Cities 155 (2024) 105407

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Cities
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cities

Renewal strategies of industrial heritage based on placeness theory: The

case of Guangzhou, China
Deyu Zhong a , Pinzhi Huang b, Gui Xiong a , Hongyang Li c,*
a
School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
b
Guangzhou Foreign Language School, Guangzhou 511455, China
c
Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Studying the preservation and reuse of industrial heritage can improve people's knowledge and understanding of
Industrial heritage cultural heritage, thus deepening their sense of identity and belonging to the local culture. This study applies the
Renewal theory of placeness to protect industrial architectural heritage, promote the organic revitalization of urban space,
Placeness
enhance local identity, and realize the visualization of tacit knowledge. Based on the theory of placeness, this
study constructs an indicator system for industrial architectural heritage renewal strategy. The indicator system
includes four primary indicators, namely State of Matter, Policy System, Behavior and Spirit, and 23 secondary
indicators. Exploratory factor analysis is carried out using the post-evaluation (POE) method. This study con­
cludes that (1) there are seven strategy combinations for industrial heritage renewal, including artistic expres­
sion, landscape and space, humanistic connotation, industrial building, history and culture, architectural
features, and construction skills. The combination of strategies can enhance the locality and architectural
originality. (2) The strategy combinations can be used in the design, construction, and operation stages of the
whole life cycle and have been empirically demonstrated in typical projects in Guangzhou. Building Construction
Atlas, Climatic Suitability, Building History/People, and Industrial Equipment have a higher contribution to the
renewal effect of industrial buildings. (3) The 23 renewal strategy elements based on placeness provide new ideas
for coding methods of historic buildings and modeling of historic building information model (HBIM). These
strategy elements can be used to construct a knowledge graph of historic buildings and visualize tacit knowledge
to promote sustainable construction and twin city construction.

1. Introduction the memories and emotions of local communities (Sun & Zhou, 2015).
Industrial heritage is the legacy of industrial culture, reflecting the
With the rise of urbanization and post-industrialization, conven­ development trajectory of human production activities and witnessing
tional industrial companies are gradually being superseded. Cities are the rise and fall of industrial civilization. It is a space for local collective
faced with the dual constraints of industrial restructuring and insuffi­ memory. Many industrial technologies, techniques, traditional equip­
cient land resources (Song, 2018). The function of urban land is ment, and factories that are left behind carry a unique piece of urban
changing fast, and the hollowing out of urban industrial lots is occur­ history. Industrial heritage can influence the identity, cultural identity,
ring. The core task of urban construction has shifted from the expansion and sense of place of social groups (Liu et al., 2018). In the context of
mode away from the city center to optimizing the stock of land (Jin & globalization, globalized values have impacted various local cultures. In
Chen, 2021). However, due to the lack of awareness towards heritage the unavoidable process of global cultural integration, the diversity and
protection, many industrial remnants that played an essential role in characteristics of local cultures gradually decrease (Wang et al., 2014).
industrial development have been replaced, demolished, and destroyed Some big cities (Wang, 2022), in the pursuit of modernization, destroy
(Li et al., 2021; Rodrigues & Freire, 2017). Cultural heritage, often many historical industrial remains. This results in the destruction of
recognized as a medium for establishing and maintaining local meaning regional characteristics and local uniqueness, affecting local history and
and identity, is not only a regional symbolic landscape, but also carries cultural integrity. Studying the preservation and reuse of industrial

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (D. Zhong), [email protected] (H. Li).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2024.105407
Received 14 November 2023; Received in revised form 17 August 2024; Accepted 28 August 2024
Available online 11 September 2024
0264-2751/© 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.
D. Zhong et al. Cities 155 (2024) 105407

heritage can improve people's knowledge and understanding of cultural post-industrial era, the value of industrial architectural heritage is not
heritage, thus deepening their sense of identity and belonging to the limited to consumer goods but is also reflected in the rich history and
local culture. Preserving the authenticity of historic buildings and urban memory they contain. However, current industrial heritage
focusing on the creation of appropriate environments and personalized research often focuses on preservation and reuse, neglecting the con­
private spaces based on the aesthetic preferences and private habits of struction of a sense of place. Therefore, how to rationally develop in­
the audience help to evoke a sense of local identity and belonging (Fan dustrial heritage and at the same time arouse the public's sense of place
et al., 2023). The preservation and revitalization of industrial heritage has become a current challenge. This study takes Guangzhou's industrial
can also strengthen the confidence of local culture and better integrate it heritage as the research object and applies the theory of placeness to the
into the diversified pattern of world culture in the context of global­ analysis of industrial heritage renewal strategies. The key questions are
ization. The remains of industrial culture have been in place for hun­ 1) What type of elements should be kept? 2) How should the existing
dreds of years and have gradually become the object of research for space be renewed? and 3) How should the renewed industrial heritage
heritage protection and renewal. However, prior research on industrial harmonize with the surrounding environment? The research highlights
heritage renovation rarely transcends the arts-led gentrification narra­ the excavation and inheritance of the “spirit of place” of industrial
tive, and to what extent industrial heritage renewal can catalyze sus­ heritage to promote the organic revitalization of the city. This study
tainable urban regeneration in surrounding areas remains unclear, innovates by providing new ideas for the coding methods of historic
especially within the Chinese context (Sun & Chen, 2023). This study buildings and the modeling of the historic building information model
will focus on the essential factors that industrial heritage renovation can (HBIM), as well as offering new perspectives for the construction of the
catalyze for sustainable urban regeneration. Innovative design concepts, knowledge graph of historic buildings.
strategies, and technical approaches can be provided for industrial
heritage renewal with local connotations integrated. 2. Literature review
Placeness highlights the value and historical significance of indus­
trial heritage. Currently, there are four main dimensions in the study of 2.1. Industrial heritage and renewal
placeness: a humanistic perspective centered on human beings, struc­
turalism centered on space and spatial production, constructivism Industrial heritage includes tangible and intangible heritage (Vecco,
centered on symbolization, and new cultural geography focusing on 2010). The tangible heritage is categorized into movable and immovable
“non-locality.” The shaping of the architectural landscape is an essential heritage (Alfane, 2020; Chau et al., 2023; Nicu & Fatorić, 2023).
factor in the construction of a place (Lin et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2022; Movable industrial heritage includes equipment and utensils used for
Zhang, Xu, & Wang, 2022). Understanding the genius loci as vital in production, office, and living, as well as corporate logos and photo­
architectural appropriation, as design implies a process of translation graphs. Immovable industrial heritage includes factories, office build­
(Norberg-Schulz, 1979). Jiang and Sun (2021a, 2021b) indicated that ings, warehouses, chimneys, and other buildings and structures. By
historical and cultural neighborhoods highlight traditional architectural contrast, intangible heritage includes enterprise culture, concept and
landscapes, integrate local nostalgic elements, reflect local characteris­ spirit, and production process (the 17th ICOMOS General Assembly,
tics, and, more importantly, meet the needs of modern citizens and 2011). Industrial architectural heritage, itself an element of industrial
consumers. Local culture, which is the traditional culture and customs heritage, comprises the historical buildings directly related to industrial
unique to each region and nation, is emphasized to enhance the land­ production or providing services and guarantees for industrial produc­
scape's regional characteristics and affinity, thereby better integrating it tion (TICCIH, 2003). Industrial building heritage is a component of in­
into local social life (Xie et al., 2020). In the renewal of industrial her­ dustrial heritage that plays a vital role in research on this topic. It also
itage, adding regional cultural planning and exhibition activities can serves as an important means of safeguarding and conveying intangible
highlight local characteristics and the value of cultural connotations, industrial heritage.
thereby strengthening people's local identity. Emotion is an essential
dimension and a core element in the construction of placeness. Gao and 2.2. Place and placeness
Qian (2016) argue that the reconstruction of placeness includes
remodeling the emotional space of residents. For the interplay between “Place” originated in human geography and was first coined by Yifu
placeness and local development, Feola et al. (2023a) identify sustain­ Tuan (Blake, 1974). As for the specific meaning of “place,” Relph argues
able development frameworks in which urban development, collective that spatial units (e.g., urban neighborhoods, buildings) gradually
memory, and place interact, by examining how the collective memory of evolve into places with distinctive atmospheres and identities through
a place and the framework for the future of that place interact with each people's actual lives, interactions, and emotional experiences within
other. Feola et al. (2023b); Vliet and Hammond (2020) study the role of them (Smith & Relph, 1976). Placeness refers to the uniqueness of a
natural ecology on residents' sense of place. Abass and Tucker (2018) place, the fundamental attribute that is inherent to it and distinguishes it
argue that green space often promotes neighborhood attachment and a from another place (Huang & Yuan, 2015). Placeness research originates
sense of place. In terms of placeness embedded in industrial develop­ from the theory of place, which emphasizes territorial, locational,
ment, local industries not only contribute to constant economic growth spatial, and place-environmental characteristics. Placeness is created by
within a particular placeness but also foster the emergence of new natural environmental, social, and cultural elements (Wu, 2022). The
groups. Ensuring sustainable industrial development necessitates uniqueness of social culture needs to be accumulated over a long period
obtaining a favorable response from the local populace, employing local and realized through people's inheritance and recognition, including
knowledge and involving the participation of the local culture in local architecture, language, lifestyle, and customs (Zhang, Kang, et al., 2022;
production. The result is a profound change in the local neighborhood Zhang, Xu, & Wang, 2022). Placeness refers to the physical environment
and the relationship between local subjects to adapt to environmental elements of a place and people's perception of it, focusing on the “place”
changes, such as technology and life (Chen & Gao, 2022; Wu et al., perspective of the object. Sense of place refers to people's emotional
2022). response to places and the emotional relationship between them, which
When renewal becomes the theme of urban development and plan­ is people's overall perception of the local environment. It relates more to
ning, urban construction becomes profit-driven. Many old industrial the subject's perspective of “people” (Lu et al., 2020).
buildings with historical, cultural, technological, and aesthetic values
are at risk of being demolished. Industrial heritage preservation and 2.3. State of matter
renovation not only reshape the physical form of a place, but also
enhance the spiritual connotation carried by the original place. In the Elements at the physical level include physical landscapes that

