Old Testament Timeline

Patriarchs to Judges (c. 2166–1030)

Abraham 2166–1991
Isaac 2066–1886
Jacob 2006–1859
Joseph 1915–1805
Moses’ birth 1526
Exodus 1446
Desert wanderings 1446–1406
Entrance into Canaan 1406
Period of the judges 1375 to 1050–1030

United Monarchy (c. 1050–931)

Saul’s reign 1050–1030 to 1010
David’s reign 1010–971
Solomon’s reign 971–931

Divided Monarchy to Exile (931–586)

Kingdom divided 931
Syro-Ephraimite war 740–732Pekah (Israel) and Rezin (Syria) pressure Jotham
and Ahaz (Judah) to join their opposition to Tiglath-pileser III (Assyria)
Fall of Samaria (Israel)722 Shalmaneser V (727–722) and Sargon II (722–705) of Assyria
Josiah’s reforms 628
Battle of Carchemish 605 Daniel and three friends exiled to Babylon
Jerusalem attacked 597 Nebuchadnezzar II takes exiles to Babylon including Jehoiachin
and Ezekiel
Fall of Jerusalem (Judah) 586 Nebuchadnezzar II takes more exiles to Babylon

Return from Exile (539–445)

Fall of Babylon 539
Cyrus of Persia (539–530)
1st return of exiles to Jerusalem 538
Temple building begins 536
Temple completed 516
Darius I (522–486)
Esther in palace of Xerxes 478
Xerxes I/Ahasuerus (485–464)
2nd return of exiles to Jerusalem under Ezra 458
Artaxerxes I (464–423)
3rd return of exiles to Jerusalem under Nehemiah 445
5 B.C.* Jesus is born in Bethlehem.
4 B.C. Jesus’ family flees to Egypt to escape from Herod’s plan to kill Jesus (Matt. 2:13–18);
Herod dies; Judas (of Sepphoris) and others rebel, requiring the Syrian Governor Varus to
intervene throughout Palestine; Sepphoris, a city four miles from Nazareth, is destroyed by
Roman soldiers; Judea, Samaria, and Idumea are given to Herod’s son, Archelaus; Galilee and
Perea are given to his son Antipas; Jesus’ family, after returning from Egypt, resides in Nazareth
(Matt. 2:19–23), a small village in southern Galilee.
A.D. 6 Archelaus is exiled for incompetence; Judea becomes a Roman province; Judas the
Galilean (of Gamla) leads a revolt against the tax census; the governor of Syria, Quirinius (A.D.
6–7), appoints Annas high priest (6–15).
8* Jesus (age 12) interacts with the teachers in the temple (Luke 2:41–50).
8*–28/30 Jesus works as a carpenter in Nazareth (Matt. 13:55; Mark 6:3) and probably in
neighboring villages and Sepphoris, which was being rebuilt.
28–29* John the Baptist begins his ministry around the Jordan River (John 1:19).
28–30* Jesus begins his ministry in Judea, but soon focuses his efforts in Galilee. In
Jerusalem, Pharisees (like Gamaliel) train disciples (like Paul) in their tradition. They send a
delegation to Galilee, but the delegation rejects Jesus’ teaching. In Alexandria, Philo (20 B.C.–
A.D. 50) attempts to unify Greek philosophy with Hebrew Scripture.
33 (or 30) Jesus returns to Judea, is crucified, and resurrected. James the brother of Jesus
becomes a believer after witnessing the resurrected Jesus (1 Cor. 15:7; Acts 12:17). Jesus
ascends to the Father’s right hand (Acts 1). Jesus’ first followers receive the Holy Spirit at
Pentecost and begin to proclaim the gospel (Acts 2).
33/34*Paul witnesses the resurrected Lord on the way to Damascus and is commissioned as an
apostle to the nations (Acts 9; Gal. 1:15–16).
34–37 Paul ministers in Damascus and Arabia (Acts 9:19–22; 26:20; Gal. 1:16–18).
36 Pilate loses his position for incompetence.
