Part I.

Multiple Choices

1. All managers are journalists. All journalists are lawyers. So, all lawyers are journalists. This
argument is said to be:

A. Valid Categorical syllogism

B. Invalid Argument

C. Uncogent Syllogism

D. Cogent Syllogism

E. Valid Hypothetical Syllogism

F. Invalid Disjunctive Syllogism

2. No cat is a reptile owing to all cats are dogs and no dog is a reptile. What would be the proper
name of this argument in terms of both inferential and factual claims?

A. Sound

B. Unsound

C. Valid

D. Invalid

E. Cogent

F. A and B

3. Yesterday I bought new jeans with a tag that reads, "Made in USA". Thus, my new

Jeans were made in the U.S.A.

A. Deductive, Uncogent

B. Inductive, Strong
 C. Deductive, Unsound

D. Deductive, valid

E. Inductive, Weak

4. A cogent argument requires one of the following combinations:

A. Strength and Validity

B. Strength and Truth

C. Validity and Truth

D. Soundness and Strength

E. All, but not "D"

F. None

5. Definitions which are formulated to resolve disputes by influencing the attitudes or emotions
of readers or listeners are best called___________________ definition.

A. Lexical

B. Theoretical

C. Stipulative

D. Precising

E. Persuasive

F. All

6. Which one of the following statements is incorrect?

A. Strength or validity is about the logical connection between the premises and the
conclusion.

B. An argument is valid if and only if there is no logically possible situation where all the
premises are true and the conclusion is false at the same time.
 C. A sound argument is one where the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the
conclusion, but soundness does not guarantee that the premises are in fact true.

D. If the premise in an inductive argument is true, there is no guarantee that the

conclusion must also be true.

E. It is possible for a valid argument to have a true conclusion even when all its premises
are false in fact.

7. [A] We were late for class [B] because we were having a breakfast. What we can say
about the relationship of these two statements?

A. A because B here implies no kind of reason at all.

B. A because B justifies what is the case.

C. A because B presents both reason of why and what is the case.

D. A because B explains why something is the case.

E. A because B in this context says there is identical appearance of the premise and the
explanans.

8. Identify the argument which is odd in its form of argumentation from the given
alternatives below:

A. Both Lionel Messy and Christiano Ronaldo play in English premier league Messy's
payment is 40,000 Euro per week, Ronaldo weekly payment is less than Messy's by more
than half. Accordingly. Ronaldo must be paid Euro 19, 500 weekly.

B. Professional football players are aggressive. Winey Mark Rooney is a professional

footballer. Accordingly, Rooney must aggressive.

C. In Africa there are 59 countries. But for the sake of my study I took only a sample of
37. The data of my study has already assured these 37 countries are growing by more
than single digit economy. In the context of my study then it must be the case that most
African countries are growing by more than single digit economy.

D. I am going to rent a studio which has a length and width of 4 and 5 meters long.
respectively. Accordingly, it is certainly true that this studio has a rectangle shape.

E. Either Samrawit has exactly 10, 000 or 7, 500 dollars in her bag. Indeed, Samrawit has
10,000 dollars in her bag. Whence, in Samrawit's bag one can find a dollar which is
greater than 7, 500.

F. All of the above

9. A statement that is incorrect about an argument among the following is:

A. It is necessary for an argument to have one conclusion and more than one premise.

B. There must be a claim supported or implied by evidence for a passage to contain an

argument.

C. A conclusion of an argument may appear either at the beginning or middle or at the

end part of the passage.

D. At least one of the statements must provide evidence to support or prove a claim. E.
Evidence is a kind of reason, and the attempt to provide evidence in support of a
conclusion is normally called an argument.

F. Both "A" and "C"

10. If government imposes import restrictions, the price of automobiles will rise.
Therefore, since the government will not impose import restrictions, it follows that the
price of automobiles will not rise, this argument form is

A.

Invalid

B. Valid

C. Sound

D. Cogent

11. "The reason poverty is rising worldwide is that the global economy has made it
impossible for countries to provide stable working conditions for its citizens." This
passage can be identified as?