2
D. Zhong et al. Cities 155 (2024) 105407

reflect local characteristics (Huang & Yuan, 2015), which are the & Judd, 2020; Lu et al., 2020; Zhang, 2022). The local architectural
distinctive external forms of industrial heritage that embody placeness. protection policy involves the local government protecting and man­
Preserving physical elements can help people understand the history aging historical and cultural buildings in the region according to the
and culture of industrial heritage. national architectural and cultural relics protection law and relevant
Buildings mainly refer to factory buildings, warehouses, and office rules and regulations. The practical experience of these systems is
buildings on factory sites, which are essential spaces that carry the helpful for industrial heritage renewal in terms of developing conser­
history of industrial development and industrial culture (Liu et al., vation programs, applying historic building conservation techniques,
2018). Structures are industrial landscapes, such as chimneys and reusing cultural heritage, and enhancing public awareness of conser­
cooling towers, formed on a large scale or with specific body shapes due vation (Chen & Judd, 2020; Lu et al., 2020).
to production function needs (Dou et al., 2021). Decorative sculptures
emphasize industrial environmental themes and document local his­ 2.5. Spirit
torical events and cultural contexts (Wang et al., 2021). Industrial
equipment includes machinery, devices, facilities, and tools to produce Cognition and Memory is the understanding and memory of the in­
and process goods or provide services (Qiao et al., 2022). Materials dustrial heritage. It includes human perceptions of historical industrial
mainly consist of construction materials used in industrial heritage (Jin technology and production, as well as the memories of residents and
& Chen, 2021). workers about the social and economic development of that time (Li,
Spatial planning involves creating specific plans and designs for the Wu, & Zhong, 2022; Ma et al., 2022). Identity refers to an individual's or
conservation and utilization of the spatial structure and architectural group's self-perception and identification in relation to their positions
layout of industrial sites. Geographical differences influence spatial and roles within social relationships. Renewal of industrial heritage
planning. For example, in less economically developed areas, spatial buildings can promote people's awareness of the history and culture of
planning may focus on developing industries and promoting economic the place they inhabit and enhance their occupational and industrial
growth. In environmentally sensitive areas, spatial planning may focus identity (Foroudi et al., 2020; Sun & Zhou, 2015; Zou et al., 2022). Local
on environmental protection and ecological restoration. Placeness- aesthetics is people's aesthetic feelings and perceptions of the place
based spatial planning aims to enhance people's emotional identity where they live. It is closely related to the cultural and historical heri­
with the place (Li, Wu, & Zhong, 2022; Li, Zhang, & Zhang, 2022). Local tage, topography, geomorphology, architectural style, landscape fea­
landscape features characterize regional landscapes. Industrial heritage tures, humanistic environment, and other factors of that place. Through
is an essential part of the regional landscape, reflecting local industrial design methods incorporating local environmental and cultural char­
history and culture (Xu et al., 2022). Climatic suitability refers to acteristics, industrial heritage renewal can better reflect local aesthetic
considering local climatic characteristics during the renewal of indus­ standards and cultural heritage and better meet the expectations and
trial heritage to ensure that the renovated buildings maintain good us­ needs of residents (Falanga, 2022). Imagination of tradition is the
ability and durability (Askar et al., 2021). Green ecology refers to cognition and imagination of history, culture, and lifestyle based on
regenerating the green landscape of industrial heritage by considering people's experience and perception of a place. Industrial heritage
the local area's the natural and cultural characteristics or converting old regeneration typically reflects traditional imaginaries by preserving
industrial buildings into green buildings to reduce energy consumption original architectural styles and features, drawing lesson from, and
and pollution (Knez et al., 2018). innovatively using conventional design elements (Wang et al., 2021).
A building construction atlas, including hand-drawn drawings, texts,
and annotations that document building construction techniques and 2.6. Behavior
experiences, can help architects and designers better preserve the cul­
tural value of industrial heritage during renewal and renovation (Lyu, Festivals are a series of celebrations organized during specific times
2019; Tang & Zhou, 2011). Building history/figures refer to the history or events, such as traditional holidays, anniversaries, and festivals (Lin
or influential events of industrial heritage buildings. These events are et al., 2020). Industrial architectural heritage can be renewed for mul­
often associated with significant production works or important histor­ tiple uses, such as culture, creativity, and tourism. Festivals can attract
ical figures and encompass the continuation of the spirit and values of more people to participate in the spatial and functional use of industrial
the society at that time (Lyu, 2019). Production process data, based on buildings and to appreciate the historical and cultural value of industrial
the production conditions and market demand at that time, are technical buildings (Ding, 2018).
documents and data used in the production process of factories, Behavioral patterns are established and sustained unconsciously
including design drawings, production process flows, raw material for­ over long periods in social life. Variations in local culture, history, and
mulas, work diaries, and manuscripts. This embodies industrial heri­ social environment result in differing behavioral patterns. Buildings,
tage's the scientific and technological value (Tang & Zhou, 2011). Local machines, and equipment in the industrial heritage reflect production
architectural symbols encompass architectural elements, patterns, and methods and technologies based on long-term production practices and
details of industrial heritage that exhibit local characteristics and cul­ experience accumulation, which embody unique production behavioral
tural significance. They can represent the culture, history, customs, and habits (Venovcevs, 2021).
national characteristics of a place (Parsaee et al., 2015; Zou et al., 2022). Customs are traditional and social habits followed by a region, an
Physical habit is a series of inertial practices and thinking formed by ethnic group, or a community (Lin et al., 2020). In the process of in­
people's knowledge and understanding of the material world over a long dustrial heritage renewal, factors such as the social lifestyle and cultural
period of production and life (Huang & Yuan, 2015). Local living habits traditions of the society in which the industrial heritage needs to be
and needs are reflected in the adaptation of architectural design. considered to ensure that the transformed industrial heritage harmo­
nizes with the local customs (Liu et al., 2022).
2.4. Policy system
3. Materials and methods
The target of land revitalization policy is to reuse and develop land
that is in a state of idleness, inefficiency, or stagnation in order to This paper extracts evaluation indexes for the renewal strategy of
improve the efficiency of land use and economic benefits through the industrial architectural heritage based on placeness. It achieves this by
introduction of government policies and measures. The land revitaliza­ summarizing and organizing literature discussing the characteristic el­
tion policy provides land resources, financial support, and architectural ements of industrial architectural heritage, its adaptive reuse, and the
protection guarantees for industrial heritage during land renewal (Chen theory and content of placeness. According to the theories of placeness

3
D. Zhong et al. Cities 155 (2024) 105407

and the whole life cycle, the indicators are divided into levels to landscape, Economics, and Physical habits. Institutional culture is the
construct the evaluation indicator system. Subsequently, a questionnaire practical result of the functioning of local society, including Eco­
survey involving the stakeholders of industrial architectural heritage is nomics，Industry, Land. Behavioral culture represents the conventional
conducted, the results are collected and weighted, and exploratory habits and patterns, including Lives, Festivities and Social custom.
factor analysis is performed. The study's goal is to identify common Spiritual culture is the social psychology, perception, and social ideol­
factors affecting users' local experience in the renewal strategy of in­ ogy of the local population, including Dignity, Placeness, Vision.
dustrial architectural heritage, thereby providing a quantitative basis for Placeness-based industrial heritage renewal strategies emphasize
these strategies. Field research was carried out on industrial architec­ local characteristics. The industrial heritage of each city has a unique
tural heritage in the Guangzhou Historic Buildings List, including T.I.T historical, cultural, and geographical background, which needs to be
Creative Park, Taikoo Warehouse Wharf, and Party Pier. Research renewed and remodeled with full consideration of local realities and
methods such as on-site photography, scene cognition, and semi- needs. Through literature combing, this paper divides the constituent
structured interviews provide factual materials for proposing renewal elements of placeness into four dimensions: state of matter (corre­
strategies and evaluating strategy application effects (Fig. 1). sponding to Physical culture), policy system (corresponding to Institu­
tional culture), behavior, and spirit, and selects indicators from the
literature that meet the purpose of the study to form a placeness-based
3.1. Methods industrial architectural heritage renewal indicator system (Table 1).

