RPH

Histor
- refers to the study and interpretation historian is influenced by his own
by a historian on the data and other environment, ideology. education and
source of the past human activity, influence.
people, societies and civilizations
His interpretation of the historical fact is
leading to the present day.
affected by his context and
- study of the past. circumstances

Three important concepts in the - historians have different

definition. approaches and views

• First history as we all know is based To do this, most scholars use

on past events. historiography or what they call history
of history
• Second it is interpreted by someone
usually by historian. They gather, Historiography is the study of how
discard and interpret the sources that history was written, by whom and why
they encounter. it was recorded as such. It is concerned
with how historians have presented
• Third is the most important history
history.
rely on data and documents which
historian call as historical sources. Interpretation about the past can be
objective or true as long as they are
Greek word "Historia" which means
free of inherent contradictions.
inquiry clearly the word Historia does
not mean past events. One big advantage of historiography is
that the liars of history are usually
denotes asking question or
quite transparent
investigation of the past done by
person trained to do so or by persons Another way for a historian to be
who are interested in human past. objective is to follow the historical
method.
Historian - is an expert or student of
history, especially that of a particular It is important for a historian to base
period, geographical region or social their accounts on source material.
phenomenon.

- interpret these facts.

HISTORICAl SOURCES
- organizes them chronologically.
are tangible remains of the
- ecognize the evidence past it is an object from the past or
testimony
- responsible for reconstructing the concerning the past on which historians
past. depend in order to create their own
depiction of the past.
According to Gottschalk, historian is
many times removed from the events primary source is a Cestimony of an
under investigation. individual who was a participant in or-a-
direct witness to the event that is being
Some authors define history as a study described.
of historical perspective.
The five categories of Primary Secular
Sources Role: experts in parish works

WRITTEN SOURCES They live in the world

written or printed materials that have
been Why Philippines is a different case?
produced in one form or another
sometime in the past. When Spanish arrived, there were no
secular priests. They can’t pass the
NUMERICAL RECORDS management of the established
include any type of numerical data in parishes due to lack of secular priests.
printed or handwritten form.
Royal Decree Act of 1774
ORAL STATEMENT
include/any form of statement made • Secularization
orally by an eye witness. • Transfer of parochial
authority to native/Filipino
RELICS clergy.
whose physical or visual characteristics
can provide some information about the Cavite Mutiny
past. • brief uprising of 200 Filipino troops
and workers at the Cavite arsenal
IMAGE in Fort San Felipe, which became
includes photograph, posters, paintings, the excuse for Spanish repression
drawing cartoons and maps. of the embryonic Philippine
nationalist movement.
Secondary sources
interprets and analyzes primary • Spanish and Filipino version
sources. These sources are one or more
steps removed from the event. SPANISH VERSION
Jose Montero y Vidal
Tertiary Sources • A Spanish Historian who gave official
third hand information by reporting narrative used by Spanish Government
ideas and details from secondary to justify the event.
source. • Very formal and dry

1872 Historical Events Rafael Izquierdo

Two Major Events • He was theGovernor General during

in 1872 the 1872 Cavite Mutiny

01 Cavite Mutiny • He gave more spiteful description of

02 Execution of Gomburza the event

2 TYPES OF PRIESTS Jose Montero y Vidal

Regular ❑ According to him, the mutiny was

Role: mission of Christianizing part of the general revolt led by the 3
priests which aims to overthrow the
Establishing parishes government.
❑ AIM: assassinate the government
They live in the rules general and general massacre of all
They are part of religious orders Spanish

Gov. Gen. Izquierdo

 commit such daring act again, the
❑ Another version of this was a GOMBURZA were executed.
personal letter written by Izquierdo
himself. They both believed that the
conspirators of Manila and Cavite
❑ The content was basically the same, planned to oust high-ranking
and it was addressed to the new Spanish officers to be followed by
Spanish government after the monarchy massacre of friars
was overthrown in Spain's own civil war.
Planned by educated leaders, mestizos,
❑ He lambasted the Indios abogadillos or native lawyers, residents
of
REASONS Manila and Cavite and the native clergy.
Abolishment of privileges by
Izquierdo
Exemption from tributo
Exemption from polo y servicio Trinidad Hermenigildo
Pardo de Tavera
Spanish Revolution
Inspired by the Revolution in Spain • a Filipino scholar andresearcher
• He wrote the Filipino version of the
Propagandas bloody incident in Cavite.
Due to republican and liberal books,
pamphlets, and press FILIPINO VERSION

Presence of native clergy ❑ In his POV, the incident was a mere

“supported” rebels and enemies of mutiny by the native Filipino soldiers
Spain and laborers of the Cavite arsenal who
turned out to be dissatisfied with the
January 20, 1872 abolition of their privileges.

• Sampaloc celebrated the feast of ❑ Indirectly, Tavera blamed Gov.

Virgin of Loreto with fireworks. Izquierdo’s cold-blooded policies

• Those in Cavite mistook it as the sign FILIPINO VERSION

for attack targeting Spanish officers at
sight and seized the arsenal ❑ Tavera believed that the Spanish
friars and Izquierdo used the Cavite
• Headed by Sergeant Lamadrid Mutiny as a powerful lever by
magnifying it as a full-blown conspiracy
• When the news reached the iron- of the native army and residents of
fisted Gov. Izquierdo, he readily ordered Cavite and Manila, and more
the reinforcement of the Spanish forces importantly the native clergy to
in Cavite to quell the revolt. overthrow the Spanish government in
the Philippines.
• The “revolution” was easily crushed
when the expected reinforcement from •Convicted educated men who
Manila did not come ashore. participated in the mutiny were
sentenced life imprisonment
On 17 February 1872 in an attemptof
the Spanish government and • Members of the native clergy headed
Frailocracia to instill fear among the by the GOMBURZA were
Filipinos so that they may never tried and executed by garrote.
• This leads to the awakening of
nationalism and eventually to the
outbreak of Philippine Revolution of
1896.

TRUTH
Despite the many versions,
it is true that:

1. There were dissatisfaction among the

workers and members of native army

2. Gen. Izquierdo’s strict policies

disgusted the Filipinos

3. Central Government in Spain failed to

conduct an investigation

4. Friars have less influence due to

deprivation of their power to intervene
in government

5. Filipino clergy members actively

participated in the secularization
movement

6. Filipinos were active participants in

fighting injustices

7. The execution of GOMBURZA was a

bad move for Spanish government.