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Chapter 4 Reproductive Morphology

Inflorescence
Group of flowers arranged together on our preference is a bouquet.
inflorescence is a group of flowers arising from a branched or unbranched axis with a definite pattern.

Types of Inflorescence Based On Position -three major types.

Terminal: Inflorescence grows in the terminal shoot.Ex: Raceme of Nerium oleander
Axillary: Present in the axile of leaf. Ex: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Cauliflorous: Developed directly from a woody trunk. Ex: Theobroma cocoa, Couroupita guianensis.

Based on branching pattern and other characters

I. Indeterminate (racemose)
II. Determinate (cymose)
III. Mixed inflorescence: a combination of indeterminate and determinate pattern
IV. Special inflorescence: Inflorescence which do not confined to these patterns

Racemose Cymose
Main axis Unlimited growth Limited growth.
Flowers arrangement An acropetal succession A basipetal succession
Opening of flowers Centripetal Centrifugal
Oldest flower At the base of the axis. At the top of the axis.

I. Racemose -Three types

I. Main axis elongated -- contains pedicellate or sessile flowers - 2 types

www.Padasalai.Net a. Simple raceme: Unbranched

inflorescence axis bears pedicellate
flowers in acropetal succession. Ex:
Crotalaria retusa, mustard and radish.

b. Spike: unbranched inflorescence axis bears sessile

flowers. Ex: Achyranthes, Stachytarpheta.

c. Spikelet: Spike with branched central axis.

Each branch is a spikelet.
Sessile flowers in acropetal succession .
Glumes - A pair of inflorescence bracts
Lemma – Bract
Palea - Bracteole.
Lodicule- Tepals reduced to colourless scaly leaves .
Each flower has stamen and pistil only.
Ex: Paddy, Wheat, Barley, Sorghum.

d. Catkin:
Pendulous spikes with a long and drooping axis bearing small unisexual or bisexual flowers. It is
also called ament. Example: Acalypha hispida, Prosopis juliflora, Piper nigrum.

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e. Spadix:
Unisexual sessile flowers on fleshy central axis.
Female flowers at the base and male flowers at the apex.
These covered by a brightly coloured bract called a spathe.
Ex: Amorphophallus, Colocasia, Phoenix, Cocos.

f. Panicle or Compound raceme or raceme of racemes:

A branched raceme is called panicle.
Ex: Mangifera, neem, Delonix regia.

2. Main axis shortened: Two types

a. Corymb:
Shorter pedicellate flowers at the top and
Longer pedicellate flowers at the bottom.
All flowers appear at the same level to form convex or flat
Ex: Caesalpinia. Compound corymb: A branched corymb. Ex: Cauliflower.

b. Umbel:
Indeterminate central axis.
Pedicellate flowers arise from a common point of peduncle
at the apex.
Ex: Allium cepa, Centella asiatica, Memecylon umbellatum.
Compound umbel: A branched umbel. Each unit is called umbellule.

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Ex: Daucas carota, Coriandrum sativum, Memecylon edule.

3. Main axis flattened:

The main axis of inflorescence is mostly flattened (convex or concave) or globose.
A head or capitulum
Group of sessile or sub sessile flowers arising on a receptacle or torus.
Covered by an involucre. Found in Asteraceae
some members of Rubiaceae. Ex: Neolamarkia cadamba, Mitragyna parvifolia
some members of Fabaceae -Mimosoideae. Ex: Acacia nilotica, Albizia lebbeck, Mimosa pudica
(sensitive plant) .
two types of florets: 1. Disc floret or tubular floret. 2. Ray floret or ligulate floret.Heads are two types.
i.Homogamous head: single kind of florets in head .
Disc florets alone. Ex: Vernonia, Ageratum
Ray florets alone. Ex: Launaea, Sonchus.
ii. Heterogamous head: both types of florets in head . Ex: Helianthus, Tridax.
Disc florets at the centre the ray florets at the margin of the head .

II. Cymose inflorescence.

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1. Simple cyme (solitary):

A a single flower may be terminal or axillary.
Ex: terminal in Trillium grandifl orum and axillary in Hibiscus.

2. Monochasial Cyme (uniparous):

The main axis ends with a flower. From two lateral bracts,
only one branch grows further. Two types
a. Helicoid: Axis develops on only one side and forms a coil at earlier stage Ex: Hamelia, potato.
b. Scorpioid: Axis develops on alternate sides and often a coil structure. Ex: Heliotropium.