3.1.1. Establishment of evaluation index system 3.1.2. Exploratory factor analysis

Space and place are dialectically constructed as a result of human Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is used to find the essential struc­
activities. The uniqueness of a place lies in its capacity to facilitate the ture of multivariate observed variables and perform dimensionality
spatial imagination, experiences, and practices of people, underscoring reduction. EFA can aggregate variables with intricate relationships into
that places are inherently spatial. By projecting into space, placeness can a few core factors.
be seen as a socio-cultural space with local characteristics. From the
perspective of anthropological cultural theory, the cultural structure
3.2. Study area
that combines material culture, institutional culture, behavioral culture,
and spiritual culture is an important way to comprehend the construc­
Guangzhou boasts a wealth of resources in its industrial heritage,
tion of social and cultural space. Material culture, described as “mate­
with distinct spatial distribution patterns. Regarding spatial distribu­
rialized knowledge power,” represents human beings' transformative
tion, industrial heritage is mainly located along the Pearl River, where
impact on their environment. Institutional culture is the practical result
industrial clusters have been formed in many areas (Fig. 3). According to
of local societal functions. Behavioral culture is a concentrated
statistics, 199 industry architectural heritages in the central urban sec­
embodiment of folk customs that represents the conventional habits and
tion of the Pearl River waterway account for 64 % of the city's total
patterns in a local social network. Spiritual culture is the social psy­
(Zhang, 2022).
chology, perceptions, and social ideologies of the local population. The
role of people in place and their perception of place can be effectively
interpreted in the cultural structure of local socio-cultural spaces. Based 3.3. Questionnaire design and data sources
on the existing research and understanding of placeness, this study ar­
gues that placeness is formed in the “people-place” historical interac­ To verify the validity of the indicator system in Table 1, based on the
tion, emphasizing the deep attachment to places developed by principle of post-occupancy evaluation (POE), stakeholders from
individuals or collectives through personal experience, memory, and research experts in industrial architectural heritage renewal, designers
imagination. This attachment between people and place is physical, of industrial architectural heritage projects, park operators, tourists, and
institutional, behavioral, and spiritual, expressed through landscapes, residents in the neighborhood were randomly selected, and their opin­
symbols, texts, and perceptions. Meanwhile, people and place reveal ions gathered via questionnaires as well as semi-structured interviews to
physical, symbolic, and historical features, and a place with special obtain a more comprehensive understanding as to their perceptions
meanings, deeply embedded memories, and identities is consequently towards the strengths and weaknesses of the industrial heritage renewal
established. project and their expectations for future improvements.
Placeness encompasses four aspects, including Physical culture, The fieldwork was conducted from March to May 2023 using in­
Institutional culture, Behavioral culture, Spiritual culture, as shown in terviews and offline questionnaires, with data and opinions collected
Fig. 2. All four aspects have real form and abstract form. Physical culture simultaneously. The questionnaire utilized a nine-point Likert scale,
is the effect of human modification of the environment, including ranging from nine (“extremely important”) to one (“extremely

Fig. 1. Research methods.

4
D. Zhong et al. Cities 155 (2024) 105407

Fig. 2. Components of placeness.

issued 252 questionnaires, generating 230 valid responses and resulting

Table 1
in a 91.3 % questionnaire validity rate. Principal component analysis
Index system for renewal of industrial architectural heritage based on placeness.
was used to conduct factor analysis and extract the common factors. The
Primary Secondary index Literature sources results are presented in Section 4.
index

State of Building (Jin & Chen, 2021; Liu et al., 2018; Lyu,
4. Results
Matter 2019; Qiao et al., 2022)
Spatial Planning (Xu et al., 2022; Zhang, 2015)
Structure (Dou et al., 2021; Jin & Chen, 2021; Liu 4.1. Results of reliability and validity analysis of the questionnaire
et al., 2018; Qiao et al., 2022)
Decorative Sculpture (Jin & Chen, 2021; Wang et al., 2021) Reliability refers to the stability degree of results obtained when the
Industrial Equipment (Liu et al., 2018; Qiao et al., 2022; Wang
same method is repeatedly used to measure the same object. In this
& Du, 2022)
Regional Landscape (Wang et al., 2021; Xu et al., 2022; Zhang, study, the alpha reliability coefficient method was used. The question­
2022) naire data, which has 23 rating -scale questions, was imported into SPSS
Climatic Suitability (Dou et al., 2021; Qiao et al., 2022) 27.0 for reliability analysis, and its reliability value is 0.892 (>0.8),
Green Ecology (Knez et al., 2018; Westerholt et al., 2022)
implying that the questionnaire reliability is good, and the question
Material (Jin & Chen, 2021; Wang et al., 2017)
Building Construction (Lyu, 2019; Tang & Zhou, 2011)
items are directly internally consistent.
Atlas Validity measures the correctness and validity of a measurement.
Building History/ (Lyu, 2019; Sun & Chen, 2023) Bartlett's test of sphericity and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) tests were
Figure done by SPSS 27.0, Bartlett's test of sphericity chi-square value for the 23
Data of Production (Tang & Zhou, 2011; Wang & Du, 2022)
indicators was 1092.982 (with a degree of freedom of 253 and a sig­
Process
Local Architectural (Parsaee et al., 2015; Zou et al., 2022) nificance of 0.000); the KMO test was used to examine the partial cor­
Symbols relation between the variables, which ranged from 0 to 1, and the KMO
Physical Habit (Huang & Yuan, 2015) value was 0.764 (>0.7), which indicating overall validity. The above
Policy Land Revitalization (Chen & Judd, 2020; Lu et al., 2020;
statistical results indicate that this questionnaire is suitable for factor
System Zhang, 2022)
Local Architectural (Chen & Judd, 2020; Lu et al., 2020)
analysis.
Preservation
Behavior Festival (Lin et al., 2020)
Behavioral Habit (Lin et al., 2020) 4.2. Results of descriptive statistics
Custom (Lin et al., 2020)
Spirit Cognition and Memory (Li, Wu, & Zhong, 2022; Wang et al.,
The scores of each evaluation factor were relatively high. The results
2021)
Identity (Foroudi et al., 2020; Sun & Zhou, 2015;
of the descriptive statistics were arranged in descending order of the
Zou et al., 2022) means, as shown in Table 2. Respondents considered spatial planning,
Local Aesthetics (Falanga, 2022; Li, Wu, & Zhong, 2022) building authenticity, climate suitability, and green ecology to be more
Imagination of (Sun & Zhou, 2015; Wang et al., 2021) critical (>7.5), while the importance of industrial heritage festivals
Tradition
received the lowest mean score (5.97).
Descriptive statistics reveal the importance ratings of factors on the
unimportant”), and included items on the importance of the evaluation Renewal Strategies Scale. State of Matter has the highest mean value
indicators and respondents' personal information such as gender, age, among the four first-level indicators of the scale. Spatial Planning, Cli­
and occupation. The questionnaire data were analyzed using SPSS 27.0 matic Suitability, Green Ecology, Local Architectural Symbol, Regional
for descriptive statistics and exploratory factor analysis. The survey Landscape, Physical Habit, and Material all ranked high (>7 points).
Regarding demonstrating placeness, the importance and attention to

5
D. Zhong et al. Cities 155 (2024) 105407

Fig. 3. Distribution of industrial clusters on both sides of the Pearl River.

Table 2
Descriptive statistics of evaluation factors.
Question number Evaluation index Number of valid questionnaires Minimum value Maximum value Average value Standard deviation

Question 2 Spatial planning 230 1 9 7.86 1.36

Question 1 Building authenticity 230 1 9 7.58 1.44
Question 7 Climatic suitability 230 1 9 7.57 1.41
Question 8 Green ecology 230 1 9 7.55 1.53
Question 13 Local architectural symbols 230 1 9 7.52 1.29
Question 19 Social custom 230 1 9 7.51 1.15
Question 22 Local anesthetic 230 1 9 7.43 1.30
Question 16 Local architectural protection system 230 1 9 7.36 1.38
Question 6 Landscape 230 1 9 7.34 1.69
Question 20 Cognition and memory 230 1 9 7.28 1.33
Question 14 Physical habit 230 1 9 7.24 1.30
Question 21 Identity 230 1 9 7.18 1.49
Question 9 Material 230 1 9 7.05 1.63
Question 23 Traditional imagery 230 1 9 6.95 1.60
Question 15 Land revitalization system 230 1 9 6.94 1.64
Question 11 Architectural history/figure 230 1 9 6.83 1.65
Question 10 Atlas of building construction 230 1 9 6.70 1.59
Question 12 Data of production process 230 1 9 6.52 1.78
Question 18 Behavioral habit 230 1 9 6.51 1.61
Question 3 Structure 230 1 9 6.43 2.03
Question 4 Decorative sculpture 230 1 9 6.23 1.88
Question 5 Industrial equipment 230 1 9 6.22 1.81
Question 17 Festival 230 1 9 5.97 1.80

physical content composition is high. State of Matter is a core compo­ Local Architectural Preservation (7.36), and Land Reinvigorating (6.94).
nent in realizing building authenticity when implementing industrial These indicators are important elements of industrial architectural
building heritage renewal projects. heritage renewal. All 23 scale indicators scored high, indicating that the
In addition, the three first-level indicators of Behavior, Spirit, and respondents recognized the importance of the overall indicators.
Policy System are also important factors in expressing local character­
istics. They collectively play the local characteristics. Custom, Local 4.2.1. Results of exploratory factor analysis
Aesthetics, Cognition and Memory, Identity, and Imagination of Tradi­ Commonality estimates how well the extracted principal compo­
tion, respectively, highlight the important characteristics of placeness. nents capture the information within each variable. As Table 3 shows,
Custom in the category of Behavior scored high (7.51). Spirit's four in­ the common variance for all 23 indicators exceeds 0.5, indicating that
dicators also scored highly, including Local Aesthetics (7.43), Cognition the extracted common factors can explain part of the variance of the
and Memory (7.28), Identity (7.18), and Imagination of Tradition observed elements and that the factor analysis is effective.
(6.95). Policy System's indicators are considered important, including Common factor analysis observes how each renewal strategy