A. Argument

B. Report

C. Explanation

D. Illustration

E. Exposition
12. Claude Sumner initiated the project of studying the written sources of Ethiopian
philosophy. He also analyzed the role of oral literature and western literature for the
understanding of Ethiopian philosophy. As such, Claude Sumner could be seen as the
greatest thinker in the development of Ethiopian philosophy.

A. Argument, conclusion: initiated the project of studying the written sources of

Ethiopian philosophy.

B. Argument; conclusion: As such, Claude Sumner could be seen as the greatest thinker
in the development of Ethiopian philosophy

C. Argument, conclusion: analyzed the sole of oral literature.

D. Non-argument

E. Explanation.

13. In the definition ""Martyr' means people who willingly suffers death rather than
renounce his or her religion" the genus term is:

A. Martyr

B. Person

C. Religion

D. Who willingly suffers death

14. Emperor Tewodros II is the grand architect of Ethiopian modernity. He tried to

revolutionize existing relations between the state and church: he tried to build modern
army and also sought to establish foreign relations with western European nations.

A. Argument, conclusion: He tried to revolutionize existing relations between the state

and church.

B. Argument, conclusion: he tried to build a modern army

C. Expository passage

D. Loosely associated statements

E Argument; conclusion: Emperor Tewodros II is the grand architect of Ethiopian

modernity.

F. All
15. One is not true about lexical definition?

A. It simply reports the way in which a term is already used within a language
community.

B. Its core aim is to inform someone else of the accepted meaning of the term, so the
definition is more or less correct depending upon the accuracy with which it captures that
usage.

C. Lexical definitions are the kinds of definitions found in dictionaries

D Like theoretical definitions, lexical definitions do not attempt to capture the real
meaning of a word and so can be neither correct nor incorrect.

E. "A" and "В"

16. "For 5 Kilo students are mild, it is true they are gentle." Identify the right definitional
technique which is used to develop this argument.

A. Enumerative

B. Ostensive

C. Operational

D. Genus and Difference

E. Synonymous

17. Which of the following statements contains a vague expression or term?

A. The stolen bicycle was found by a man sleeping in the park.

B. Mr. Hussein, my neighbor, is wealthy.

C. Elias watched Hareg throw a ball through the window.

D. Semira said that her apartment is located on Palm Street.

18. "Habesha beer" means cold gold. Which criterion of lexical definition does this
definition violate?

A. A definition should not be too broad

B. A definition should not be too narrow

C. A definition should not be figurative.

D. A definition should not be circular

E. None

19. According to Karl Marx, justice means to each as per his need and from each as per
his ability. This definition can be classified as?

A. Theoretical

B. Lexical

C. Stipulative

D. Persuasive

E. Précising

20. Selling salt to customers after twelve brings bad luck on one's life. Thus, one
shouldn't sell salt to customers.

A. Inductive, invalid

B. Deductive, valid

C. Inductive, strong

D. Deductive, unsound

E, Inductive, weak

Part II- True/False

Instruction: Write "True" if the given statement is CORRECT or write "False" if

INCORRECT (1 Point Each).

21. A sound argument could be sometimes invalid.

22. A valid argument should not only be restricted as an argument with factually true
premise and a true conclusion.

23. In logic strength and validity are restricted only to arguments and not statements, and
truth is a property of statements but not arguments.
24. For the past twenty-five years Ethiopian athletes have been dominant in the world of
athletics. Thus, Ethiopian athletes will probably remain dominant in the coming couple of
years. This argument is an example of a deductive valid argument.

25. Musical instruments - traditional musical instruments - traditional string musical

instruments - Kirar. In this sequence of terms, intension increases while extension
decreases.

26. The definition "Covenant means agreement" is an example of etymological

definition.

27. The intensional meaning of a term serves as the criterion for deciding what is denoted
by the extensional meaning of a term.