3. Simple dichasium (Biparous):

A central axis ends in a flower further produced by two lateral buds.
Three flowers of which central one is old one.
This is true cyme. Ex: Jasminum.

4. Compound dichasium:
A terminal old flower develops lateral simple dichasial cymes on both sides.
Seven flowers are found . Ex: Clerodendron.
A small, simple dichasium is called cymule.

5. Polychasial Cyme (multiparous):

The central axis ends with a flower.
The lateral axes branches repeatedly. Ex: Nerium

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III. Mixed Inflorescence: Both racemose and cymose patterns of development occur in a mixed
manner. Two types.
1. Thyrsus: It is a ‘Raceme of cymes’.
Indefinite central axis bears lateral pedicellate cymes, (simple or compound dichasia).
Example: Ocimum, Anisomeles.

2. Verticil or Verticillaster:
Main axis bears two opposite lateral sessile cymes at the axil of the node,
each of it produces monochasial scorpioid lateral branches
so that flowers are crowded around the node.
Example: Leonotis, Leucas.

IV. Special Inflorescence: The inflorescences do not show any of the development pattern types.
1. Cyathium:
Small unisexual flowers enclosed by a involucre.
Male flowers are organised in a scorpioid manner.
Female flower is solitary and centrally located on a long pedicel.
Male flower is represented only by stamens and female flower is represented only
by pistil.
Nectar is present in involucre.
Cyathium may be actinomorphic (Euphorbia) or zygomorphic (Pedilanthus.).

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2. Hypanthodium: Receptacle is a hollow, globose.

unisexual flowers present on the inner wall of the receptacle.
Receptacle contains small opening called ostiole.
which is covered by a series of bracts.
Male flowers are present nearer to the ostiole, female and neutral flowers are found in a
mixed from middle below. Example: Ficus sp. (Banyan and Pipal).

3. Coenanthium:
Circular disc like fleshy open receptacle that bears pistillate flowers at the center and
staminate flowers at the periphery.
Example: Dorstenia

FLOWER

 The flower is a significant feature of

angiosperms.
 It is a modified condensed
reproductive shoot.
 The growth of the flower shoot is
determinate.

Whorls of flower:
 Two whorls 1. accessory and
2.essential.
 Accessory whorl consists of calyx and

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corolla
 Essential whorl comprises of
androecium and gynoecium.
 Complete flower -- contains all four
whorls.
 An Incomplete flower -- devoid of one
or more whorls.
Flower sex:
Presence or absence of androecium and gynoecium within a flower.
1. Perfect or bisexual (monoclinous) : Flower contains both androecium and gynoecium .
2. Imperfect or unisexual (diclinous): Flower contains only one of the essential whorls.Two types: i) Staminate
flowers: Flowers only with androecium alone.
ii) Pistillate flowers: Flowers with only gynoecium.

Plant sex
presence and distribution of flowers with different sexes in an individual plant.
1. Hermaphroditic: All the flowers of the plant are bisexual.
2. Monoecious (mono-one; oikos-house): Both male and female flowers are present in the same plant Ex: Coconut.
3. Dioecious (di-two: oikos-house): Male and Female flowers are present on separate plants. Ex: Papaya, Palmyra.
4. Polygamous: Bisexual and unisexual (staminate/pistillate) flowers occur in a same plant. Ex: Musa, Mangifera.

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Flower symmetry
 Flower symmetry is an important structural adaptation related to pollination systems.
1. Actinomorphic (or) radial or polysymmetric: The flower can be divided into equal halves in any plane through the
centre. Example: Hibiscus, Datura, water lily.
2. Zygomorphic (bilateral symmetry) or mono symmetric: The flower can be divided into equal halves in only one
plane.. Example: Pisum , Bean, Cassia, Gulmohar, Salvia, Ocimum.
3. Asymmetric (amorphic) : Flower cannot be divided into equal halves in any plane. Parts of such flowers are
twisted. Example: Canna indica.

Accessory organs :
Arrangement of whorls:
The position of sepals/petals/ tepals are relative to one another.
1. Cyclic or whorled : All the floral parts are arranged in definite whorls. Example: Brassica, Solanum.
2. Acyclic or spiral: The floral parts are arranged in spirals. Example: Magnolia.
3. Spirocyclic or hemicyclic: Some parts are in whorls & others parts are in spirals. Ex: Nymphaea, Annona, Polyalthia

Cycly
Number of whorls of floral parts. Perianth cycly is the number of whorls of perianth parts.