6
D. Zhong et al. Cities 155 (2024) 105407

Table 3 ranked low, but the degree of male factor explanation (contribution) is
Common factor variance. significant. The results suggest that some key metrics must be prioritized
Question Evaluation index Initial Extracted in the updating strategy, but they can contribute more. For example, the
number Building Construction Atlas, Climatic Suitability, Building History/
1 Building 1.000 0.562 People, and Industrial Equipment all contribute significantly to the
2 Spatial planning 1.000 0.659 effectiveness of industrial building renewal and building authenticity.
3 Structure 1.000 0.705 These indicators are critical factors in characterizing industrial building
4 Decorative sculpture 1.000 0.709 heritage renewal and deserve attention.
5 Industrial equipment 1.000 0.740
6 Regional landscape 1.000 0.723
Behavior, Spirit and Policy System also feature critical explanatory
7 Climatic suitability 1.000 0.785 factors. For example, Cognition and Memory (0.779), Local Aesthetics
8 Green ecology 1.000 0.737 (0.689), and Behavioral Habit (0.682) contribute highly to the renewal
9 Material 1.000 0.715 effect and architectural authenticity of industrial buildings. The results
10 Atlas of building construction 1.000 0.797
suggest that not only the physical aspects are important in the renewal of
11 Architectural history/figure 1.000 0.771
12 Life experience, spoken and written 1.000 0.645 industrial heritage, but also Behavior, Spirit, and Policy System, and that
language all four groups of indicators have important elements for sustainable
13 Local architectural symbols 1.000 0.622 construction.
14 Physical habit 1.000 0.647
15 Land revitalization 1.000 0.574
16 Local architectural protection system 1.000 0.545
4.2.2. Results of factor extraction
17 Festival 1.000 0.647 Factor analysis was performed using the Principal Component
18 Behavioral habit 1.000 0.692 Analysis, and the common factors were extracted when their eigen­
19 Social custom 1.000 0.522 values exceeded 1. The results are shown in Table 4. Combining the
20 Cognition and memory 1.000 0.779
scree plot (Fig. 4), seven public factors were extracted, and the cumu­
21 Identity 1.000 0.513
22 Local anesthetic 1.000 0.689 lative explained variance was 67.188 %, which exceeded the criterion of
23 Traditional imagery 1.000 0.674 60 %.
In the principal component analysis method, the criterion for
Note: The extraction method is the principal component analysis.
extracting the common factors is that the extraction sums of squared
loadings must be >1. In Table 4, seven common factors satisfy this cri­
contributes to and explains aspects of placeness and building authen­
terion. The empirical evidence in Table 7 is also consistent with the
ticity. The scale's 23-factor indicators of interpretation and contribution
results.
were adopted. The results show that the four categories of State of
The scree plot expresses the information of the variables covered in
Matter, Policy System, Behavior, and Spirit can contribute to the
the factor analysis. The criteria for selecting the number of common
renewal of the industrial heritage. The highest interpretation result is
factors are when the folds tend to flatten, and the eigenvalue is >1. The
still the State of Matter. The relevant components of the State of Matter
Scree plot (Fig. 4) shows that at seven main factors, the eigenvalue is >1,
need to be paid attention to in implementing the renewal project and
and the fold line tends to flatten. Combining the scree plot (Fig. 4), seven
HBIM design. In the field of State of Matter, indicators such as Building
common factors were extracted, and the cumulative explained variance
Construction Atlas (0.797), Climatic Suitability (0.785), Building His­
is 67.188 %, which exceeds the criterion of 60 %. Therefore, the results
tory/People (0.771), Industrial Equipment (0.740), Green Ecology
of Fig. 4 and Table 4 are consistent.
(0.737), Material (0.715), Decorative Sculpture (0.709), and Structure
In order to further clarify the structure of each common factor,
(0.705) show high interpretive value for the effects of industrial building
orthogonal rotation of the indicators was carried out using the maximum
renewal. | Some indicators' descriptive statistics scores (importance) are

Table 4
Total variance explained.
Component Initial eigenvalues Extraction sums of squared loadings Rotation sums of squared loadings

Total % of variance Cumulative % Total % of variance Cumulative % Total % of variance Cumulative %

1 6.920 30.086 30.086 6.920 30.086 30.086 2.662 11.575 11.575

2 2.010 8.739 38.825 2.010 8.739 38.825 2.635 11.455 23.030
3 1.872 8.138 46.963 1.872 8.138 46.963 2.466 10.720 33.750
4 1.402 6.094 53.057 1.402 6.094 53.057 2.182 9.485 43.235
5 1.202 5.226 58.283 1.202 5.226 58.283 2.111 9.177 52.413
6 1.030 4.478 62.761 1.030 4.478 62.761 1.730 7.523 59.936
7 1.018 4.427 67.188 1.018 4.427 67.188 1.668 7.253 67.188
8 0.913 3.968 71.156
9 0.834 3.628 74.784
10 0.685 2.980 77.764
11 0.656 2.850 80.615
12 0.611 2.655 83.270
13 0.549 2.389 85.659
14 0.536 2.330 87.989
15 0.519 2.255 90.244
16 0.446 1.939 92.183
17 0.394 1.714 93.897
18 0.359 1.562 95.459
19 0.281 1.223 96.682
20 0.239 1.039 97.721
21 0.216 0.941 98.662
22 0.168 0.730 99.392
23 0.140 0.608 100.000

Extraction method: Principal Component Analysis.

7
D. Zhong et al. Cities 155 (2024) 105407

Fig. 4. Scree plot.

variance method, and the results are shown in Table 5. history, culture, nature, and ecology. These combinations can enhance
Based on the factor loading matrix, the 23 evaluation factors can be the quality of life and well-being of city dwellers while also fostering
grouped as follows: sustainable urban development. Therefore, the common factor F2 is
The common factor F1 includes decorative sculpture, traditional categorized as a Landscape and Space Factor.
imagery, behavioral habit, and festival associated with culture and The common factor F3 includes Physical habits, customs, cognition
tradition, reflecting the importance that human societies place on and memory, identity, and land revitalization systems. They are all
celebration and commemoration and the pursuit of art and aesthetics. essential parts of human society and culture, typically regional and
Industrial heritage includes many cultural elements such as architec­ ethnic. After a long period of cultural accumulation and evolution, they
tural decoration, sculpture, and works of art. Festivals, such as Labor are important ways for people to express their identity in social inter­
Day, and traditional imagery are often associated with industrial heri­ action. These combinations are the basis for and carrier of social identity
tage. Therefore, the common factor F1 is named Artistic Expression and identity construction, reflecting people's knowledge and under­
Factor. standing of themselves and their surroundings. Therefore, the common
The common factor F2 includes climatic suitability, regional land­ factor F3 is named the Humanistic Connotation Factor.
scape, green ecology, and spatial planning, focusing on the urban nat­ The common factor F4 includes structures, industrial equipment, and
ural and humanistic environment. Combining industrial heritage with buildings. During the period of industrialization, a large number of in­
climatic suitability, regional landscape, green ecology, and spatial dustrial equipment and buildings were constructed. The physical forms
planning, will create an urban environment with multiple elements of of these factors have unique functions, designs, and technical

Table 5
Rotated component matrix of evaluation factors.
a,b
Question number Evaluation factor Component

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Question 4 Decorative sculpture 0.768 0.070 − 0.148 0.263 0.085 0.120 − 0.049
Question 23 Traditional imagery 0.681 0.107 0.292 0.059 0.083 0.314 0.062
Question 18 Behavioral habit 0.636 0.007 0.214 0.032 0.238 − 0.067 0.424
Question 17 Festival 0.604 0.196 0.246 − 0.286 0.195 − 0.069 0.242
Question 7 Climatic suitability 0.072 0.846 0.176 0.129 − 0.024 0.106 0.076
Question 6 Regional landscape 0.161 0.728 0.195 0.059 0.283 − 0.176 0.124
Question 8 Green ecology 0.113 0.713 0.066 0.009 0.185 0.417 − 0.060
Question 2 Spatial planning − 0.001 0.566 0.486 0.180 − 0.160 0.191 0.083
Question 14 Physical habit 0.031 0.361 0.645 0.009 0.077 0.179 0.248
Question 19 Social custom 0.382 0.115 0.581 0.092 0.129 0.029 0.009
Question 20. Cognition and memory 0.462 0.033 0.579 0.134 0.257 0.110 − 0.366
Question 21 Identity 0.068 0.168 0.571 0.270 0.221 0.170 − 0.059
Question 15 Land revitalization system − 0.100 0.278 0.518 − 0.127 0.379 0.315 0.164
Question 3 Structure 0.025 − 0.023 0.049 0.818 0.114 0.056 0.130
Question 5 Industrial equipment − 0.064 0.083 0.277 0.666 0.100 − 0.066 0.441
Question 1 Building authenticity 0.192 0.236 0.074 0.666 0.080 0.094 − 0.073
Question 11 Architectural history/figure 0.174 0.051 0.123 0.077 0.841 0.085 0.043
Question 12 Data of production process 0.109 − 0.036 0.221 0.318 0.629 0.076 0.283
Question 16 Local architectural protection system 0.257 0.325 0.061 0.057 0.556 0.237 − 0.046
Question 13 Local architectural symbols − 0.002 0.148 0.274 0.123 0.319 0.636 − 0.064
Question 22 Local anesthetic 0.287 0.074 0.313 − 0.063 0.127 0.600 0.351
Question 9 Material 0.383 0.201 − 0.012 0.327 − 0.048 0.539 0.358
Question 10 Atlas of building construction 0.205 0.129 − 0.033 0.258 0.139 0.204 0.781

Note: The extraction method is Principal Component Analysis (Varimax Rotation with Kaiser Normalization).
a
The rotation has converged after 20 iterations.
b
When the loading value of the evaluation factor is greater than 0.4, it means that the variable corresponds with the component.

