Physics project

Isaac Newtons life

Sir Isaac Newton FRS (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27)[a] was an
English polymath active as
a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who was
described in his time as a natural philosopher. He was a key figure in
the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment that followed. His pioneering
book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy), first published in 1687, consolidated many previous results
and established classical mechanics.Newton also made seminal contributions
to optics, and shares credit with German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz for developing infinitesimal calculus, though notably he developed calculus
well before Leibniz. He is considered one of the greatest and most influential
scientists in history. In the Principia, Newton formulated the laws of
motion and universal gravitation that formed the dominant scientific viewpoint for
centuries until it was superseded by the theory of relativity. Newton used his
mathematical description of gravity to derive Kepler's laws of planetary motion,
account for tides, the trajectories of comets, the precession of the equinoxes and
other phenomena, eradicating doubt about the Solar System's heliocentricity.[16] He
demonstrated that the motion of objects on Earth and celestial bodies could be
accounted for by the same principles. Newton's inference that the Earth is
an oblate spheroid was later confirmed by the geodetic measurements
of Maupertuis, La Condamine, and others, convincing most European scientists of the
superiority of Newtonian mechanics over earlier systems.
Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a
sophisticated theory of colour based on the observation that
a prism separates white light into the colours of the visible spectrum. His work on
light was collected in his highly influential book Opticks, published in 1704. He
also formulated an empirical law of cooling, made the first theoretical calculation
of the speed of sound, and introduced the notion of a Newtonian fluid. In addition
to his work on calculus, as a mathematician Newton contributed to the study of
power series, generalised the binomial theorem to non-integer exponents,
developed a method for approximating the roots of a function, and classified most
of the cubic plane curves. Newton was a fellow of Trinity College and the
second Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge. He was a
devout but unorthodox Christian who privately rejected the doctrine of the Trinity.
He refused to take holy orders in the Church of England, unlike most members of the
Cambridge faculty of the day. Beyond his work on the mathematical sciences, Newton
dedicated much of his time to the study of alchemy and biblical chronology, but
most of his work in those areas remained unpublished until long after his death.
Politically and personally tied to the Whig party, Newton served two brief terms
as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge, in 1689–1690 and 1701–
1702. He was knighted by Queen Anne in 1705 and spent the last three decades of his
life in London, serving as Warden (1696–1699) and Master (1699–1727) of the Royal
Mint, as well as president of the Royal Society (1703–1727)

Isaac Newtons Death

Newton was also an ardent student of history and religious doctrines, and his
writings on those subjects were compiled into multiple books that were published
posthumously. Having never married, Newton spent his later years living with his
niece at Cranbury Park near Winchester, England. He died in his sleep on March 31,
1727, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. A giant even among the brilliant minds
that drove the Scientific Revolution, Newton is remembered as a transformative
scholar, inventor and writer. He eradicated any doubts about the heliocentric model
of the universe by establishing celestial mechanics, his precise methodology giving
birth to what is known as the scientific method. Although his theories of space-
time and gravity eventually gave way to those of Albert Einstein, his work remains
the bedrock on which modern physics was built.

Isaac Newtons accomplishments.

1) Newtons colour spectrum.

Newton introduced the term ‘colour spectrum’ and although the spectrum appears
continuous, with no distinct boundaries between the colours, he chose to divide it
into seven: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. Newton chose the
number seven because of the ancient Greek belief that seven is a mystical number.
Newton showed that every colour has a unique angle of refraction that can be
calculated using a suitable prism. He saw that all objects appear to be the same
colour as the beam of coloured light that illuminates them, and that a beam of
coloured light will stay the same colour no matter how many times it is reflected
or refracted. This led him to conclude that colour is a property of the light that
reflects from objects, not a property of the objects themselves.

2) Newtons law of gravity.

Isaac Newton is best know for his theory about the law of gravity, but his
“Principia Mathematica” (1686) with its three laws of motion greatly influenced the
Enlightenment in Europe. Born in 1643 in Woolsthorpe, England, Sir Isaac
Newton began developing his theories on light, calculus and celestial mechanics
while on break from Cambridge University.
Years of research culminated with the 1687 publication of “Principia,” a landmark
work that established the universal laws of motion and gravity. Newton’s second
major book, “Opticks,” detailed his experiments to determine the properties of
light. Also a student of Biblical history and alchemy, the famed scientist served
as president of the Royal Society of London and master of England’s Royal Mint
until his death in 1727.

3) Isaac Newtons telescope and studies on light.

Newton returned to Cambridge in 1667 and was elected a minor fellow. He constructed
the first reflecting telescope in 1668, and the following year he received his
Master of Arts degree and took over as Cambridge’s Lucasian Professor of
Mathematics. Asked to give a demonstration of his telescope to the Royal Society of
London in 1671, he was elected to the Royal Society the following year and
published his notes on optics for his peers. Through his experiments with
refraction, Newton determined that white light was a composite of all the colors on
the spectrum, and he asserted that light was composed of particles instead of
waves. His methods drew sharp rebuke from established Society member Robert Hooke,
who was unsparing again with Newton’s follow-up paper in 1675. Known for his
temperamental defense of his work, Newton engaged in heated correspondence with
Hooke before suffering a nervous breakdown and withdrawing from the public eye in
1678. In the following years, he returned to his earlier studies on the forces
governing gravity and dabbled in alchemy.