36/37*Paul meets with Peter in Jerusalem (Acts 9:26–30; Gal. 1:18).
37–45 Paul ministers in Syria, Tarsus, and Cilicia (Acts 9:30; Gal. 1:21).
38* Peter witnesses to Cornelius (Acts 10).
39 Antipas is exiled.
40–45* James writes his letter to believers outside Palestine (see James 1:1).
41–44 Agrippa, Herod the Great’s grandson, rules Palestine; he kills James the brother of John
(Acts 12:2) and imprisons Peter (Acts 12:3).
42–44 Paul receives his “thorn in the flesh” (2 Cor. 12:7).
44 Peter leaves Jerusalem; Agrippa is killed by an “angel of the Lord” (Acts 12:23).
44–46 Theudas persuades many Jews to sell their possessions and follow him into the
wilderness where he claimed he would miraculously divide the Jordan River; Roman procurator
Fadus dispatches his cavalry and beheads the would-be messiah.
44–47* Paul’s Second Visit to Jerusalem; time of famine (Acts 11:27–30; Gal. 2:1–10).
46–47 Paul’s First Missionary Journey (with Barnabas) from Antioch to Cyprus, Antioch in
Pisidia, Iconium, and Lystra (Acts 13:4–14:26).
46–48 Roman procurator Tiberius Alexander crucifies two sons (Jacob and Simon) of Judas the
Galilean.
48* Paul writes Galatians, perhaps from Antioch (see Acts 14:26–28).
48–49* Paul and Peter return to Jerusalem for the Apostolic Council, which, with the
assistance of James, frees Gentile believers from the requirement of circumcision in opposition
to Pharisaic believers (Acts 15:1–29); Paul and Barnabas return to Antioch (Acts 15:30) but split
over a dispute about John Mark (Acts 15:36–40).
48/49–51* Paul’s Second Missionary Journey (with Silas) from Antioch to Syria, Cilicia,
southern Galatia, Macedonia, notably Philippi, Thessalonica, and Berea; and then on to Achaia,
notably Athens and Corinth (Acts 15:36–18:22).
49 Claudius expels Jews from Rome because of conflicts about Jesus (Acts 18:2); Paul
befriends two refugees, Priscilla and Aquila, in Corinth (Acts 18:2–3).
49–51* Paul writes 1–2 Thessalonians from Corinth (Acts 18:1, 11; also compare Acts
18:5 with 1 Thess. 1:8).
51 Paul appears before Gallio, proconsul of Achaia (Acts 18:12–17).
50–54* Peter comes to Rome.
52–57* Paul’s Third Missionary Journey from Antioch to Galatia, Phrygia, Ephesus,
Macedonia, Greece (Acts 18:23–21:17).
52–55 Paul ministers in Ephesus (Acts 19:1–20).
53–55* Mark writes his Gospel, containing Peter’s memories of Jesus; perhaps within a
decade, Matthew publishes his Gospel, which relies on Mark and other sources. Paul writes 1
Corinthians from Ephesus (Acts 19:10).
54 Claudius dies (edict exiling Jews repealed); Priscilla and Aquila return to Rome and host a
church in their home (see Rom. 16:3–5).
54–68 Nero reigns.
55–56* Paul writes 2 Corinthians from Macedonia (Acts 20:1, 3; 2 Cor. 1:16; 2:13; 7:5;
8:1; 9:2, 4; see 1 Cor. 16:5).
57* Paul winters in Corinth and writes Romans (Acts 20:3; see Rom. 16:1–2; also see Rom.
16:23 with 1 Cor. 1:14); travels to Jerusalem (Acts 21:1–16), visits with James the brother of
Jesus (Acts 21:17–26), and is arrested (Acts 21:27–36; 22:22–29).
57–59 Paul is imprisoned and transferred to Caesarea (Acts 23:23–24, 33–34).
60 Paul begins voyage to Rome (Acts 27:1–2); he is shipwrecked for three months on the
island of Malta (Acts 27:39–28:10).
60–70* Letter to the Hebrews is written.
62 James the brother of the Lord is executed by the Sadducean high priest Ananus.