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1. Uniseriate: single whorl of accessory floral part. It is rare. Example: Sterculia.
2. Biseriate (dicyclic): Two whorls of accessory floral parts. Most common type. Example: Hibiscus.
3. Multiseriate: (triseriate,tetraseriate) More than two whorls of accessory floral parts.
Example: Chrysanthemum.
4. Dichlamydeous: A flower is composed of distinct outer calyx and inner corolla.
5. Homochlamydeous: Perianth is un-differentiated into calyx and corolla(tepals).
Most monocots have a homochlamydeous perianth.
6. Achlamydeous: Perianth is absent altogether.
Apetalous - Flowers without petals
Asepalous - Flowers without sepals

Merosity Number of floral parts per whorl is called merosity.

1. Isomerous: Presence of same number of perianth parts . (five sepals, five petals). Example: Hibiscus.
2. Anisomerous: Each whorl of flower contains different number of sepals and petals. Example: Annona.
3. Bimerous: Floral parts in two or multiples of two. Example: Ixora
4. Trimerous: Floral parts in three or multiples of three. Example: Allium, Monocots.
5. Tetramerous: Floral parts in four or multiples of four. Example: Brassica juncea.
6. Pentamerous: Floral parts in fi ve or multiples of fi ve. Example: Hibiscus, Dicots.

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Calyx

 Calyx protects bud .

 Outermost whorl of flower .
 Unit of calyx is sepal.
 Normally green in colour.
1. Fusion:
a. Aposepalous (polysepalous or chorisepalous):
The flower with distinct sepals. Example: Brassica, Annona.
b. Synsepalous: The flower with united or fused sepals. Example: Hibiscus,Brugmansia.

2. Duration of floral parts:

a. Caducous or fugacious calyx: Calyx that withers or falls during the early development stage of flower.
Example: Papaver.
b. Deciduous: Calyx that falls after the opening of flower (anthesis) Example: Nelumbo.
c. Persistant: Calyx that persists and continues to be along with the fruit. Example: Brinjal.
d. Accrescent: Calyx that is persistent, grows along with the fruit and encloses the fruit either completely or
partially. Example: Physalis, Palmyra.

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3. Shapes of calyx
 Bell shaped calyx called Campanulate. . Ex. shoe flower’s
 Urn shaped fruiting calyx is called urceolate . Ex. Withania .
 calyx is tube like known as tubular. Ex.Datura
 Two lipped calyx is present. Ex. Ocimum.
 Sometimes calyx is coloured and called petaloid. Ex: Saraca, Sterculia.
 Calyx is distinctly leafy, large and often yellow or orange coloured sometimes white. Ex. Mussaenda.
 Calyx is modified into hair like structure or scaly called pappus Ex. Tridax of Compositae.

Corolla

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Coralla
Most attractive part of the flowers and brightly coloured. Corolla helps in pollination.
1. Fusion:
a. Apopetalous (polypetalous, choripetalous) : Petals are distinct. Example: Hibiscus.
b. Sympetalous (gamopetalous) : Petals are fused. Example: Datura.

2. Shapes of corolla
I. Apopetalous Actinomorphic
1. Cruciform : Four petals arranged in the form of a cross. Ex: Brassica, mustard, radish, cauliflower.
2. Caryophyllaceous : Five petals with long claws with limb at right angles to the claw.
Ex: Caryophyllaceae Dianthus.
3. Rosaceous: Five to many sessile or minutely clawed petals with radiating limbs. Ex: Rose, Tea.
II. Apopetalous Zygomorphic
1. Papilionaceous:
 Made up of five distinct petals organized in a butterfly shape.
 Corolla has three types of petals. One large posterior petal called vexillum(standard)
 Two lateral petals- wings (alae) and
 Two anterior sympetalous petals called carina.
 Ex: Clitoria ternatea, Pea, Bean.