28. Giving birth is a sufficient condition for being a parent.

29. An argument that draws a conclusion that something is true because someone has said
that it is, is an inductive argument.

30. It must be raining outside. After all, if it weren't, then the ground would be dry, but
it's soaking wet, this argument can be best regarded as a deductive argument.
1. All managers are journalists. All journalists are lawyers. So, all lawyers are journalists.
Answer: B. Invalid Argument

 Explanation: The argument is invalid because the conclusion does not logically follow
from the premises. The premises do not establish that all lawyers are journalists.

2. No cat is a reptile owing to all cats are dogs and no dog is a reptile. What would be the
proper name of this argument in terms of both inferential and factual claims? Answer: B.
Unsound

 Explanation: The argument is invalid because the premise "all cats are dogs" is false,
making the argument unsound.

3. Yesterday I bought new jeans with a tag that reads, "Made in USA". Thus, my new jeans
were made in the U.S.A. Answer: C. Deductive, Unsound

 Explanation: The argument is deductive because it attempts to establish a conclusion

with certainty based on the tag. However, it is unsound because the premises might not
be true (tags can sometimes be misleading).

4. A cogent argument requires one of the following combinations: Answer: B. Strength

and Truth

 Explanation: A cogent argument is inductively strong and has all true premises.

5. Definitions which are formulated to resolve disputes by influencing the attitudes or

emotions of readers or listeners are best called: Answer: E. Persuasive

 Explanation: Persuasive definitions aim to influence attitudes and emotions.

6. Which one of the following statements is incorrect? Answer: C. A sound argument is

one where the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion, but
soundness does not guarantee that the premises are in fact true.

 Explanation: This statement is incorrect because soundness does require that the
premises are actually true.

7. [A] We were late for class [B] because we were having breakfast. What we can say about
the relationship of these two statements? Answer: D. A because B explains why
something is the case.

 Explanation: "A because B" in this context is an explanation for why they were late.
8. Identify the argument which is odd in its form of argumentation from the given
alternatives below: Answer: E. Either Samrawit has exactly 10,000 or 7,500 dollars in
her bag. Indeed, Samrawit has 10,000 dollars in her bag. Whence, in Samrawit's
bag one can find a dollar which is greater than 7,500.

 Explanation: This argument is odd because it presents a disjunction that is resolved by

an unnecessary restatement.

9. A statement that is incorrect about an argument among the following is: Answer: A. It is
necessary for an argument to have one conclusion and more than one premise.

 Explanation: An argument can have one premise and one conclusion, so it is not
necessary to have more than one premise.

10. If the government imposes import restrictions, the price of automobiles will rise.
Therefore, since the government will not impose import restrictions, it follows that the
price of automobiles will not rise. This argument form is: Answer: A. Invalid

 Explanation: This is an example of denying the antecedent, which is a formal fallacy

making the argument invalid.

11. "The reason poverty is rising worldwide is that the global economy has made it
impossible for countries to provide stable working conditions for its citizens." This
passage can be identified as: Answer: C. Explanation

 Explanation: The passage provides an explanation for the phenomenon of rising poverty.

12. Claude Sumner initiated the project of studying the written sources of Ethiopian
philosophy. He also analyzed the role of oral literature and western literature for the
understanding of Ethiopian philosophy. As such, Claude Sumner could be seen as the
greatest thinker in the development of Ethiopian philosophy. Answer: B. Argument;
conclusion: As such, Claude Sumner could be seen as the greatest thinker in the
development of Ethiopian philosophy

 Explanation: The passage builds an argument leading to the conclusion that Claude
Sumner is the greatest thinker in Ethiopian philosophy.

13. In the definition "Martyr means people who willingly suffer death rather than renounce
his or her religion" the genus term is: Answer: B. Person

 Explanation: The genus term "person" categorizes what a martyr is within the larger
group.

14. Emperor Tewodros II is the grand architect of Ethiopian modernity. He tried to

revolutionize existing relations between the state and church: he tried to build a modern
army and also sought to establish foreign relations with western European nations.
 Answer: E. Argument; conclusion: Emperor Tewodros II is the grand architect of
Ethiopian modernity.

