Strings

/* Read Chapter 2 of the Course Notes for details. */

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Q: What is a string?
• a list of characters from a given character set (we
will use ASCII)
• a string constant is list of characters enclosed
within a pair of double quotes
“ABC”
“DLSU”
“X”
“ “
“”
“Hello world!\n”
“http://www.abc_def_123.org”

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 String internal representation
“DLSU” represented as a list of characters

“DLSU” as a list of ASCII values

68 76 83 85 0
A null byte terminates the string (end of string).

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How are the following represented as a list of:
(a) characters, (b) ASCII values?

• “Hello world!”
• “1 + 3 = 4”
• “X”
• “ ”
• “” (this represents an empty string)

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Q: How do you declare a string variable?

• a string variable stores characters in

contiguous memory
• In CCPROG2, we’ll use 1D array of characters
to declare and store a string.
• Examples:
char animal[4];
char name[10];
char string[256];

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Q: How do you define a string?
A string can be defined either as:
char animal[4] = {‘D’,‘O’,‘G’,‘\0’};

or

char animal[4] = “DOG”;

Note: make sure that the array size includes the null
byte!

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Write 5 string definitions for the following (use a
different variable name for each string):

• “Hello world!”
• “1 + 3 = 4”
• “X”
• “ ”
• “”

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String Initialization
char animal[4];

animal[0] = ‘D’;
animal[1] = ‘O’;
animal[2] = ‘G’;
animal[3] = ‘\0’;

The following is INCORRECT!

animal = “DOG”; // There’s NO array-to-array assignment!

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String Initialization (pointers)
char animal[4];

*(animal + 0) = ‘D’;
*(animal + 1) = ‘O’;
*(animal + 2) = ‘G’;
*(animal + 3) = ‘\0’;

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Declare 5 string variables and initialize them
accordingly with the following values:

• “Hello world!”
• “1 + 3 = 4”
• “X”
• “ “
• “”

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String I/O with scanf() and printf()
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char string[30];
scanf(“%s”, string); // note: no &, no \n
printf(“%s\n”, string);
return 0;
}

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String Library Functions

Pre-defined library functions in string.h

• strlen() // string length
• strcpy() // string copy
• strcat() // string concatenate
• strcmp() // string compare
• … etc …

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 String Functions
Pre-defined library functions in string.h

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14
size_t strlen(const char * _Str);
// strlen() example #1
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int
main()
{
printf(“%d\n”, (int) strlen(“Hello world!”));
printf(“%d\n”, (int) strlen(“DLSU”));
printf(“%d\n”, (int) strlen(“X”));
printf(“%d\n”, (int) strlen(“ ”)); // blank space
printf(“%d\n”, (int) strlen(“”)); // empty string

return 0;
}

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size_t strlen(const char * _Str);
// strlen() example #2
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int
main()
{
char str[255] = “Is CCPROG2 easy or difficult?”;
int i, len;

printf(“%d\n”, (int) strlen(str));

scanf(“%s”, str);
len = strlen(str);
for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
printf(“str[%d] = %c\n”, i, str[i]);

return 0;
} 16
Exercise: Implement Count_UpperCase() which
will count and return the number of upper case letters
in a string.

Example:
• Count_UpperCase(“Hello world!”) returns 1
• Count_UpperCase(“Big Bad Wolf”) returns 3
• Count_UpperCase(“abc”) returns 0
• Count_UpperCase(“”) returns 0

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char * strcpy(char * _Dest, const char * _Source);
// strcpy() example #1
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int
main()
{
char string[255];
char temp[20] = “Goodbye”;

// string = “Hello world!”; // is erroneous!

strcpy(string, “Hello world!”); // thus strcpy() was born
printf(“%s\n”, string);

printf(“%s\n”, strcpy(string, temp));

printf(“%d\n”, (int) strlen( strcpy(string, “CCPROG2”)) );

return 0;
} 18
// strcpy() example #2
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int
main()
{
char string[255];
char super[20] = “SUPERMAN”;

printf(“%s\n”, strcpy(string, super));

strcpy(string + 5, “GIRL”); // pointer arithmetic here
printf(“%s %s\n”, super, string);

return 0;
}

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// strcpy() example #3
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int
main()
{
char temp[5];