Apopetalous Sympetalous
Actinomorphic Zygomorphic Actinomorphic Zygomorphic

III. Sympetalous Actinomorphic

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1. Tubular: Petals united to form a narrow tubular with very short limbs. Ex: Disc floret of
sunflower.
2. Companulate: Petals fused to form a bell-shaped corolla . Ex: Physalis,Cucurbita maxima, Campanula.
3. Infundibuliform:Petals fused to form funnel-shaped corolla.Tube gradually widens into limbs. Ex:Datura, Ipomoea.
4. Rotate: Petals fused to form a wheel shaped corolla with very short tube and a spreading circular limb.
Ex: brinjal, Evolvulus
5. Salver shaped or Hypocrateriform; Petals fused to form a long narrow tube with spreading limbs.
Ex: Catharanthus, Ixora, Tabernaemontana
6. Urceolate: Petals fused to form urn-shaped or pot- shaped corolla.Ex: Bryophyllum calycinum, Diaspyras.

IV. Sympetalous Zygomorphic

1. Bilabiate: Corolla with two lips. Ex: Ocimum,Leucas,Adhatoda.
Tubular corolla with a single strap-shaped limb. Ex: Ray floret of Helianthus
2. Personate: Corolla made up of two lips with the upper arched and the lower protruding into
the corolla throat. Ex: Antirrhinum,Linaria.
3. Ligulate:Tubular corolla with a single strap-shaped limb. Ex: Ray floret of Helianthus.

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Perianth
 undifferentiated calyx and corolla in a flower is called perianth.
 Each member is called tepal.
 Tepals are distinct they are called Apotepalous (Polyphyllous). Ex: Allium sativum.
 Fused tepals are called Syntepalous. (Gamophyllous). Ex: Allium cepa.
Aestivation: Arrangement of sepals and petals in the flower bud is said to be aestivation.

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Lodicule: Reduced scale like perianth in the members of Poaceae is called lodicule.

Essential Parts of Flower

 Androecium: Third whorl of flower is the male reproductive part of the flower.
 It is composed of stamens(microsporophylls). Each Stamen consist of 3 parts,
 Anther: Upper swollen part with microsporangia.
 Filament: Stalk of stamen
 Connective: Tissue connecting anther lobes with filament
 Anther contains two compartments called thecae (singular theca).Each theca
consists of two microsporangia.
 Two microsporangia fused to form a locule. Sterile stamens are called Staminodes. Ex: Cassia.
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 Distinct: stamens which do not fuse to one another. Free: stamens which do not fuse with other parts of
flower.
 Apostemonous: flowers with stamens that are free and distinct.
Fusion of stamens: The stamens fusing among themselves or with other parts of flower. Two types.
1. Connation: The fusion of stamens among themselves. Three types.
a. Adelphy: Filaments connate into one or more bundles but anthers are free. Three types.
1. Monadelphous: Filaments of stamens connate into a single bundle.Ex: malvaceae (chinarose,cotton).
2. Diadelphous: Filaments of stamens connate into two bundles. Example: Fabaceae, pea.
3. Polyadelphous: Filaments connate into many bundles. Example: Citrus, Bombax

b. Syngenesious: Anthers connate, filaments free. Example: Asteraceae.

c. Synandrous: Filaments and anthers are completely fused. Example: Coccinea.

2. Adnation: Refers to the fusion of stamens with other floral parts.

Epipetalous (petalostemonous): Stamens are adnate to petals .Example: brinjal,Datura.
a. Episepalous: stamens are adnate to sepals. Example: Grevillea (Silver oak).
b. Epitepalous (epiphyllous): stamens are adnate to tepals. Example: Aphodelus, Asparagus.

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c. Gynostegium: Connation product of stamens and stigma is called gynostegium. Ex: Calotropis and Orchidaceae.
d. Pollinium: Pollen grains are fused together as a single mass.

Arrangement of stamens relate to length of stamens:

1. Didynamous (di-two, dynamis-strength): Four stamens in which two with long filaments and two with short
filaments is called didynamous.. Ex: Lamiaceae, Ocimum.
2. Tetradynamous(tetra-four): Six stamens of which four with long filaments and two with short filaments. Ex:
Brassicaceae, (Brassica).
3. Heterostemonous: stamens are of different lengths in the same flower. Ex: Cassia, Ipomoea.

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Stamen insertion
1.Inserted: Shorter than the corolla tube and included within. Ex: Datura.
2.Exserted:Longer than the corolla tube and project out.Ex: Mimosa, Acacia arabica
stamen cycly :The number of whorls of stamens present in a flower .Two types
1.uniseriate,a single whorl of stamens and 2.biseriate,two whorls of stamens.

