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CHAPTER 2
METHODS

The study's several techniques, including research design, research

participants, research tools, data collection, statistical analysis of data, and

ethical considerations, are demonstrated in this chapter.

RESEARCH DESIGN
In this study, the researchers will use quantitative non-experimental

methods, applying descriptive and correlational approaches. Quantitative

research focuses on numbers, and results are based on numeric analysis and

statistics Ghanad (2023). It includes explaining phenomena by collecting

numerical data that are analyzed using mathematically based statistical

methods Bhandari (2022). It is use to find patterns and averages, make

predictions, test causal relationships, and generalize results to broader

populations (Pritha, 2020).

Moreover, descriptive research design aims to accurately and

systematically describe a population, situation, or phenomenon McCombes,

(2022). Loeb et al., (2017) also state that descriptive research depicts an

accurate profile of people, events, or situations. It examines a phenomenon

that is occurring at a specific place and time.

In addition, correlational research is to describe the relationship

between variables and to measure the strength of the relationship to Ary

(2017). According to Stangor (2018) Correlational research involves the

measurement of two or more relevant variables and an assessment of the

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relationship between or among those variables. The goal of correlational

research is to uncover variables that show systematic relationships with each

other as cited in (Crawford, 2018)

RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY

The respondents of this study are the Grade 12 Senior High School

students of School (T) enrolled during the school year 2024-2025. The total

population is 351.

Using Slovin's formula, Slovin (1960): n = N / (1 + N(e^2)) Where: n =

sample size N = population size (351) e = margin of error (0.05) n = 351 / (1 +

351(0.05^2)) n ≈ 189.47 Rounded to the nearest whole number, the sample

size is approximately 189.

Therefore, this study will utilize a sample size of 189 respondents,

selected using simple random sampling. According to Thompson (2017), a

similar sample size of 189 was used in a study involving middle school

students, demonstrating the feasibility of this sample size for educational

research

The following table presents the distribution of respondents:

Table 1
Respondent of the Study

Grade and Section Population Percentage Sample Size

Joaquin 41 12 22
Ocampo 41 12 22
Antonio 39 11 22
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Gamayo 39 11 21
Manansala 38 11 20
Alcuaz 36 10 20
Navarro 40 11 21
Edades 39 11 21
Zaragoza 38 11 20

Total 351 100 189

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

The researchers made use of researcher-made survey questionnaire.

Survey questionnaire is a system of gathering data utilized to collect, analyze,

and interpret various views of a group of people from a specific

population. In such questionnaires, respondents have to provide answers to

the questions asked. It is also widely used especially in descriptive-correlation

survey studies and relatively easy to analyze and the time consumed was

lesser than interview or observation (Bailey, 2017).

For the influence of Practical Research Course, the following rating

scale is employed:

PARAMETER LIMITS DESCRIPTIIVE INTERPRETAATION

EQUIVALENT

4.20-5.00 Strongly Agree This means that the

influence
of Practical Research Course
is demonstrating proficiency
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in all stages.
3.40-4.19 Agree This means that the influence
of Practical Research Course
is impressive with only few
few things that need
reshaping.
2.60-3.39 Neutral This means that the influence
Of Practical Research
Course
Is Fair but there is still a lot of
Improvement.
1.80-2.59 Disagree This means that the influence
of Practical Research Course
are less than expected and
considerable improvement.
1.00-1.79 Strongly Disagree This means that the influence
of Practical Research Course
there is only a little evidence
and considerable help is
needed for recovery.

The study’s dependent variable, students’ research output, was

assessed using a performance assessment tool which is intended to measure

the performance in the application of research skills. This tool was modified

from the rubric of Molina (2019) which was used to determine how the

Practical Research course has impacted the students’ ability to carry out

research projects. The rubric evaluated skills in areas such as research

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design, conducting methodology, analysis of data and the dissemination of

results. The reliability of this tool was established using Cronbach’s Alpha,

which returned a figure of 0.93 indicating very high internal consistency. This

instrument was also attested by experts, with content validation results

reporting a Kappa value of 0.84 and an Aiken’s value of 0.90 verifying the

instrument validity Molina (2019).

The Adaptation of this questionnaire provides a thorough evaluation

tool while guaranteeing applicability to the study’s setting.

Sample parameter limits/ Descriptive Equivalent

PARAMETER LIMITS DESCRIPTIIVE INTERPRETAATION

EQUIVALENT

4.20-5.00 Strongly Agree Research skills are excellent,

is demonstrating proficiency
in all stages. From problem
definition to data
interpretation.
3.40-4.19 Agree Research skills are quite
impressive with only few
few things that need
reshaping.
2.60-3.39 Neutral Research skills are fair, but
there is still a lot of
improvement.
1.80-2.59 Disagree Research skills are less than
expected and considerable
improvement.
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1.00-1.79 Strongly Disagree There is little evidence of

research skills and
considerable help is needed.