 Explanation: The passage supports the conclusion that Emperor Tewodros II is the grand
architect of Ethiopian modernity with several reasons.

15. One is not true about lexical definition? Answer: D. Like theoretical definitions, lexical
definitions do not attempt to capture the real meaning of a word and so can be
neither correct nor incorrect.

 Explanation: Lexical definitions do attempt to capture the commonly accepted meaning

of words and can be judged as more or less accurate.

16. "For 5 Kilo students are mild, it is true they are gentle." Identify the right definitional
technique which is used to develop this argument. Answer: E. Synonymous

 Explanation: The statement uses synonymous definitions to clarify the meaning of

"mild" by equating it with "gentle."

17. Which of the following statements contains a vague expression or term? Answer: B. Mr.
Hussein, my neighbor, is wealthy.

 Explanation: The term "wealthy" is vague because it lacks a clear, specific definition of
what constitutes wealth.

18. "Habesha beer" means cold gold. Which criterion of lexical definition does this definition
violate? Answer: C. A definition should not be figurative.

 Explanation: The definition is figurative rather than literal and clear.

19. According to Karl Marx, justice means to each as per his need and from each as per his
ability. This definition can be classified as: Answer: A. Theoretical

 Explanation: This is a theoretical definition as it describes a concept based on Karl

Marx's theory of justice.

20. Selling salt to customers after twelve brings bad luck on one's life. Thus, one shouldn't
sell salt to customers. Answer: E. Inductive, weak

 Explanation: The argument is inductive and weak because the premise (superstition)
does not strongly support the conclusion.
Part II: True/False with Explanations

21. A sound argument could be sometimes invalid.

 False
 Explanation: A sound argument must be valid by definition. It cannot be invalid and still
be considered sound.

22. A valid argument should not only be restricted as an argument with factually true
premise and a true conclusion.

 True
 Explanation: Validity concerns the structure of the argument and whether the conclusion
logically follows from the premises, not the actual truth of the premises.

23. In logic strength and validity are restricted only to arguments and not statements,
and truth is a property of statements but not arguments.

 True
 Explanation: Strength and validity are properties of arguments, while truth is a property
of statements.

24. For the past twenty-five years Ethiopian athletes have been dominant in the world
of athletics. Thus, Ethiopian athletes will probably remain dominant in the coming
couple of years. This argument is an example of a deductive valid argument.

 False
 Explanation: This is an inductive argument because it infers future dominance based on
past performance, which is not deductively certain.

25. Musical instruments - traditional musical instruments - traditional string musical

instruments - Kirar. In this sequence of terms, intension increases while extension
decreases.

 True
 Explanation: As we move from a general term to a more specific one, the set of
attributes (intension) increases while the number of items the term applies to (extension)
decreases.

26. The definition "Covenant means agreement" is an example of etymological

definition.

 False
 Explanation: This is an example of a synonymous definition, not an etymological one.
Etymological definitions relate to the origin and history of a word.
 27. The intensional meaning of a term serves as the criterion for deciding what is
denoted by the extensional meaning of a term.

 True
 Explanation: Intensional meaning refers to the attributes or characteristics, which helps
determine what falls under the term's extension.

Giving birth is a sufficient condition for being a

Part I. Multiple Choices

1. All managers are journalists. All journalists are lawyers. So, all lawyers are journalists. This
argument is said to be:

A. Valid Categorical syllogism

B. Invalid Argument

C. Uncogent Syllogism

D. Cogent Syllogism

E. Valid Hypothetical Syllogism

F. Invalid Disjunctive Syllogism

2. No cat is a reptile owing to all cats are dogs and no dog is a reptile. What would be the proper
name of this argument in terms of both inferential and factual claims?

