the

dependent and independent variables are treated as fuzzy numbers, reflecting

the inherent uncertainty or variability in the data. The FLR model can be

represented as:

Y =a+b∗X

Where:

 Y = fuzzy dependent variable (energy consumption),

 a = fuzzy intercept,

 b = fuzzy coefficient,

 X = fuzzy independent variable (e.g., temperature, building type,

occupancy).

By incorporating fuzzy numbers, FLR models can handle data with inherent

vagueness, such as imprecise temperature readings or fluctuating occupancy

levels. This ability is particularly useful in energy consumption studies, where

data points often cannot be described with exact values.

 One of the key advantages of FLR is its ability to model the uncertainty

associated with factors like environmental conditions, building performance, and

user behavior, which may not be precisely measurable. For example, Babalola et

al. (2016) applied FLR to predict energy consumption in commercial buildings,

where they found that FLR outperformed traditional regression models. The

study revealed that FLR could reduce the prediction error by up to 15%

compared to linear regression models, especially when considering fluctuating

external variables such as temperature and occupancy.

Similarly, Chen et al. (2018) applied fuzzy linear regression to energy

management on university campuses. They found that FLR allowed for more

accurate predictions in campus buildings where energy consumption was

influenced by uncertain factors like building use patterns and weather variability.

FLR achieved an accuracy improvement of approximately 10% over standard

regression techniques.

FLR is particularly useful in energy efficiency studies, where variables like

occupancy, external temperature, and energy-saving measures exhibit high

levels of uncertainty. In the study by Nowaková and Pokorný (2020), fuzzy linear

regression was applied to industrial energy consumption prediction. They found

that FLR significantly improved the accuracy of energy forecasts by capturing the

uncertainties in the data, which were not well represented by conventional linear

regression models. The fuzzy model’s ability to accommodate variations in

operational patterns and external conditions allowed it to provide more reliable

predictions, leading to better-informed energy-saving strategies. While both linear

regression and fuzzy linear regression have demonstrated effectiveness in

energy consumption studies, there are notable limitations. Linear regression

assumes that relationships between variables are linear, which may not capture

more complex, non-linear interactions that are common in real-world systems.

Lam et al. (2012) indicate energy consumption often depends on numerous

interacting variables that may not follow simple linear trends. Moreover, FLR,

while more adaptable to uncertainties, can be more computationally intensive

and requires careful definition of fuzzy membership functions. Additionally, both

methods rely on the availability of high-quality data. Dounis and Caraiscos (2009)

emphasized that inconsistent or incomplete data can lead to inaccurate

predictions, underscoring the importance of data quality in any regression-based

model.

2.7 Gaps of Literature

The aforementioned studies have explored various aspects of building

energy efficiency, energy performance indicators, and energy conservation

strategies in different settings. These studies have provided valuable insights

through case analyses, experimental assessments, and feasibility studies,

contributing to a broader understanding of energy efficiency measures. However,

despite the growing body of literature on building energy performance, there

remains a gap in localized studies specifically assessing energy efficiency

measures within BISU-MC.

This study is distinct in its approach as it focuses on the systematic

evaluation of energy consumption patterns within BISU-MC, using EUI as a

benchmark for performance analysis. Additionally, it aims to establish an energy

baseline that can serve as a reference for future energy efficiency initiatives.

Unlike general studies on energy conservation in universities, this research will

provide an in-depth analysis of building-specific energy consumption factors,

including occupancy behavior, lighting systems, and equipment usage.

Furthermore, while several studies have employed regression models to

analyze energy consumption trends, there is limited research that applies linear

regression analysis specifically to assess energy efficiency measures in BISU-

MC. This study will bridge this gap by incorporating statistical modeling to

evaluate the relationship between energy use and key performance indicators.

By addressing these gaps, this research will contribute to the formulation of data-

driven energy efficiency strategies tailored to BISU-MC, supporting the

institution’s commitment to sustainable energy management.