308

MATHEMATIES
EXERCISE 15.1

I. Complete the following statements:

the event 'not E' -
() Probability of an event E+ Probability of
of an event that cannot
happen is Such an event 19
(m)
The prnse ntU
called
is
(i) The probability of an event that is certain to happen Such an event
is called Ctonia eUe
all the clementary events an experiment is
(IV) The sum of the probabilities of

to and less than or

() The probability of an event is greater than or equal
cqual to
Z. Which of the following experiments have cqually likely outcomes? Explain.
not start.
(0) A driver attempts to start a car. The car starts or does
Aplayer attempts to shoot a basketball. She/he shoots or misses the shot
(H) A trial is made to answer a true-false question. The answer is right or wrong
1( Ababy is born. It is a boy or agirl.
3. Why is tossinga coin considered to be a fair way of deciding which team should get the
ball at the beginning of afootball game?
4. Which of the following cannot be the probability of an event?

2
(C) 15% (D) 0.7
(A) 7
5. IfP(E)-0.05, what is the probability of'not E'"?
6. A bag contains lemon flavoured candies only. Malini takes out one candy without
looking into the bag. What is the probability that she takes out
() an orange flavoured candy? )
() a lemon flavoured candy?
7. It is given that in a group of 3 students, the probability of 2 students not having the
same birthday is 0.992. What is the probability that the 2 students have the same
birthday?
8. A bag contains 3 red balls and 5 black balls. A ball is drawn at andom from the bag
What is the probabilitythat the ball drawn is (i) red? (ii) not red?
9. Abox contains 5 red marbles, 8 white marbles and 4 green marbles. One marble is taken
out of the box at random. What is the probability that the marble taken out will be
() red? (i) white? (iiinot greer
 309
ADiggy bank contains hundred 50p
nins. If it is equally likely that one coins, fifty ? I coins, twenty ?2 coins and ten 5
of the coins will fall out when the bank is
anside down, what is the probability that the coin (i) will be a 50 p turned
al5 coin? coin? (i) will not be
. Gopi buys a fish from a shop for his aquarium. The
shopkecper takes out one fish at random from
tank containing 5 male fish and 8 female fish (see
Fig. 15.4). What is the probability that the fish taken
out is a male fish?

12 A game of chance consists of spinning an arrow

which comes to rest pointing at one of the numbers
Fig. 15.4
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8(see Fig. 15.5 ), and these are equally
likely outcomes. What is the probability that it will
point at
) 8?
(ü) an odd number?
(i) a number grealer than 2?
(iv) a number less than 9"
Fig. 15.5
13. A die is thrown once. Find the probability of grting
i) a prime number: (ii) a number lying between 2 and 6: (iü) an odd number.
14. One card is drawn from awell-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting
(i) a king of red colour (u) a face card (ü) a red face card
iv) the jack of hearts (v) a spade (vi) the queen of diamonds

5. Five cards-the ten, jack. queen, king and ace of diamonds, are well-shuffled with their
face downwards. One card is then picked up at random.
(i) What is the probability that the card is the queen?
(iü) If the queen is drawn and put aside, what is the probability that the second card
picked up is (a) an ace? (b) a queen'?
is not possible to just
12 defective pens are accidentally mixed with 132 good ones. It out at random from
is taken
look at a pen and tell whether or not it is defective. One pen
is a good one.
is lot. Determine the probability that the pen taken out
One bulb is drawn at random from the lot
7. ) A lot of 20 bulbs contain 4 defective ones.defective?
What is the probability that this bulb is
defective and is not replaced. Now one bulb
(ü) Suppose the bulb drawn in (i) is not What is the probability that this bulb is not
is drawn at random from the rest.
defective ?