A. Sound

B. Unsound

C. Valid

D. Invalid

E. Cogent

F. A and B

3. Yesterday I bought new jeans with a tag that reads, "Made in USA". Thus, my new
Jeans were made in the U.S.A.

A. Deductive, Uncogent

B. Inductive, Strong

C. Deductive, Unsound

D. Deductive, valid

E. Inductive, Weak

4. A cogent argument requires one of the following combinations:

A. Strength and Validity

B. Strength and Truth

C. Validity and Truth

D. Soundness and Strength

E. All, but not "D"

F. None

5. Definitions which are formulated to resolve disputes by influencing the attitudes or emotions
of readers or listeners are best called___________________ definition.

A. Lexical

B. Theoretical

C. Stipulative

D. Precising

E. Persuasive

F. All

6. Which one of the following statements is incorrect?

A. Strength or validity is about the logical connection between the premises and the
conclusion.

B. An argument is valid if and only if there is no logically possible situation where all the
premises are true and the conclusion is false at the same time.

C. A sound argument is one where the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the
conclusion, but soundness does not guarantee that the premises are in fact true.

D. If the premise in an inductive argument is true, there is no guarantee that the

conclusion must also be true.

E. It is possible for a valid argument to have a true conclusion even when all its premises
are false in fact.

7. [A] We were late for class [B] because we were having a breakfast. What we can say
about the relationship of these two statements?

A. A because B here implies no kind of reason at all.

B. A because B justifies what is the case.

C. A because B presents both reason of why and what is the case.

D. A because B explains why something is the case.

E. A because B in this context says there is identical appearance of the premise and the
explanans.

8. Identify the argument which is odd in its form of argumentation from the given
alternatives below:

A. Both Lionel Messy and Christiano Ronaldo play in English premier league Messy's
payment is 40,000 Euro per week, Ronaldo weekly payment is less than Messy's by more
than half. Accordingly. Ronaldo must be paid Euro 19, 500 weekly.

B. Professional football players are aggressive. Winey Mark Rooney is a professional

footballer. Accordingly, Rooney must aggressive.

C. In Africa there are 59 countries. But for the sake of my study I took only a sample of
37. The data of my study has already assured these 37 countries are growing by more
than single digit economy. In the context of my study then it must be the case that most
African countries are growing by more than single digit economy.
D. I am going to rent a studio which has a length and width of 4 and 5 meters long.
respectively. Accordingly, it is certainly true that this studio has a rectangle shape.

E. Either Samrawit has exactly 10, 000 or 7, 500 dollars in her bag. Indeed, Samrawit has
10,000 dollars in her bag. Whence, in Samrawit's bag one can find a dollar which is
greater than 7, 500.

F. All of the above

9. A statement that is incorrect about an argument among the following is:

A. It is necessary for an argument to have one conclusion and more than one premise.

B. There must be a claim supported or implied by evidence for a passage to contain an

argument.

C. A conclusion of an argument may appear either at the beginning or middle or at the

end part of the passage.

D. At least one of the statements must provide evidence to support or prove a claim. E.
Evidence is a kind of reason, and the attempt to provide evidence in support of a
conclusion is normally called an argument.

F. Both "A" and "C"

10. If government imposes import restrictions, the price of automobiles will rise.
Therefore, since the government will not impose import restrictions, it follows that the
price of automobiles will not rise, this argument form is

A.

Invalid

B. Valid

C. Sound

D. Cogent

11. "The reason poverty is rising worldwide is that the global economy has made it
impossible for countries to provide stable working conditions for its citizens." This
passage can be identified as?

A. Argument

B. Report
C. Explanation

D. Illustration

E. Exposition

12. Claude Sumner initiated the project of studying the written sources of Ethiopian
philosophy. He also analyzed the role of oral literature and western literature for the
understanding of Ethiopian philosophy. As such, Claude Sumner could be seen as the
greatest thinker in the development of Ethiopian philosophy.

A. Argument, conclusion: initiated the project of studying the written sources of

Ethiopian philosophy.