Anther types
1. Monothecal: One lobe with two microsporangia.kidney shaped in a cross section.Ex: Malvaceae
2. Dithecal: Two lobes with four microsporangia.butterfly shaped in cross section.Ex: solanaceae.

Anther attachment
1. Basifixed:(Innate) Filament attached at the base of anther. Ex: Brassica, Datura.
2. Dorsifixed: Filament is attached to the dorsal side of the anther. Ex: Citrus, Hibiscus.
3. Versatile: Filament is attached to the anther at midpoint. Ex: Grasses.
4. Adnate: Filament is attached from the base to the apex of anther. Ex: Verbena, Ranunculus, Nelumbo

Anther dehiscence
Opening of anther to disperse pollen grains.
1. Longitudinal:Anther dehisces along a suture parallel to long axis of each anther lobe.Ex: Datura, chinarose, cotton.

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2. Transverse: Anther dehisces at right angles to the long axis of anther lobe. Ex: Malvaceae.
3. Poricidal: Anther dehisces through pores at one end of the thecae. Ex: Ericaceae, Solanum, potato, brinjal, Cassia.
4. Valvular: Anther dehisces through a pore covered by a flap of tissue. Ex: Lauraceae, Cinnamomum.

Anther dehiscing direction

The position of anther opening relative to the anther of the flower.
1.Introrse: Anther dehisces towards the center of the flower. Example: Dianthus.
2. Extrorse: Anther dehisces towards periphery of the flower. Example: Argemone.

Gynoecium or pistil
 Female reproductive part of the flower.
 A pistil consists of an expanded basal portion called the ovary,
 an elongated section called a style and
 an apical structure that receives pollen called a stigma.
 Ovary with stipe is called stipitate ovary.
 Carpel: They are components of a gynoecium.
 Gynoecium is made of one or more carpels.
 Carpels may be distinct or connate.

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Number of carpel

Fusion of carpels
It is an important systematic character. Apocarpous gynoecium is ancestral condition in Angiosperms.

Number of locules
Ovary bears ovules on a specialized tissue called placenta.
A septum is a crosswall or partition of ovary.
The walls of ovary and septa form a cavity called locule.

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Number of locules

Like that tetralocular and pentalocular ovaries are present according

to the locule numbers four and five. More than one locule ovaries are
called plurilocular.

Style and stigma

1. Style is a stalk like structure of a pistil connecting
ovary and stigma.
a. Simple: Single unbranched style. Example: Hibiscus.
b. Bifid: A style branched into two. Example: Asteraceae
c. Gynobasic style: arising from base of the ovary. Ex: Lamiaceae (Ocimum), characteristic of Boraginaceae.
d. Lateral style: Style arises from the side of ovary. Example: Mangifera.

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2. Stigma:
Tip of a pistil is called stigma It receives the pollen grains.
a. Discoid: A disk-shaped stigma is called discoid.
b. Capitate: Stigma appearing like a head. Ex: Alchemilla
c. Globose: Stigma is spherical in shape is called globose.
d. Plumose stigma: Stigma feathery which is unbranched or branched as in Asteraceae, Poaceae.

3. Pistillode: A reduced sterile pistil. Example: ray floret of head infloresence in Helianthus.

Extension of the condensed internode of the receptacle

1. Anthophore:The internodal elongation between calyx and corolla. Ex: caryophyllaceae (Silene conoidea)
2. Androphore: The internodal elongation between the corolla and androecium. Ex: Grewia.
3. Gynophore: The internodal elongation between androecium and gynoecium. Ex: Capparis.
4. Gynandrophore or Androgynophore: The unified internodal elongation between corolla and androecium and
androecium and gynoecium. Example: Gynandropsis.

Ovary position
The position or attachment of ovary relative to the other floral parts.

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1. Superior ovary: It is the ovary with the sepals, petals and stamens attached at the base of the ovary.
2. Inferior ovary: It is the ovary with the sepals, petals and stamens attached at the apex of the ovary.
3. Half-inferior ovary: It is the ovary with the sepals, petals and stamens or hypanthium attached near the middle of
the ovary.

Perianth / androecial position on thalamus:

placement of the perianth and androecium relative to the ovary and to a hypanthium.