contains 90 discs which are numbered from l to 90. If one disc is drawn at random
A box two-digit number (ii) a perfect
bears i) a
\from the box, find the probability that it 5.
br.quare number (jii) a number divisible by
 M

as given below:
I9. Achild has a die whose six faces show the letters

D?
The die is thrown once, What is the probability of getting ()A? (i)
Z0*. Suppose you drop adie at random on the rectangular regon shown in Fig. 1S.6 Wh
the probability that it will land inside the circle with diameter Im?
3m

2m

Fig. 15.6
21. Alot consists of 144 ball pens of which 20 are defective and the others are good. Nun
will buy a pen if it is good, but will not buy if it is defective. The shopkeepcr draws on
pen at random and gives it to her What is the probab1lity that
() She will buy it?
(ü) She will not buy it

22. Refer to Exanple I3.() Complete the following table:

Eveut:
Sum on 2 dice' 3 4 6 9 10 2

Probabiity
36
(ü) A student argues that 'there are ll possible outcomes 2,3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10, 11 and
12. Therefore, cach of then has aprobability .Do you agree with this argumen
Justify your answer.
3. A game consists of tossing a one rupee coin 3 times and noting its outcome each time
Hanif wins if all the tosses give the same result i.c., three heads or three tails, and
loses
otherwise. Calculate the probability that Hanif will lose the game.
24. A die is thrown twice. What is the
probabilhty that
(i) 5will not come up either time? (ii) 5 will come up at least once?
(Hint: Throwing a die twice and throwing two dice
same experiment) simultaneously are treated as th

Not from the examination point of view.

 uhich of the following arguments are correct and which are not correct?
Give reasons
for your answer.

i If two coins arc tossed

simultaneously there are threc possible outcomestwo
heads, two tails or one of cach. Therefore, for cach of
these outcomes, the

probability is
(ü) If a die is thrown, there are two possible outeomes-an odd number or an even
number. Therefore, the probability of getting an odd number

EXERCISE I5.2(0ptional)
. Two customers Shyam and Ekta are visiting a particular
shop in the same week (Tucsday
to Saturday). Each is equally likely to visit the shop on any day as on another day. What
is the probability that both will visit the shop on (i) the same day? (ii) consecutive
days? (ii) different days?
A die is numbered in such a way that its faces show the numbers 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 6. It is
thrown two times and the total score in two throws is noted. Complete the following
table which gives a few values of the total score on the two throws
Number in first throw
3
-|t 3 3 4 4
6

2 4

3
6

What is the probability that the total score is

(i) even? (ü) 6? (iüil at Jeast 6?

3. Abag contains 5 red balls and some blue balls. If the probability of drawing a blue ball
is double that of a red ball, determine the number of blue balls in the bag.
4. Abox contains 12 balls out of which x are black. Ifone ball is drawn at random from the
box, what is the probability that it will be ablack ball?
If 6 more black balls are put in the box, the probability of drawing a black ball is now
double of what it was before. Find x.

These exercises are not from the examination point of view.

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MATIHEMAT
S. Ajar contains 24 marbles, some are green and others are blue. Ifa marble is drawn at
random from the jar, the probability that it is green is Find the number of blue balls
in the jar.

15.3 Summary
In this chapter, you have studied the following points
I. The difference between experimental probability and theoretical probability.
2. The theoretical (classical) probability ofan event E., written as P(E), is defined as
Number of outcomes favourable to E
P(E) -
Number of all possible outcomes of the experiment
where we assume that the outcomes of the experiment are cqually likely.
3. The probability of a sure event (or certain event) is I.
4. The probability of an impossible event is 0.
5. The probability of an event E is a number P(E) such that
0SP(E)sI
6. An event having only one outcome is called an elementary event.. The sum of the
probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is I.
7. For any eventE, P (E) +P(E)= 1, where E stands for 'not E'. E and E are called
complementary events.

A NoTE TO THE READER

The experimental or empirical probability of an event is based on
what has actually happened while the theoretical probability of the
event attempts to predict what will happen on the basis of certain
assumptions. As the number of trials in an experiment, go on
increasing we may expect the experimental and theoretical
probabilities to be nearly the same.