B. Argument; conclusion: As such, Claude Sumner could be seen as the greatest thinker
in the development of Ethiopian philosophy

C. Argument, conclusion: analyzed the sole of oral literature.

D. Non-argument

E. Explanation.

13. In the definition ""Martyr' means people who willingly suffers death rather than
renounce his or her religion" the genus term is:

A. Martyr

B. Person

C. Religion

D. Who willingly suffers death

14. Emperor Tewodros II is the grand architect of Ethiopian modernity. He tried to

revolutionize existing relations between the state and church: he tried to build modern
army and also sought to establish foreign relations with western European nations.

A. Argument, conclusion: He tried to revolutionize existing relations between the state

and church.

B. Argument, conclusion: he tried to build a modern army

C. Expository passage
D. Loosely associated statements

E Argument; conclusion: Emperor Tewodros II is the grand architect of Ethiopian

modernity.

F. All

15. One is not true about lexical definition?

A. It simply reports the way in which a term is already used within a language
community.

B. Its core aim is to inform someone else of the accepted meaning of the term, so the
definition is more or less correct depending upon the accuracy with which it captures that
usage.

C. Lexical definitions are the kinds of definitions found in dictionaries

D Like theoretical definitions, lexical definitions do not attempt to capture the real
meaning of a word and so can be neither correct nor incorrect.

E. "A" and "В"

16. "For 5 Kilo students are mild, it is true they are gentle." Identify the right definitional
technique which is used to develop this argument.

A. Enumerative

B. Ostensive

C. Operational

D. Genus and Difference

E. Synonymous

17. Which of the following statements contains a vague expression or term?

A. The stolen bicycle was found by a man sleeping in the park.

B. Mr. Hussein, my neighbor, is wealthy.

C. Elias watched Hareg throw a ball through the window.

D. Semira said that her apartment is located on Palm Street.

18. "Habesha beer" means cold gold. Which criterion of lexical definition does this
definition violate?

A. A definition should not be too broad

B. A definition should not be too narrow

C. A definition should not be figurative.

D. A definition should not be circular

E. None

19. According to Karl Marx, justice means to each as per his need and from each as per
his ability. This definition can be classified as?

A. Theoretical

B. Lexical

C. Stipulative

D. Persuasive

E. Précising

20. Selling salt to customers after twelve brings bad luck on one's life. Thus, one
shouldn't sell salt to customers.

A. Inductive, invalid

B. Deductive, valid

C. Inductive, strong

D. Deductive, unsound

E, Inductive, weak

Part II- True/False

Instruction: Write "True" if the given statement is CORRECT or write "False" if

INCORRECT (1 Point Each).
21. A sound argument could be sometimes invalid.

22. A valid argument should not only be restricted as an argument with factually true
premise and a true conclusion.

23. In logic strength and validity are restricted only to arguments and not statements, and
truth is a property of statements but not arguments.

24. For the past twenty-five years Ethiopian athletes have been dominant in the world of
athletics. Thus, Ethiopian athletes will probably remain dominant in the coming couple of
years. This argument is an example of a deductive valid argument.

25. Musical instruments - traditional musical instruments - traditional string musical

instruments - Kirar. In this sequence of terms, intension increases while extension
decreases.

26. The definition "Covenant means agreement" is an example of etymological

definition.

27. The intensional meaning of a term serves as the criterion for deciding what is denoted
by the extensional meaning of a term.

28. Giving birth is a sufficient condition for being a parent.

29. An argument that draws a conclusion that something is true because someone has said
that it is, is an inductive argument.

30. It must be raining outside. After all, if it weren't, then the ground would be dry, but
it's soaking wet, this argument can be best regarded as a deductive argument.
2. All managers are journalists. All journalists are lawyers. So, all lawyers are journalists.
Answer: B. Invalid Argument

 Explanation: The argument is invalid because the conclusion does not logically follow
from the premises. The premises do not establish that all lawyers are journalists.