8
D. Zhong et al. Cities 155 (2024) 105407

characteristics. They not only changed the way of production and life of (Table 1) at each stage.
people but also constituted essential engineering achievements in At the land preparation stage, it is advocated that the “policy system”
human history. The common factor F4 is categorized as the Industrial incentive in the indicator system be adopted to revitalize the industrial
Buildings Factor. architectural heritage, for example, by adopting 1.5-level land devel­
The common factor F5 includes architectural history/figure, data on opment system to achieve cooperation between the government and
the production process, and local architectural protection systems. They enterprises. The government intends to implement short-term leasing
reflect the historical and cultural characteristics of an area or a period. for specific essential areas, accomplish necessary infrastructure projects,
Architectural history and figures record the development of architecture decrease the pace of land transfer or land plots with high potential value,
in a place and provide reference to the design of contemporary and and subsequently transfer them to the lessee for development. After the
future buildings. The data on the production process reflects the tech­ area's conditions are ready, the government will take back the land ac­
nology and production level of the time, and the local architectural cording to the agreement and develop it according to the long-term
protection system is the institutional arrangement ensuring the conser­ planning.
vation of architectural heritage. The common factor F5 is categorized as At the site planning stage, placeness knowledge can be integrated
a Historical and Cultural Factor. into renewal strategies by adopting building and spatial planning indi­
The common factor F6 includes local architectural symbols, local cator of the “state of matter” dimension. Placeness knowledge can be
aesthetics, and materials expressing regional culture. Associated with passed on through spatial renewal, and placeness knowledge holders can
local geography, climate, resources, and other factors, they reflect local be encouraged to participate in actions to strengthen the perception and
building techniques and craft traditions. These factors integrate and identity of locality knowledge (Li, Wu, and Zhong, 2022; Li, Zhang, and
influence each other along with industrial architecture, forming unique Zhang, 2022) which can help to optimize the allocation of resource el­
local industrial architecture characteristics. It is possible to refer to the ements as well as realize the locality construction of space (Li et al.,
common factor F6 as the Architectural Feature Factor. 2019). Meanwhile, the structure, decorative sculptures, regional land­
The common factor F7 includes the building construction atlas, scapes, architectural construction atlas, architectural history/figure,
which inherits and records industrial building construction techniques, and production process data indicators of the “state of matter” dimen­
is a technical manual containing information on building structure, sion, as well as the behavioral habits and customs of the “behavior”
construction techniques, and decorative patterns, and is an essential tool dimension and the local aesthetics, imagination of tradition of the
for the inheritance and development of construction techniques. The “spirit” dimension, can be integrated into the industrial relic preserva­
common factor F7 can be named the Construction Technique Factor. tion. Research landscape patterns such as factory spatial patterns, traffic
Using these metrics will form a renewal strategy for the objective. distribution and patterns, and surveys on cultural values such as intan­
These objectives include artistic expression, landscape and space, hu­ gible industrial heritage and local folklore, in order to better understand
manistic connotation and others (Table 6). and preserve the humanistic spirit carried by industrial heritage (Ding,
2018).
5. Discussion At the design stage, building and space planning indicator of the
“state of matter” dimension can be used to incorporate a “space reuse”
5.1. The renewal strategies of industrial heritage based on placeness approach. The methods for repurposing the space of the industrial
theory building will be determined based on the function of the renovated
building, including the integration, division, and addition of spaces.
The process of industrial architectural heritage renewal can be Incorporate structure, decorative sculptures, regional landscapes,
divided into five stages according to the whole life cycle theory: land architectural construction atlas, architectural history/figure, and pro­
preparation, site planning, design, construction, and operation. The duction process data of the “state of matter” dimension into the “high­
corresponding renewal strategies can be obtained by applying the lighting iconic industrial landscapes” approach. The visibility of the
placeness-based industrial architectural heritage renewal indicators landscape is one of the most intuitive manifestations of local charac­
teristics. (Ding et al., 2014) In order to highlight the iconic industrial
Table 6
landscape, it is necessary to analyze the cultural and historical signifi­
Strategy factors of industrial building heritage renewal. cance of industrial heritage, considering the influence of the industrial
development process and regional cultural characteristics, and to
Common factors Strategy elements
display representative regional landscapes and historical situations. In
Artistic expression factor Decorative Sculpture this way, it can show the landscape with rich regional characteristic,
(F1) Imagination of Tradition
strengthen the local memory and sense of place shaping, and contribute
Behavioral Habit
Festival to the retention of emotional memory. Add climate suitability indicator
Landscape and space factor Climatic Suitability of the “state of matter” dimension to the “climate-friendly design”
(F2) Regional Landscape method. When remodeling old industrial buildings, the local climate
Green Ecology characteristics should be fully considered to improve the spatial comfort
Spatial Planning
Humanistic connotation factor Physical Habit
and weather resistance of the buildings (Xie et al., 2021). On the exterior
(F3) Custom walls and roofs, perforated panels are added to form a double-skin-like
Cognition and Memory structure, which provides shading and improves erosion resistance at the
Identity same time. The behavioral habits and customs of the “behavior”
Land Revitalization
dimension, and the cognition and memory, identity, local aesthetics,
Industrial building factor Structure
(F4) Building and traditional imagination of the “spirit” dimension are integrated into
Industrial Equipment the methods of “inheriting the spirit of the industrial era” and “aesthetic
Historical and cultural factors Building History/Figure expression”. Industrial heritage observes the transformations in urban
(F5) Data of Production Process development and industrial evolution and constructs and preserves
Local Architectural Preservation
Architectural feature factor Local Architectural Symbols
regional connotations and identities. Symbolic signs, murals, and other
(F6) Material industrial symbols, significant historical events and figures, traditional
Local Aesthetics crafts and technologies, and other texts will evoke people's collective
Construction technique factor Building Construction Atlas memory of the industrial era.
(F7)
At the construction stage, building, structure, decorative sculptures,

9
D. Zhong et al. Cities 155 (2024) 105407

industrial equipment, regional landscapes, architectural construction 5.2. Case application of Guangzhou industrial heritage renewal strategies
atlas, architectural history/figure, and production process data of the
“state of matter” dimension can be applied to the “material construc­ These generalized industrial architectural heritage renewal strate­
tion” strategy. The materials, styles, and decorations of buildings can gies, shown in Table 6, must be empirically demonstrated in actual
convey regional information. Industrial buildings not only show the cases. In this section, empirical studies are carried out through three
aesthetic orientation and technical achievements of the time but also industrial heritages in the Guangzhou Historic Buildings Conservation
reflect the lifestyle, economic conditions, and social atmosphere of a List. Three industrial heritages include T.I.T Creative Industry Zone,
particular period. Designers should have an in-depth understanding of Taikoo Warehouse and Party Pier. Main adopted industrial architectural
the characteristics of the old materials to protect and repair the original heritage strategies and indicator elements are shown in Table 7. The
materials, show the characteristics of the structural body of the old in­ empirical results show that all seven strategies are applied to varying
dustrial buildings, and create a historical and cultural spatial atmo­ degrees to enhance effectiveness.
sphere. In remodeling, if it is necessary to add new materials, it is
essential to deal with the connection between the old and new materials. 5.3. A new perspective on coding historic buildings and historical building
The principle of “repairing the old as old” requires that new materials knowledge graph construction
with similar physical properties to the original materials be used in the
renewal process to maintain the historical nature of the building. The Historic buildings are rich in information. This study presents a
proposed solution effectively distinguishes between the old and new coding method rooted in the theory of placeness that transforms historic
materials using visual and textural contrasts. It highlights the distinct building information into a coded format aligned with the industrial
characteristics of both the old and new buildings and amplifies the di­ building renewal index system. This method facilitates novel ideas for
versity and uniqueness of the architectural styles employed. The mate­ coding historic buildings and developing the historic building informa­
rial construction strategies can be divided into four types: Old Material tion model (HBIM).
with Old Style (Liu & Dong, 2018), New Material with Old Style (Chen, Placeness-based historic industrial building coding objects, namely
2020), New Style with Old Materials (Xu & Wang, 2022), New Material Points of Information (POIs), range in scale from single components to
with New Style. The old style with old materials is to retain the original complete neighborhoods. Applying the Industrial Heritage Renewal In­
materials and masonry techniques in the renovation process. The old dicator System (Table 1) to the practice of coding POIs, all possible se­
style with new materials is applicable when the components and struc­ mantics of the primary and secondary indicators, and semantics under
tures of industrial and architectural heritage are aging or damaged. New the secondary indicators are assigned numbers and connected in a spe­
materials are used to repair these components and restore their func­ cific order to form a sequence that can characterize the placeness-based
tions to recreate the architectural style and local characteristics. The renewal situation of the case. For example, using SM for state of matter,
new style with old materials preserves the original industrial charac­ CS for climate suitability, and 01 for weather resistance, SM-CS-01
teristics through the reuse of historical materials, which helps to pass on means that the coded object embodies the characteristic of weather
the historical memory. At the same time, the reuse of waste materials
also meets the requirements of sustainable development. New materials
Table 7
with New Styles adopt new materials to express new forms, breaking
Main adopted industrial architectural heritage strategies and indicator elements.
through the traditional fixed and regular architectural forms and
reflecting the innovation and the future. Strategy category Indicator elements T.I.T Taikoo Party
Creative Warehouse Pier
In the operation phase, building, space planning, structure, decora­ Park
tive sculptures, regional landscapes, architectural construction atlases,
Artistic Decorative
architectural history/figure, and production process data of the “phys­
√ √ √
expression sculpture
ical” dimension are added to the “preservation and authenticity reno­ factor Traditional √ √ √
vation model” strategy. Emphasize local narratives in museums, cultural (F1) imagery
and creative industrial parks, and public spaces. Add behavioral habits Behavioral habit √ √ √
Festival
and customs of the “behavior” dimension, and cognition and memory, √ – √
Landscape and Climatic suitability √ √ –
identity, local aesthetics, and traditional imagination of the “spirit” spatial factor Regional landscape √ √ √
dimension to the “industrial culture integrates into people's habitual (F2) Green ecology √ – –
space,” and “Harmonizing local and global claims to promote local im­ Spatial planning – – –
ages and meanings” strategies. In order to protect industrial culture and Humanistic Physical habit – – √
connotation Social custom
architectural heritage, this work should not only be done by local gov­
– – –
factor Cognition and √ – √
ernments but should also be mobilized and engaged the public (Zhang, (F3) memory
2017). Integrate the history of industrial development into local Identity √ – √
habitual spaces. Moderate excavation and utilization of industrial heri­ Land revitalization √ – √
tage, and transforming it into cultural and artistic landscapes, will help system
Industrial Structure √ √ √
the integration process. After the transformation of industrial sites, building factor Industrial √ √ √
residents are concerned about the quality of community life, while (F4) equipment
foreign visitors are more concerned about the environment and indi­ Building √ √ √
vidual experience. Placeness-based industrial heritage renewal strategy Historical and Architectural √ √ √
cultural factors history/figure
breaks through the limitation of purely focusing on the building entity
(F5) Data of production √ – –
itself and pays more attention to the balance between production and process
living functions. It not only focuses on preserving the residents' living Local architectural √ √ √
area and ensuring the long-term viability of the community but also protection system
promotes the utilization of the area's unique resources. Through artistic Architectural Local architectural √ √ √
feature factor symbols
means and cutting-edge technology, industrial history and culture are (F6) Local aesthetics √ √ √
rearticulated and expressed to enrich the cultural experience of visitors. Material √ √ √
Construction skill Atlas of building – √ √
factor construction
(F7)