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Construction of floral diagram and floral formula
 Floral formula - simple way to explain the salient features of a flower.
 Floral diagram - representation of the cross section of the flower. Floral diagram shows the number and
arrangement of bract, bracteoles and floral parts, fusion, overlapping and placentation.
 Mother axis :The branch that bears the flower.
 Posterior side The side of the flower facing the mother axis .
 Anterior side The side facing the bract .

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Floral formula

Br : Bracteate. Ebr : Ebracteate Brl : Bracteolate Ebrl : Ebracteolate

Actinomorphic flower or polysymmetric % : Zygomorphic or monosymmetric
Staminate Pistillate Bisexual flower
K : Calyx, K5 five sepals, aposepalous K(5) five sepals synsepalous
C : Corolla C5 five petals ,apopetalous C (5) five petals sympetalous
C (2/3) corolla bilabiate with upper lib two lobes.
A : Androecium A 3 three stamens free
A 2+2, Stamens 4, two whorls (didynamous) each whorl two stamens (free)
A (9)+1 – stamens ten, two bundles (diadelphous) 9 stamens unite to one bundle,1 another bundle

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C5A5—Epipetalous represents by an arc
G. Gynoecium or pistil
A0 :Staminode(sterile stamen)
G2 – Carpels two, free (apocarpous)
G0-pistillode(sterile carpel) G – superior ovary, the line under G
G– – semi-inferior ovary, the line before middle of G.
G(3) – Carpels three, united (syncarpous)
G inferior ovary, the line above G
∞ – Indefinite number of units

FRUITS
 Fruits are the products of pollination and fertilization,
 The fruit is a fertilized and ripened ovary.
 Pomology.Branch of horticulture that deals with the study of fruits and their cultivation .

Structure of Fruit
 Fruit wall is called pericarp. It is differentiated into outer epicarp, middle mesocarp and inner endocarp. The
inner part of the fruit is occupied by the seed.
Types of Fruit -- Simple Fruits
 The fruits are derived from a single ovary of a flower Ex: Mango, Tomato.
 Based on the nature of pericarp Simple fruits as follows

A. Fleshy Fruit
The fruits are derived from single pistil where the pericarp is fleshy, succulent and
differentiated into epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp. It is subdivided into the following.

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Develops from Pericarp nature Examples

a.Berry bicarpellary / multi epicarp is thin, mesocarp and endocarp Tomato, Date Palm,
carpellary, syncarpous ovary undifferentiated Grapes, Brinjal
b.Drupe monocarpellary, superior outer skinny epicarp, fleshy and pulpy Mango, Coconut
ovary one seeded mesocarp and hard and stony endocarp.
c.Pepo tricarpellary inferior ovary Pericarp leathery or woody encloses, Cucumber,
fleshy mesocarp and smooth endocarp Watermelon, Bottle
gourd, Pumpkin.
d.Hesperidium multicarpellary, multi leathery epicarp with oil glands, a middle Orange, Lemon
locular, syncarpous superior fibrous mesocarp. endocarp forms
ovary chambers, containing juicy hairs
e.Pome multicarpellary, syncarpous, receptacle -fleshy, epicarp is thin and Apple, Pear
inferior ovary endocarp is cartilagenous
f.Balausta fleshy multicarpellary, multilocular pericarp is tough and leathery. Seeds Pomegranate
indehiscent inferior ovary attached irregularly. testa is edible.

Dry Fruit : Develops from single ovary. Pericarp is dry and not differentiated. two types.
1.Dry dehiscent fruit: Pericarp is dry and splits open along the sutures to liberate seeds.

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a.Follicle:
Develops from
monocarpellary, superior
ovary
b.Legume or monocarpellary, superior
dehisces nature
dehisces along one suture.
Examples
Calotropis.

dehisces through both dorsal and ventral sutures. Pisum

pod ovary
c.Siliqua: bicarpellary,syncar- pous, one chambered due to false septum two Brassica.
superior ovary chambered (replum). dehisces along two suture
d. Silicula similar to sliqua but shorter and broader Capsella,Lepidium,
e.Capsule multicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary.Based on the dehiscence.six types
i) Septicidal splitting along septa and valves Linum, Aristolochia.
ii)Loculicidal splitting along locules and values Lady’s finger
iii)Septifragal Capsule splitting. valves fall off leaving seeds attached to the Datura
central axis
iv) Poricidal Dehiscence through terminal pores Papaver
v)Denticidal opening at top exposing a number of teeth Primula, Cerastium
vi)Circumscissile Dehisces transversely so that top comes off as a lid or operculum. Anagallis arvensis,
(pyxidium) Portulaca, Operculina.