3. No cat is a reptile owing to all cats are dogs and no dog is a reptile. What would be the
proper name of this argument in terms of both inferential and factual claims? Answer: B.
Unsound

 Explanation: The argument is invalid because the premise "all cats are dogs" is false,
making the argument unsound.

4. Yesterday I bought new jeans with a tag that reads, "Made in USA". Thus, my new jeans
were made in the U.S.A. Answer: C. Deductive, Unsound

 Explanation: The argument is deductive because it attempts to establish a conclusion

with certainty based on the tag. However, it is unsound because the premises might not
be true (tags can sometimes be misleading).

5. A cogent argument requires one of the following combinations: Answer: B. Strength

and Truth

 Explanation: A cogent argument is inductively strong and has all true premises.

6. Definitions which are formulated to resolve disputes by influencing the attitudes or

emotions of readers or listeners are best called: Answer: E. Persuasive

 Explanation: Persuasive definitions aim to influence attitudes and emotions.

7. Which one of the following statements is incorrect? Answer: C. A sound argument is

one where the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion, but
soundness does not guarantee that the premises are in fact true.

 Explanation: This statement is incorrect because soundness does require that the
premises are actually true.
8. [A] We were late for class [B] because we were having breakfast. What we can say about
the relationship of these two statements? Answer: D. A because B explains why
something is the case.

 Explanation: "A because B" in this context is an explanation for why they were late.

9. Identify the argument which is odd in its form of argumentation from the given
alternatives below: Answer: E. Either Samrawit has exactly 10,000 or 7,500 dollars in
her bag. Indeed, Samrawit has 10,000 dollars in her bag. Whence, in Samrawit's
bag one can find a dollar which is greater than 7,500.

 Explanation: This argument is odd because it presents a disjunction that is resolved by

an unnecessary restatement.

10. A statement that is incorrect about an argument among the following is: Answer: A. It is
necessary for an argument to have one conclusion and more than one premise.

 Explanation: An argument can have one premise and one conclusion, so it is not
necessary to have more than one premise.

11. If the government imposes import restrictions, the price of automobiles will rise.
Therefore, since the government will not impose import restrictions, it follows that the
price of automobiles will not rise. This argument form is: Answer: A. Invalid

 Explanation: This is an example of denying the antecedent, which is a formal fallacy

making the argument invalid.

12. "The reason poverty is rising worldwide is that the global economy has made it
impossible for countries to provide stable working conditions for its citizens." This
passage can be identified as: Answer: C. Explanation

 Explanation: The passage provides an explanation for the phenomenon of rising poverty.

13. Claude Sumner initiated the project of studying the written sources of Ethiopian
philosophy. He also analyzed the role of oral literature and western literature for the
understanding of Ethiopian philosophy. As such, Claude Sumner could be seen as the
greatest thinker in the development of Ethiopian philosophy. Answer: B. Argument;
conclusion: As such, Claude Sumner could be seen as the greatest thinker in the
development of Ethiopian philosophy

 Explanation: The passage builds an argument leading to the conclusion that Claude
Sumner is the greatest thinker in Ethiopian philosophy.
14. In the definition "Martyr means people who willingly suffer death rather than renounce
his or her religion" the genus term is: Answer: B. Person

 Explanation: The genus term "person" categorizes what a martyr is within the larger
group.

15. Emperor Tewodros II is the grand architect of Ethiopian modernity. He tried to

revolutionize existing relations between the state and church: he tried to build a modern
army and also sought to establish foreign relations with western European nations.
Answer: E. Argument; conclusion: Emperor Tewodros II is the grand architect of
Ethiopian modernity.

 Explanation: The passage supports the conclusion that Emperor Tewodros II is the grand
architect of Ethiopian modernity with several reasons.

16. One is not true about lexical definition? Answer: D. Like theoretical definitions, lexical
definitions do not attempt to capture the real meaning of a word and so can be
neither correct nor incorrect.

 Explanation: Lexical definitions do attempt to capture the commonly accepted meaning

of words and can be judged as more or less accurate.