10
D. Zhong et al. Cities 155 (2024) 105407

resistance under the indicator of climate suitability in terms of state of applications such as knowledge governance, display and question
matter. Considering the possible polysemy of coded objects in practical answering systems.
situations, the generalization of the tree coding structure will surpass the The placeness-based industrial architectural heritage renewal in­
linear sequence. Taking the JSON format as an example, a POI dicators contribute to the nodes of the knowledge graph of industrial
embodying information on weather resistance and comfort under the heritage renewal from the regional perspective, and the subordinate
climatic suitability indicator, and a plant under the building indicator relationships between the primary and secondary indicators form the
within the state of matter dimension should be represented as links, forming a semantic network with the structure of “ontology-
relationship” as shown in Fig. 6. The knowledge map is divided into four
State_of_Matter: {
subsystems based on the primary indicators of state of matter, policy
Climatic_Suitability: ["Weather_Resistance", "Comfort"], system, behavior, and spirit. The secondary indicators, such as build­
ings, compose the subsystems.
Building: "Plant"
The construction of the historic buildings knowledge graph visual­
} izes tacit knowledge, including strategic factors to construct a sense of
place, complementing the knowledge system for the renewal of indus­
The local information coding of POIs is connected to geographic trial heritage. The knowledge graph constructs a knowledge system by
locations, project serial numbers, and full lifecycle information to form a linking elements and facilitating knowledge management. The knowl­
complete coding structure. The coding supports retrieval and semantic edge co-creation platform integrating the coding system of historic
analysis (El Mokhtari et al., 2022), which will provide the basis for buildings supports knowledge acquisition, creation, and sharing, while
further update status assessment, automated matching of renewal stra­ the knowledge graph provides knowledge integration, recording, and
tegies, and statistics and analysis based on coded data. updating functions. The combination of the two can realize total life
In HBIM, the above coding system can be defined as an extended span management of knowledge. For the knowledge produced by the
attribute set for IFC components, thereby adding local information to the knowledge co-creation platform, knowledge mapping can realize se­
3D building model. By integrating BIM with GIS and 3D content creation mantic retrieval based on reasoning and parse natural language prob­
engines such as Unity, knowledge co-creation and interactive partici­ lems. With knowledge base queries, the reasoning-generated Q&A
patory planning tools can be constructed, with functional concepts system can be used for renewal strategies.
ranging from the presentation of industrial architectural heritage ele­
ments (Fig. 5) and the popularization of science to knowledge co- 5.4. Provide a methodology for visualizing the tacit knowledge of the
creation and interaction with stakeholder participation. The initial industrial architectural heritage
realization of the HBIM model and knowledge co-creation platform for
industrial architectural heritage provides new ideas and methods for the Polanyi (1966) proposed the concept of tacit knowledge. Tacit
renewal of historic buildings. knowledge is defined as knowledge that is highly individualized, diffi­
A knowledge graph (KG) is a semantic network of entities, concepts, cult to formalize, communicate, or share with others. Tacit knowledge is
and relationships (Tian et al., 2022). According to Table 1, the knowl­ typically expressed in the form of personal experiences, impressions,
edge graph for historical buildings is established using a placeness-based appreciations, techniques, organizational culture, customs, and culture,
index system for updating industrial architectural heritage. The among other things. This makes it challenging to convey clearly through
knowledge graph is utilized to manage the placeness-based knowledge approaches that rely on words, language, and images (Zhao & Hong,
of industrial architectural heritage, which is combined with the 2001). Eppler and Burkhard (2007) posit that the advantages of
knowledge co-creation platform mentioned in 4.3 to empower knowledge visualization are social, emotional, and cognitive. From a
social perspective, knowledge visualization not only facilitates

Fig. 5. Party Pier HBIM Information.

11
D. Zhong et al. Cities 155 (2024) 105407

Fig. 6. Knowledge graph of industrial architectural heritage based on the theory of placeness.

communication between knowledge producers but also the dissemina­ knowledge can be coded or made explicit, and most of it takes work to
tion and sharing of knowledge. At the emotional level, knowledge code. Correct categorization and coding help us to adopt different
visualization can stimulate recipients to actively analyze and explore the strategies for tacit knowledge identification, flow, transformation, and
meaning and interest behind the graphics, thereby enhancing their innovation. In knowledge management and knowledge co-creation, if
initiative in knowledge innovation and transfer. At the cognitive level, the tacit knowledge is visualized and displayed, it will give the com­
knowledge visualization assists in memory reinforcement and develops munity residents, tourists, and students more direct knowledge. Based
skills to apply new knowledge. The visualization process not only fa­ on the local updating strategy, this study provides concrete material
cilitates a profound comprehension and precise evaluation of concepts forms such as architectural mapping, local architectural symbols,
and opinions but also reveals the intrinsic interconnections between habitual spaces, behavioral habits, landscapes, and other pictures,
knowledge, thereby illuminating individuals' intellectual insights and writings, sculptures, images, 3D models of buildings, and sounds. These
prompting epiphanies. elements can be incorporated into various buildings and structures to
Both industrial architectural heritage and Lingnan architecture are visualize tacit knowledge, making it identifiable, transmittable, and
rich in Tacit Knowledge. Corporate tacit knowledge can be classified transformable.
into two categories: skills and understanding. The skills category in­
cludes informal and difficult-to-express skills, techniques, experiences, 5.5. Limitations and future research
and know-how. The knowledge category includes insight, intuition,
perception, values, team bonding, and organizational culture. From the This paper has achieved specific results through the questionnaire
degree of encodability of corporate tacit knowledge, it can be divided survey and data analysis of stakeholders from research experts in in­
into encodable tacit knowledge, not easily encodable tacit knowledge, dustrial architectural heritage renewal, designers of industrial archi­
and non-encodable tacit knowledge. Due to the implicit and complex tectural heritage projects, park operators, tourists, and neighborhood
nature of corporate tacit knowledge, only a tiny portion of tacit residents. However, this study has regional, methodological, and

12
D. Zhong et al. Cities 155 (2024) 105407

conceptual limitations. (1) Regional bias of samples. The samples in this indicator system in constructing strategies requires further scrutiny. The
study are all projects in Guangzhou, representing a single geographical assessment criteria suggested in this paper can present a comprehensive
situation. The advantage is that the influence of regional factors can be construction plan for the entire life cycle renewal approach of industrial
reduced, and the consistency among samples is better. On the other architectural heritage. In the land reserve stage, it is recommended to
hand, the general effect may not be reflected due to the deviation in the adopt institutional incentives to revitalize industrial architectural heri­
factors. (2) The 2nd limitation is methodological. This study employed a tage. In the site planning stage, local knowledge should be integrated
cross-sectional survey using self-reported data. Future research should into spatial planning, and research on the protection of industrial
explore the influence, reasoning, gaming, and prediction regarding in­ monuments should be carried out. In the design stage, spaces should be
dustrial architectural heritage renewal. Future analyses can be con­ transformed according to renewed functions, highlighting iconic in­
ducted through virtual simulation experiments, such as VR and HBIM. dustrial landscapes and passing on the industrial zeitgeist. According to
The objective of this study is to develop a knowledge graph for in­ the local climate and aesthetics, the old industrial buildings should be
dustrial heritage based on an index system for the renewal of industrial updated. In the construction stage, the placeness should be expressed
architectural heritage, which is grounded in placeness theory and the mainly through the materials and forms of the buildings. In the opera­
corresponding renewal strategies. The knowledge graph enables the tion phase, creating functional space and the spirit of the place should
development of applications that utilize tacit knowledge visualization, evoke the public's memory of industrial history and culture. The indi­
such as a specialized knowledge question and answer system for in­ cator system facilitates the management of industrial heritage coding.
dustrial heritage and HBIM. These applications can assist urban plan­ The current research interest in information collection and coding of
ners, architectural designers, operators, and tourists in understanding historic buildings focus on physical aspects. In this paper, we hope to
history and culture, promoting the value of industrial architectural incorporate humanistic factors such as behavioral, spiritual, and insti­
heritage, and energizing urban construction and development. This tutional factors into the coding scope to reflect more comprehensive
study synthesizes interdisciplinary frontiers, such as knowledge man­ heritage update information, providing new ideas for the coding method
agement in intelligent design, VR/AR tools, and digital twin cities, and of historic buildings, and the modeling of historic building information
offers extensive research value. model (HBIM). Through exploratory factor analysis, the renewal strat­
In the next step, this study can expand the cross-study of the theory of egy indicators of industrial architectural heritage are categorized into
placeness in industrial and architectural heritage renewal, including the seven common factors affecting users' experience of placeness: artistic
association mechanism of scenes and elements and the content of expression factor, landscape and space factor, humanistic connotation
learning and perception. In the design, construction, and operation factor, industrial architecture factor, historical and cultural factor,
phases of industrial architectural heritage renewal projects, the content architectural feature factor, and construction skill factor. The extracted
composition and design and construction methods of the seven strate­ factors of renewal strategies based on the theory of placeness provide the
gies, including artistic expression, landscape and space, humanistic basis and guidance for planning and design, action plans, and archi­
connotation, industrial building, history and culture, architectural fea­ tectural optimization. More importantly, it can provide a new perspec­
tures, and construction skill, need to be studied in depth. Regarding tive for constructing the knowledge graph of historical buildings.
knowledge management, the 23 renewal elements can also be applied in Through the combination of strategies, the tacit knowledge of industrial
cutting-edge research, such as visualization methods of tacit knowledge architectural heritage can be turned into visualization to provide
and large linguistic models. Renewal elements can be added to devel­ methods. Building creation mapping, habitual space, local architectural
oping BIM-GIS and BIM model families to enrich HBIM models. symbols, and specific physical factors can play a visualization role.
Placeness-based renewal elements in the Historical Building Information This paper discusses approaches to revitalizing industrial architec­
Model (HBIM) are worth further exploration regarding coding methods tural heritage from a placeness-based standpoint. Nevertheless, there are
and implicit knowledge visualization content. Integrating these renewal certain limitations to the research on renovation strategies due to
elements with BIM-GIS technology can promote sustainable construc­ numerous influencing factors. Additionally, geographical variability
tion and Twin City construction. Regarding neuroscientific theories, may cause variations in indicators across regions. More researchers are
future research should focus on how the tacit knowledge of architectural expected to study how to preserve and use heritage buildings in a
heritage can obtain better social recognition and electroencephalo­ localized manner, for the purpose of promoting industrial heritage
graphic feedback, and the synergistic mechanism of the “human-ma­ preservation and reuse, and aiding in urban renewal efforts, from
chine-environment.” varying perspectives.