// Question: why is the following a BAD code?

strcpy(temp, “Hello world!”);

return 0;
}

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char * strcat(char * _Dest, const char * _Source);
// strcat() example #1
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int
main()
{
char string[255];
char temp[10] = “ world!”;

strcpy(string, “Hello”);
strcat(string, temp);

printf(“%s\n”, temp);
printf(“%s\n”, string);

return 0;
}

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// strcat() example #2
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int
main()
{
char string[255];
char temp[10] = “ world!”;

strcat( strcpy(string, “Hello”), temp);

printf(“%s\n”, string);

return 0;
}

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// strcat() example #3
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int
main()
{
char string[255];
char temp[10] = “ world!”;

printf(“%s\n”, strcat( strcpy(string, “Hello”), temp));

return 0;
}

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// strcat() example #4
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int
main()
{
char string[255];
char temp[10] = “ world!”;

strcat( strcpy(string, “Hello”), temp );

// Question: why is the following a BAD code?

strcat(temp, string);

return 0;
}

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int strcmp(const char * _Str1, const char * _Str2);

// strcmp() example
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int
main()
{
char str1[8] = “CCPROG2”;
char str2[8] = “abc”;
char str3[8] = “ABC”;

printf(“%d”, strcmp(“Hello”, “World”));

printf(“%d”, strcmp(“Hello”, str1));
printf(“%d”, strcmp(str1, str1));
printf(“%d”, strcmp(str2, str3));
printf(“%d”, strcmp(str3, str2));
printf(“%d”, strcmp(str3 + 2, str2 + 1);

return 0;
} 25
typedef
typedef <type name> <alias>;

Example:
typedef char string[255];
typedef char Str30[31];

string greetings;
Str30 word;

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// typedef example
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

typedef char Str7[8];

int
main()
{
Str7 subject1 = “CCPROG2”;
Str7 subject2 = “GRAPHIX”;

// some other codes

return 0;
}

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1D Array of Strings
typedef char String[6];

String S[5]; // 1D array of string

strcpy(S[0], “ANT”); ANT S[0]

strcpy(S[1], “CAT”);
strcpy(S[2], “DOG”); CAT S[1]
strcpy(S[3], “OWL”); DOG S[2]
strcpy(S[4], “ZEBRA”);
OWL S[3]
ZEBRA S[4]
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ANT S[0]
CAT S[1]
DOG S[2]
OWL S[3]
ZEBRA S[4]

‘A’ ‘N’ ‘T’ ‘\0’

‘C’ ‘A’ ‘T’ ‘\0’
‘D’ ‘O’ ‘G’ ‘\0’
‘O’ ‘W’ ‘L’ ‘\0’
‘Z’ ‘E’ ‘B’ ‘R’ ‘A’ ‘\0’
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// example: 1D array of strings
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

#define MAX 5
typedef char Str30[31];

int
main()
{
Str30 S[MAX];
int i;

for (i = 0; i < MAX; i++)

scanf(“%s”, S[i]); // note: no &

for (i = 0; i < MAX; i++)

printf(“%s\n”, S[i]);

return 0;
}
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// EXERCISE: 1D array of strings
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

#define MAX 5
typedef char Str30[31];

// TASK #1: Implement Input_StringArray()

// TASK #2: Implement Print_StringArray()

int
main()
{
Str30 S[MAX];
int i;

Input_StringArray( , MAX);
Print_StringArray( , MAX);

return 0;
}
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2D Array of Strings
typedef char String30[31];

String30 M[3][3]; // 2D array

ant owl dog
mouse ox cat
strcpy(M[0][0], “ant”);
horse fox bear
:
strcpy(M[1][1], “ox”);
:
strcpy(M[2][2], “bear”);

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// example: 2D array of strings
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

#define ROW_SIZE 5
#define COL_SIZE 5
typedef char Str30[31];

int
main()
{
Str30 M[ROW_SIZE][COL_SIZE];
int i, j;

// input 2D array elements

for (i = 0; i < ROW_SIZE; i++)
for (j = 0; j < COL_SIZE; j++)
scanf(“%s”, M[i][j]); // note: no &

// other codes...
return 0;
} 33
Exercise: Solve the following problems (from our Course Notes)

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-- The End --

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