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2) Dry indehiscent fruit Does not split open at maturity. Six types
Nature of fruit Developes from Examples
a) Achene Single seeded dry fruit. from single carpel with superior ovary Clematis, Delphinium,
apocarpous pistil, Strawberry.
b) Cypsela Single seeded dry fruit bicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior Tridax, Helianthus
ovary with scales
c) Caryopsis a one seeded fruit monocarpellary, superior ovary. Oryza, Triticum
Pericarp is fused with seed.
d) Nut one seeded fruit mulicarpellary, syncarpous, superior Quercus, Anacardium
with hard, woody or bony pericap. ovary
e) Samara one seeded fruit pericarp devlops into thin winged Acer, Pterocarpous
structure around the fruit.
f) Utricle pericarp loosely enclosing the bicarpellary, unilocular, syncarpus, Chenopodium.
seeds superior ovary

3) Schizocarpic Fruit :intermediate between dehiscent and indehiscent fruit..

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a) Cremocarp

b) Carcerulus
Develops from
bicarpellary, syncarpous,
inferior ovary
bicarpellary, syncarpous,
dehisces nature
splitting into two one seeded segments--
mericarps.
splitting into four one seeded segments -- nutlets
Examples
Coriander, Carrot

Leucas, Ocimum,
superior ovary Abutilon
c) Lomentum monocarpellary, A leguminous fruit, constricted between the Desmodium,
unilocular ovary seeds to form a number of one seeded Mimosa
compartments
d) Regma: tricarpellary, syncarpous, splits into one- seeded cocci attached to Ricinus,
superior, trilocular ovary carpophore Geranium

Aggregate Fruits :
 Develop from a single apocarpous pistil.
 each of the free carpel is develops into a simple fruitlet.
 A collection of simple fruitlets makes an aggregate fruit.
 An individual ovary develops into a drupe, achene, follicle or berry.

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 An aggregate of these fruits borne by a single flower is known as

Cremocarp (Coriander)
 Schizocarpic Fruit Carcerulus (Abutilon)
 Lomentum (Mimosa)
 Regma (Castor)
 an etaerio. Example: Magnolia, Raspberry, Annona, Polyalthia

Multiple or Composite Fruit

 Develops from the whole inflorescence peduncle.
a) Sorosis:
 Develops from a spike or spadix.
 Succulent perianth become fleshy or juicy.
 The whole inflorescence forms a compact mass.
 Example: Pineapple, Jack fruit, Mulberry

b) Syconus:
 Develops from (female flower) hypanthodium inflorescence.
 The receptacle converts into fleshy fruit which encloses a number of true fruit or achenes.
 Example: Ficus
Functions of Fruit
1. Fruit is a source of food, energy for animals.
2. Source of many chemicals like sugar, pectin, organic acids, vitamins and minerals.
3. Fruit protects the seeds from unfavourable climatic conditions and animals.
4. Both fleshy and dry fruits help in the dispersal of seeds to distant places.
5. In certain cases, fruit may provide nutrition to the

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developing seedling.
6. Fruits provide source of medicine to humans.

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Seed
 A fertilized mature ovule
 Possess an embryonic plant,
 Usually stores food material and has a protective coat.
Types of Seed
I. Based on the number of cotyledons.
i. Dicotyledonous seed: Seed with two cotyledons.
ii. Monocotyledonous seed: Seed with one cotyledon.
II. Based on the presence or absence of the endosperm.
i. Albuminous or Endospermous seed:
The cotyledons are thin, membranous and mature seeds have endosperm persistent.
It nourishes the seedling during its early development. Ex: Castor, sunflower, maize.
ii. Ex-albuminous or non-endospermous seed:
Food is utilized by the developing embryo and so the mature seeds are without endosperm.
In such seeds, colyledons store food and become thick and fleshy. Example: Pea, Groundnut.
Significance of Seeds:
 Seed protects the embryo for next generation.
 It contains food for the development of embryo.
 It is a means for the dispersal of new individuals.
 Seed get suitable condition for germination . (Dormant during unfavorable conditions)
 Seeds of various plants are used as food, both for animals and men.
 They are the basis of agriculture.


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Seeds provide genetic variations and recombinationin a plant.

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