6. Conclusion CRediT authorship contribution statement

Industrial architectural heritage, as a tangible aspect of cultural Deyu Zhong: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft,
heritage, represents the process and characteristics involved in the Methodology, Conceptualization. Pinzhi Huang: Visualization, Soft­
creation of a sense of place. Nonetheless, prior research calls for a ware, Investigation, Data curation. Gui Xiong: Writing – original draft,
rigorous integration of industrial heritage preservation and placeness Resources, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation.
theory. In this paper, we study the renewal of industrial architectural Hongyang Li: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft,
heritage from the placeness perspective and construct a scale of evalu­ Validation, Supervision, Project administration, Methodology, Funding
ation indexes for the renewal strategy of industrial architectural heritage acquisition, Conceptualization.
based on placeness from four dimensions: state of matter, policy system,
behavior, and spirit. A field survey on the indicators was conducted Declaration of competing interest
among research experts, designers, park operators, tourists, and resi­
dents related to industrial architectural heritage renewal. The results The authors declare no conflict of interest.
show that the respondents believe that spatial planning, building
authenticity, climate suitability, and green ecology are the most Data availability
important for placeness-based industrial architectural heritage regen­
eration strategies. At the same time, the importance of festivals scores Data will be made available on request.
the lowest in regeneration strategies.
The systematized indicator evaluation method has been well applied
in the field of historic building preservation. However, the use of the

13
D. Zhong et al. Cities 155 (2024) 105407

Acknowledgments Jiang, J., & Sun, S. (2021b). Influence mechanism of nostalgia on historical and cultural
blocks tourists’ environmentally responsible behavior: Intermediary role of
perceived value and place attachment. Human Geography, 36(05), 83–91. https://
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2021. 05.011
of China (Grant No. 72271086), Innovation and Entrepreneurship Tal­ Jin, L., & Chen, C. (2021). Study on the protective development strategy of the industrial
ents Program in Jiangsu Province, 2021 (Project Number: land of the remaining type of northeast pharmaceutical factory under the
background of stock renewal. Industrial Construction, 51(4), 81–86, 80 10.13204/j.
JSSCRC2021507, Fund Number: 2016/B2007224), and the Funda­ gyjzG20011708.
mental Research Funds for the Central Universities (B210201014). Knez, I., Ode Sang, Å., Gunnarsson, B., & Hedblom, M. (2018). Wellbeing in urban
greenery: The role of naturalness and place identity. Switzerland: Frontiers Media S.A (9
pp.).
References Li, H., Yu, G., & Chen, Y. (2021). Research hotspots and frontier analysis of old industrial
buildings: A systematic review based on knowledge mapping. IOP Conference Series:
Abass, Z., & Tucker, R. (2018). White picket fences & other features of the suburban Earth and Environmental Science, 634, Article 12093. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-
physical environment: Correlates of neighbourhood attachment in 3 australian low- 1315/634/1/012093
density suburbs. Landscape and Urban Planning, 170, 231–240. https://doi.org/ Li, J., Zhang, P., & Zhang, Z. (2019). “Economic man” to “social man”: Impact of the
10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.10.004 appear of behavioral economics on urban planning in China. Urban Development
Alfane, E. (2020). Tangible immovable heritage of Legazpi City, Philippines: Significance Studies, 26(04), 31–36.
to cultural tourism. Bicol University R&D Journal, 1, 113–119. https://doi.org/ Li, J., Zhang, P., & Zhang, Z. (2022). Application of local knowledge in sustainable
10.47789/burdj.mbtcbbgs. 20202301.2 spatial planning. Urban Planning International, 37(4), 131–138. https://doi.org/
Askar, R., Bragança, L., & Gervásio, H. (2021). Adaptability of buildings: A critical 10.19830/j.upi.2020.463
review on the concept evolution. Applied Sciences, 11, 4483. https://doi.org/ Li, M., Wu, T., & Zhong, L. (2022). Characteristics and interaction of nostalgia, collective
10.3390/app11104483 memory and place identity among residents of online populartourism village: A case
Blake, B. F. (1974). Topophilia: A study of environmental perception, attitudes and of Naobao Villiage of Hohhot, Inner Mongolia. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 42(10),
values. By Yi-Fu Tuan. Journal of Leisure Research, 6(4), 323–325. https://doi.org/ 1799–1806. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2022.10.012
10.1080/00222216.1974.119 70208 Lin, Y., Yang, R., Lai, Q., & Wang, M. (2020). Construction of sense of place and rural
Chau, K. W., Davies, S. N. G., Lai, L. W. C., & Lennon, H. T. C. (2023). Museums for ex governance: A case study of Chaoshan Ancestral Hall. Tropical Geography, 40(4),
situ tangible heritage conservation: A neo-institutional analytical and empirical 732–743. https://doi.org/10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003257
economic analysis. Land Use Policy, 127, Article 106561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Liu, D., & Dong, G. (2018). The natural vs. the man-made reflections on the design
landusepol.2023.106561 process of Alila Yangshuo by Dong Gong. Architectural Journal, (01), 34–41.
Chen, H., & Gao, Q. (2022). A study on the relationship between industrial development Liu, G., Zhao, Z., & Xie, Z. (2018). Research on the realization path of industrial heritage
and local production—Taking Zigong City in Sichuan Province as an example. value from the perspective of urban renewal. Construction Economy, 39(12), 93–97.
Journal of Sichuan Administration Institute, (01), 82–94. https://doi.org/10.14181/j.cnki.1002-851x.201812093
Chen, J., & Judd, B. (2020). Relationality and territoriality: Rethinking policy circulation Liu, H., Ming, Q., & Han, L. (2022). Study on the phased “butterfly change” and the
of industrial heritage reuse in Chongqing, China. International Journal of Heritage characteristics of the production of placeness in ethnic tourism towns: A case study
Studies, 27, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2020.1765188 of Shuanglang Town in Dali City in Yunnan Province. Areal Research and
Chen, Q. (2020). The “design” and “construction” in the micro renewal of industrial Development, 41(5), 105–111.
heritage space: Taking the cultural and creative park of Chongqing Eling printing Lu, N., Liu, M., & Wang, R. (2020). Reproducing the discourse on industrial heritage in
factory 2 as an example. In Paper presented at the 2020 Annual Meeting of the Interior China: Reflections on the evolution of values, policies and practices. International
Design Branch of the Chinese Architecture Society, Dongguan and Foshan, Guangdong, Journal of Heritage Studies, 26(5), 498–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/
China. 13527258.2019.1666293
Ding, X. (2018). “Placeness” and urban industrial heritage for tourism adaptive reuse: A Lyu, F. (2019). Architecture as spatial storytelling: Mediating human knowledge of the
case study of Lowell National Historic Park in Massachusetts, America. Modern Urban world, humans and architecture. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 8(3). https://doi.
Research, (07), 68–76. org/10.1016/j.foar.2019.05.002
Ding, X., Que, W., & Sun, Y. (2014). “Placeness” and urban industrial heritage adaptive Ma, Y., Qian, J., & Tang, X. (2022). The construction of place in red tourism destinations
reuse: A case study of Manchester Castlefield Urban Heritage Park in Britain. Urban based on collective memory: A case study of the Xinzhuang Red Army Village,
Development Studies, 21(11), 67–72. Binchuan, Yunnan. Tropical Geography, 42(6), 997–1008. https://doi.org/10.13284/
Dou, G., Bai, X., Pang, L., & Zhang, L. (2021). Big Air Shougang: Integrating the adaptive j.cnki.rddl.003492
reuse of industrial heritage with olympic venue design. Architectural Journal, (Z1), Nicu, I. C., & Fatorić, S. (2023). Climate change impacts on immovable cultural heritage
42–47. https://doi.org/10.19819/j.cnki.ISSN0529-1399.202107007 in polar regions: A systematic bibliometric review. WIREs Climate Change, 14(3),
El Mokhtari, K., Panushev, I., & McArthur, J. J. (2022). Development of a cognitive Article e822. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.822
digital twin for building management and operations. Frontiers in Built Environment, Norberg-Schulz, C. (1979). Genius loci: Towards a phenomenology of architecture (Rizzoli).
8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2022.856873 Parsaee, M., Parva, M., & Karimi, B. (2015). Space and place concepts analysis based on
Eppler, M. J., & Burkhard, R. A. (2007). Visual representations in knowledge semiology approach in residential architecture: The case study of traditional city of
management: Framework and cases. Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(4), Bushehr, Iran. Hbrc Journal, 11(3), 368–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
112–122. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270 710762756 hbrcj.2014.07.001
Falanga, R. (2022). Understanding place attachment through the lens of urban Polanyi, M. (1966). The logic of tacit inference. Philosophy, 41(155), 1–18. https://doi.
regeneration. Insights from Lisbon. Cities, 122, Article 103590. https://doi.org/ org/10.1017/S0031819100066110
10.1016/j.cities.2022.103590 Qiao, Z., Wan, J., Zhang, X., & Wang, D. (2022). Research on the protection and
Fan, Z., Zhu, B., Xiong, L., Huang, S., & Tzeng, G. (2023). Urban design strategies regeneration design method of the former site of Dahua Cotton Mill in Xi’an.
fostering creative workers' sense of identity in creative and cultural districts in East Packaging Engineering, 43(S1), 263–268. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-
Asia: An integrated knowledge-driven approach. Cities, 137, Article 104269. https:// 3563.2022.S1.044
doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2023.104269 Rodrigues, C., & Freire, F. (2017). Adaptive reuse of buildings: Eco-efficiency assessment
Feola, G., Goodman, M. K., Suzunaga, J., & Soler, J. (2023a). Collective memories, place- of retrofit strategies for alternative uses of an historic building. Journal of Cleaner
framing and the politics of imaginary futures in sustainability transitions and Production, 157, 94–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.104
transformation. Geoforum, 138, Article 103668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Smith, C.-J., & Relph, E. (1976). Place and placelessness. Geographical Review, 68(1), 116.
geoforum.2022.103668 Song, X. (2018). The great industrial transfer in China reshapes the urban pattern. China
Feola, G., Goodman, M. K., Suzunaga, J., & Soler, J. (2023b). Collective memories, place- Real Estate, (14), 10–15. https://doi.org/10.13562/j.china.real.estate.2018.14.003
framing and the politics of imaginary futures in sustainability transitions and Sun, J., & Zhou, Y. (2015). Residents’ place identity at heritage sites: Symbols, memories
transformation. Geoforum, 138, Article 103668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. and space of the “Home of Diaolou”. Geographical Research, 34(12), 2381–2394.
geoforum.2022.103668 Sun, M., & Chen, C. (2023). Renovation of industrial heritage sites and sustainable urban
Foroudi, M. M., Balmer, J. M. T., Chen, W., Foroudi, P., & Patsala, P. (2020). Explicating regeneration in post-industrial Shanghai. Journal of Urban Affairs, 45(4), 729–752.
place identity attitudes, place architecture attitudes, and identification triad theory. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2021.1881404
Journal of Business Research, 109, 321–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Tang, S., & Zhou, S. (2011). Roles of text in placeness construction: Analysis on core
jbusres.2019.12.010 literature of cultural geography in recent years. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 31(10),
Gao, Q., & Qian, J. (2016). Negotiating place-restructuring from the perspective of 1159–1165. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2011.10.001
emotional geographies: A Cace study of Liede Village, Guangzhou. Human the 17th ICOMOS General Assembly. (2011). Joint Icomos–Ticcih Principles for the
Geography, 31(04), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2016.04.005 Conservation of Industrial Heritage Sites, Structures, Areas and Landscapes «the Dublin
Huang, W., & Yuan, Z. (2015). Place, placeness and the soci-cultural investigation on Principles». Paper presented at the, Paris.
urban village redevelopment: A case study of Liede Village. Human Geography, 30 Tian, L., Zhou, X., Wu, Y., Zhou, W., Zhang, J., & Zhang, T. (2022). Knowledge graph and
(03), 42–49. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2015.03.007 knowledge reasoning: A systematic review. Journal of Electronic Science and
Jiang, J., & Sun, S. (2021a). Influence mechanism of nostalgia on historical and cultural Technology, 20(2), Article 100159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnlest.2022.100159
blocks tourists’ environmentally responsible behavior: Intermediary role of TICCIH. (2003). The Nizhny Tagil charter for the industrial heritage.
perceived value and place attachment. Human Geography, 36(05), 83–91. https:// Vecco, M. (2010). A definition of cultural heritage: From the tangible to the intangible.
doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2021. 05.011 Journal of Cultural Heritage, 11(3), 321–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
culher.2010.01.006