62–63* Peter writes his first letter (1 Peter) from Rome (1 Pet. 5:13).
62* Paul arrives in Rome and remains under house arrest (Acts 28:16–31); he writes
Ephesians (see verses for Colossians), Philippians (Phil. 1:7, 13, 17; 4:22), Colossians (Col. 4:3,
10, 18; see Acts 27:2 with Col. 4:10), Philemon (see Philem. 23 with Col. 1:7; Philem. 2 with Col.
4:17; Philem. 24 with Col. 4:10; also see Col. 4:9). Luke, Paul’s physician and companion (see
Col. 4:14), writes Luke and Acts.
62–64 Paul is released, extends his mission (probably reaching Spain), writes 1 Timothy from
Macedonia (see 1 Tim. 1:3) and Titus from Nicopolis (Titus 3:12); he is rearrested in Rome (2
Tim. 1:16–17).
63–64 Work on the temple complex is completed.
64 (July 19) Fire in Rome; Nero blames and kills many Christians.
64–67* Peter writes his second letter ( 2 Peter). Jude writes his letter. Paul writes 2
Timothy (see 2 Tim. 4:6–8). Paul and Peter are martyred in Rome.
66 First Jewish-Roman War begins with a riot between Greeks and Jews at Caesarea; Roman
procurator Gesius Florus (A.D. 64–66) is murdered and a Roman garrison wiped out; Menahem,
son or grandson of Judas the Galilean, murders the high priest Ananias and seizes control of the
temple; Nero dispatches Vespasian with three legions.
67* Romans destroy the Qumran community, who beforehand hid the so-called Dead Sea
Scrolls in nearby caves; the church in Jerusalem flees to Pella (Matt. 24:15–16; Mark 13:14; Luke
21:20–22); John migrates to Ephesus with Mary, Jesus’ mother.
68 Nero commits suicide; year of the three emperors.
69 Rebellion quelled in Galilee and Samaria; Vespasian summoned back to Rome to become
emperor.
70 (Aug. 30) Titus, Vespasian’s son, after a five-month siege of Jerusalem, destroys the temple
after desecrating it; the temple’s menorah, Torah, and veil are removed and later put on display
in a victory parade in Rome; the influence of the Sadducees ends; the Pharisee Johanan ben
Zakkai escapes and convinces the Romans to allow him and others to settle in Jamnia, where
they found a school.
73 (May 2)* Before Roman general Silva breaches the fortress atop Masada following a two-
year siege, 936 Jewish rebels commit suicide.
75 Titus has an affair with the Jewish princess Berenice, sister of Agrippa II (Acts 25:13, 23),
whom he later abandons because of the scandal.
77 Pliny the Elder writes Natural History.
77–78 Josephus publishes Jewish War in Rome.
79 Pompeii and Herculaneum are destroyed by eruption of Vesuvius; Pliny the Elder dies
attempting to investigate.
81 The Arch of Titus, celebrating his destruction of the temple, is erected in Rome.
81–96 Domitian, Titus’s brother, persecutes Christians among the Roman nobility, including his
own relatives Clemens and Domitilla.
85–95* John writes his letters (1–3 John), probably in Ephesus.
89–95* John writes his Gospel, probably in Ephesus.
93–94 Josephus publishes Jewish Antiquities in Rome.
94 Domitian exiles philosophers from Rome.
95* Amidst persecution, Clement, a leader in the Roman church, writes his Letter to the
Corinthians (1 Clement) appealing for peace between the young men and elders.
95–96* Exiled by Domitian to Patmos, John writes Revelation (Rev. 1:9).
96–98 Nerva, the first of five “good” emperors, ends official persecution.