Data Gathering

To properly get the data needed for the study, it is advised to employ a

range of data collection techniques in order to gather a greater variety of

perspectives, meanings, and experiences (Creswell, 2018).

The following data-collection methods will be used in the study to

describe and interpret the significance that the participants attach to their

experience of the event. These include interviews, research environment

inspections, and audio and video recording.

Seeking Permission to Conduct the Study. The researcher will

initiate the research by obtaining formal permission from the School T

administration and the appropriate ethics committee. This ensures the

research adheres to ethical research guidelines and respects the rights of

participants.

Seeking the Consent of the Participants and their Parents. Once

permission is granted, the researcher will recruit participants who meet the

pre-inclusion criteria. Information sessions will be conducted within relevant

grade levels to explain the research project and its purpose. Interested

students will be provided with detailed information sheets that outline the

study objectives, data collection methods, confidentiality procedures, and their

right to withdraw at any point. Written informed consent will be obtained from
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both the students and their parents/guardians before their participation in the

study. Orienting the

Participants on the Nature and Purpose of the Study. Prior to the

interviews or focus group discussions, we will have a brief orientation session

with each participant or group. During this session, the researchers will

reiterate the study objectives, answer any questions they may have, and

obtain verbal informed consent for the recording of the sessions. We will

emphasize the importance of confidentiality and anonymity throughout the

research process.

Administering and Retrieving the Survey Questionnaires. During

school hours, the researchers will administer survey questionnaires on school

property while adhering to health and safety regulations. The timetable for

distributing survey questions to the remaining participants will be established.

This will take place on school grounds.

Checking, Collating, and Processing the Data. Following all of the

steps, the researchers will check the data, which includes validating and

cleaning the data to ensure its integrity. This includes locating and fixing

outliers, missing values, and discrepancies. Integrating data from several

sources, combining information, and converting data into a standardized

format for analysis are the main goals of collating. Processing starts when the

data has been verified and compiled. To extract valuable insights, this entails

using statistical approaches, algorithms, and visualization techniques.

Data Analysis
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To analyze the data, the researchers employed a variety of statistical

analytic methods, such as the mean and standard deviation. The mean is a

statistical measure that is used to determine the average value within a

dataset (Almond, 2023).

The researchers will utilize the statistical analysis method with Pearson

r, mean, and standard deviation to examine the data.

Using the following statistical tools, the results were suitably evaluated

and interpreted:

Mean. Often referred to as an arithmetic mean, this statistical metric

aids in condensing a large number of numbers into a concise summary. is

used

to describe the student's degree of self-assurance and linguistic competency,

responding to the first and second study questions.

Standard deviation. Which is a measure of the mean, was used to

quantify the dispersion of the data. This statistical method was used to

examine if the results were equal or how closely they centered around the

mean.

Pearson r. This statistical metric was used to determine whether there

was a relationship between the variables, specifically examining the

association between linguistic intelligence and a student's third-ranked level of

self-confidence in response to the research question.

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The choice to use this statistical method was made because

Pearson's correlation coefficient (Pearson r) is used to measure the strength

and direction of the linear relationship between two continuous variables,

which aids in the identification of patterns and associations in research

analysis, while the mean and standard deviation are used to comprehend the

average value and variability of a dataset.

Ethical Consideration

Informed Consent. Participants would be provided with clear and

comprehensive information about the study, including its purpose, procedures,

potential risks and benefits, and the right to withdraw at any time. Informed

consent forms should be written in plain language and explained in a way that

is understandable to participants.

Privacy and Confidentiality. Participants' personal information will be

protected, and their identity will remain anonymous unless necessary for the

study. Data would be stored securely, and access to sensitive information

should be restricted to authorized personnel.

Beneficence. Researchers will strive to maximize the benefits of the

study while minimizing harm to participants. This involves carefully

considering the potential risks and benefits of the study and taking measures

to mitigate any risks.

Respect for Persons. Researchers will treat participants with respect

and dignity, regardless of their background or circumstances. This involves

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considering their individual needs and preferences, and avoiding any actions

that could exploit or harm them.

Fair Treatment. Participants will be selected or recruited fairly, without

discrimination based on factors such as age, gender, race, or socioeconomic

status. The benefits and burdens of the study should be distributed equitably

among participants.

Avoiding Bias. Researchers would take steps to minimize bias in

participant selection, data collection, and analysis. This may involve using

random sampling methods or implementing measures to control for

confounding factors.

Plagiarism and Integrity. Researchers should ensure that all work is

original and avoid plagiarism. Sources should be properly cited, and any

quotes or paraphrased material should be attributed to the original author.

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