17. "For 5 Kilo students are mild, it is true they are gentle." Identify the right definitional
technique which is used to develop this argument. Answer: E. Synonymous

 Explanation: The statement uses synonymous definitions to clarify the meaning of

"mild" by equating it with "gentle."

18. Which of the following statements contains a vague expression or term? Answer: B. Mr.
Hussein, my neighbor, is wealthy.

 Explanation: The term "wealthy" is vague because it lacks a clear, specific definition of
what constitutes wealth.

19. "Habesha beer" means cold gold. Which criterion of lexical definition does this definition
violate? Answer: C. A definition should not be figurative.

 Explanation: The definition is figurative rather than literal and clear.

20. According to Karl Marx, justice means to each as per his need and from each as per his
ability. This definition can be classified as: Answer: A. Theoretical

 Explanation: This is a theoretical definition as it describes a concept based on Karl

Marx's theory of justice.
 21. Selling salt to customers after twelve brings bad luck on one's life. Thus, one shouldn't
sell salt to customers. Answer: E. Inductive, weak

 Explanation: The argument is inductive and weak because the premise (superstition)
does not strongly support the conclusion.

Part II: True/False with Explanations

22. A sound argument could be sometimes invalid.

 False
 Explanation: A sound argument must be valid by definition. It cannot be invalid and still
be considered sound.

23. A valid argument should not only be restricted as an argument with factually true
premise and a true conclusion.

 True
 Explanation: Validity concerns the structure of the argument and whether the conclusion
logically follows from the premises, not the actual truth of the premises.

24. In logic strength and validity are restricted only to arguments and not statements,
and truth is a property of statements but not arguments.

 True
 Explanation: Strength and validity are properties of arguments, while truth is a property
of statements.

25. For the past twenty-five years Ethiopian athletes have been dominant in the world
of athletics. Thus, Ethiopian athletes will probably remain dominant in the coming
couple of years. This argument is an example of a deductive valid argument.

 False
 Explanation: This is an inductive argument because it infers future dominance based on
past performance, which is not deductively certain.

26. Musical instruments - traditional musical instruments - traditional string musical

instruments - Kirar. In this sequence of terms, intension increases while extension
decreases.

 True
 Explanation: As we move from a general term to a more specific one, the set of
attributes (intension) increases while the number of items the term applies to (extension)
decreases.

27. The definition "Covenant means agreement" is an example of etymological

definition.

 False
 Explanation: This is an example of a synonymous definition, not an etymological one.
Etymological definitions relate to the origin and history of a word.

28. The intensional meaning of a term serves as the criterion for deciding what is
denoted by the extensional meaning of a term.

 True
 Explanation: Intensional meaning refers to the attributes or characteristics, which helps
determine what falls under the term's extension.

28. Giving birth is a sufficient condition for being a parent.

 False
 Explanation: Giving birth is a necessary condition for being a biological parent, but it is
not sufficient as it does not account for legal or adoptive parenting.

29. An argument that draws a conclusion that something is true because someone has
said that it is, is an inductive argument.

 False
 Explanation: This is an appeal to authority, which can be a type of argument but not
strictly inductive.

30. It must be raining outside. After all, if it weren't, then the ground would be dry, but
it's soaking wet, this argument can be best regarded as a deductive argument.

 True
 Explanation: This argument uses a form of deductive reasoning (modus tollens), where
the premises logically lead to the conclusion that it must be raining.

29.

 False
 Explanation: Giving birth is a necessary condition for being a biological parent, but it is
not sufficient as it does not account for legal or adoptive parenting.

30. An argument that draws a conclusion that something is true because someone has
said that it is, is an inductive argument.
 False
 Explanation: This is an appeal to authority, which can be a type of argument but not
strictly inductive.

31. It must be raining outside. After all, if it weren't, then the ground would be dry, but
it's soaking wet, this argument can be best regarded as a deductive argument.

 True
 Explanation: This argument uses a form of deductive reasoning (modus tollens), where
the premises logically lead to the conclusion that it must be raining.