14
D. Zhong et al. Cities 155 (2024) 105407

Venovcevs, A. (2021). Living with socialism: Toward an archaeology of a post-soviet Zhonghe Rural Community, Taizhong City. Tropical Geography, 40(6), 1039–1050.
industrial town. The Extractive Industries and Society, 8(4), Article 100835. https:// https://doi.org/10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003269
doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2020.10.017 Xie, Z., Zhou, S., Yu, Y., Yang, F., Zhang, T., & Fu, S. (2021). Research on renewal and
Vliet, K., & Hammond, C. (2020). Residents’ perceptions of green infrastructure in the transformation strategy of existing industrial building park—Take Dongguan
contemporary residential context: A study of Kingswood, Kingston-upon-Hull, Jianyuzhou Cultural and Creative Industrial Park as an example. Guangdong
England. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 64, 1–19. https://doi. Architecture Civil Engineering, 28(10), 17–20. https://doi.org/10.19731/j.
org/10.1080/09640568.2020.1756757 gdtmyjz.2021.10.005
Wang, F., Li, W., & Prominski, M. (2014). The new conflicts, strategies and explorations Xu, C., & Wang, W. (2022). Regional image expression in the reconstruction of old
of urbanization and locality: Overview on the Sino-German Symposium. Geographical industrial buildings in Quanzhou. Huazhong Architecture, 40(05), 34–39. https://doi.
Research, 33(11), 2205–2214. org/10.13942/j.cnki.hzjz.2022.05.017
Wang, H., Xie, Y., & Wang, J. (2021). Gazed landscape and interactive landscape: The Xu, S., Aoki, N., Zhang, S., Liu, B., Chang, J., Wang, L., … Chen, C. (2022). Discussion:
structural lmpacts of landscape types in tourism field on tourists' senses of place. Turning “the rusty” into “beauty”—The new ldeas and new development of the
Tourism Tribune, 36(11), 80–94. https://doi.org/10.19765/j.cnki.1002- preservation and reuse trend of industrial heritage. China Cultural Heritage, (03),
5006.2021.11.011 4–18.
Wang, L. (2022). China’s new town movements since 1949: A state/space perspective. Zhang, D., Kang, T., Deng, L., & Wang, P. (2022). A research on reuse of urban heritage
Progress in Planning, 155, Article 100514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. tourism from local perspective—A case study of Weifang City. Journal of Weifang
progress.2020.100514 University, 22(01), 14–17.
Wang, M., Jiang, B., & Zhu, H. (2017). The spatial perception of tourism destination Zhang, Q. (2017). An exploration on the practice of the Lowell's value-sharing
based on visual methodology: The case study of Guangzhou Redtory. Tourism mechanism of the industrial heritage. Urban Planning International, 32(05), 121–128.
Tribune, 32(10), 28–38. Zhang, S. (2015). Conservation and regeneration of industrial heritage area in the
Wang, Y., & Du, H. (2022). Emotional sustenance, local knowledge and the continuation Huangpu Riverside redevelopment process in Shanghai. Urban Planning Forum, (2),
of traditional farm tools: Taking traditional rice farming tools of the ethnic 102–109. https://doi.org/10.16361/j.upf.201502013
minorities in Dehong, Yunnan as an Example. Studies in Dialectics of Nature, 38(03), Zhang, T., Xu, H., & Wang, C. (2022). Self-adaptability and topological deformation of
73–80. https://doi.org/10.19484/j.cnki.1000-8934.2022.03.016 Ganlan architectural heritage: Conservation and regeneration of Lianghekou Tujia
Westerholt, R., Acedo, A., & Naranjo-Zolotov, M. (2022). Exploring sense of place in village in Western Hubei, China. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 11(5), 865–876.
relation to urban facilities – Evidence from Lisbon. Cities, 127, Article 103750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2022.05.007
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103750 Zhang, Z. (2022). Exploration on the overall preservation of Guangzhou's waterfront
Wu, Z. (2022). Analysis on the reconciliation path between locality and modernity. industrial heritage: based on the experience of Shanghai, Beijing and Chengdu.
Journal of University of Jinan (Social Science Edition), 32(01), 144–152. https://doi. Urban Insight, (05), 34–46.
org/10.20004/j.cnki.ujn.2022.01.024 Zhao, S. Y., & Hong, X. N. (2001). The dialectical relationship between explicit
Wu, Z., Wu, T., & Mei, Q. (2022). From locality of knowledge to ethnicity of technology. knowledge and tacit knowledge. Studies in Dialectics of Nature, 17(10), 20–23.
Journal of Guangxi University (Philosophy and Social Science), 44(03), 44–49. https:// https://doi.org/10.19484/j.cnki.1000-8934.2001.10.005
doi.org/10.13624/j.cnki.jgupss.2022.03.016 Zou, Y., Xiao, H., & Yang, Y. (2022). Constructing identity in space and place: Semiotic
Xie, F., Sun, J., & Liu, F. (2020). Characteristics and mechanism of rural placeness and discourse analyses of museum tourism. Tourism Management, 93, Article 104608.
construction in the process of community empowerment: A case study of the https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tour-man.2022.104608

15