Cantonment Public School & College (English Version, JES)

Jahanabad Cantonment, Khulna

Verb
Prepared by
Sk. Mahbubul Alam

Verb-ক্রিয়া

Latin ঱ব্দ verbum থথকে verb ঱ব্দটি এক঳কে ম়ায ঄থ থ ঴কর়া ক্রিয়া ফ়া ে়াজ।
A verb is a word or a group of words that shows an action, an event, a state of being or having something.
Or, A verb is a word or a group of words (phrase) that is/ are used to show an action, state or occurrence.

থম ঱ব্দ দ্ব়ায়া থে়ান ে়াজ েয়া, ঴঑য়়া ঄থফ়া থে়ান ঄ফস্থ়া ফ়া ঄ক্রবজ্ঞত়া ফন থণ়া েয়া ঴য়, থ঳আ ঱ব্দকেআ Verb ফকর। থমভন: come, go, take,
see, play, walk, run আতয়াক্রদ।

Verb-থে আংকযক্রজ ফ়াকেযয ‗হৃদয়‘ ফর়া ঴য় (Verbs are the hearts of English sentences.)। ে়াযণ Verb ে়াড়়া আংকযক্রজকত থে়ান
ফ়ােয ক্ররখ়া ম়ায় ন়া।

Role of Verb in a sentence

Verb forms the main part of the predicate of a sentence. Every complete sentence must have a verb.

***A verb indicates:

→What subject does: He writes a letter. ( Action verb)
→What subject is: He is a doctor. (State verb)
→What subject has: He has a pen. (Possession)

***Different types of verb:

→Actions: read, do, walk, bring, run, learn, eat, etc.
→States: be, exist, stand, remain etc.
→Occurrences: happen, become, etc.

Basic Forms of Verbs

There are six basic forms of verbs. These forms are as follows:

→Base form : Children play in the field. (play)

→Infinitive : I want to help them. ( to help)
→ Past tense : They played football yesterday. (played)
→Past participle : I have eaten a burger. (eaten)
→Present participle: I saw them playing with him today. (playing)
→Gerund : Swimming is the best exercise. (swimming)
 Verb

Finite verb Nonfinite verb

Principal verb Auxiliary verb Gerund Participle Infinitive

Primary Semi modal Modal Present Past Perfect

auxiliary auxiliary auxiliary (V+ing) (V3) (Having + V3)

Transitive Intransitive Linking

verb verb verb Simple Full Bare Split
Infinitive " " "

Causative Group Impersonal Copulative

Verb Verb Verb Verb

Factitive Reflexive Reciprocal Quasi-passive Cognate

Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb

***গঠকনয ক্রদে ক্রদকয verb থে দুআ ব়াকগ ব়াগ েয়া ম়ায। Finite verb & Non-finite verb

Finite verb- ঳ভ়াক্র঩ে়া ক্রিয়়া

A finite verb is a form of verb that has a tense to complete the meaning of a clause or a sentence and the
verb changes according to the number & person of subject.

A verb which must have a subject and is changed its form according to tense, number or person of subject
is called finite verb.
থম verb দ্ব়ায়া থে়ান ফক্তব্য থ঱ল ঴য়, ঄থ থ ঳ম্পূণ থ ব়াকফ প্রে়াক্র঱ত ঴য়, এফং subject এয number, person ঑ tense ঄নুম়ায়ী ঩ক্রযফক্রত©Z
঴য় ত়াকে Finite Verb ফকর।

mvaviYZ †h verb দ্ব়ায়া ev‡K¨i tense wbY©q Kiv hvq Zv‡K finite verb ejv nq| Finite verb Qvov sentence nq bv|
Finite verb ‡Pbvi Dcvq: V1, V2, V+s/es, auxiliary + principal
Example: I like to go there.
→She liked to go there.
→He likes to go there.
→He would like to go there.
[এখ়াকন ‗like‘ verb টি ঩ক্রযফতথন ঴কযকে ক্রেন্তু ‗to go‘ verb টি ঩ক্রযফতথন ঴যক্রন। ত়াআ অভয়া ফরকত ঩়াক্রয ‗like, liked, likes, would
like‘ verb গুকর়া finite verb এফং ‗to go‘ verb টি non finite verb .]

***Finite Verb-থে অফ়ায দুআ ব়াকগ ব়াগ েয়া ম়ায়। Principal Verb & Auxiliary Verb

Principal Verb-মূর ক্রিয়া

Verbs which are used independently without the help of other verbs, are called Principal or Main verb.
থম verb ঄ন্য থে়ান verb এয ঳়া঴়ায্য ে়াড়়া ঳ম্পূন থ ঄থ থ প্রে়া঱ েযকত ঩়াকয ত়াকে principal/ Lexical verb ফকর।
→He is a singer. [ is GLv‡b Main verb]
→She does her job. [ does GLv‡b Main verb]
→They have many problems.
→He goes to school.
→Macbeth was written by William Shakespeare.

Auxiliary Verb-঳়া঴়ায্যে়াযী ক্রিয়া

The verbs that help the main verb to form tense, voice or mood are called auxiliary verb.
The verbs which help a Principal verb to form a sentence are called Auxiliary or Helping verb.

থম verb, principal verb এয অকগ ফক঳ verb এয tense ক্রনকদ থ঱ েযকত ঳়া঴়ায্য েকয Ges ¯^vaxb fv‡e ‡Kvb ev‡K¨ e¨envi nq bv
ত়াকে Auxiliary Verb ফকর।

→He is singing a song.

→ She is doing her job.
→They are facing many problems.
→It has been raining for two days.

(Here, 'is', 'are' and ‗has‘ are helping the main verbs:- sing, do, face and rain.)

**Auxiliary verbs are of three types: Primary Auxiliary, Semi Modal Auxiliary & Modal Auxiliary verb

Primary Auxiliary
The auxiliary verbs that are determined by the number and person of subject or tense are called primary
auxiliary/ Tense Auxiliary verbs.

‡h verb KL‡bv KL‡bv Principal verb Gi KvR K‡i, Avevi KL‡bv auxiliary verb wn‡m‡e ‡Kvb ev‡K¨ e¨envi nq ত়াকে
Primary Auxiliary Verb ফকর।

→He is playing football.

***Primary auxiliary verb can be used as principal verb.

→He is helping me. ( is = primary auxiliary verb)
→He is a student.( is = principal verb)

**Generally primary auxiliary verb has no meaning in the sentence.

→He is catching fish. ভুর: থ঳ ঴য ভ়াে ধযকে। ঳ঠিে: থ঳ ভ়াে ধযকে।

***Subject singular number ঴কর primary auxiliary verb এয থ঱কল এেটি 's' ফক঳।
He has…, He does…, He is …, He was…, He plays…

*** Primary auxiliary verbs are of three types

a) Be verb
b) Do verb
c) Have verb

Be

am is are was were be being been

Usages of Verb ' to be':

1) In all continuous tenses:-

→ I am doing the job. (present Continuous)
→Ryan was sleeping that moment. (past Continuous)

2) To make all voice change:-

→It was done by her. (passive form)

3) To make voice change continuous tenses, double ' to be' is used:-

→The work is being done by me.

4) Before an adjective:-
→He is honest.
→They are educated

5) Before Subjective Complement:-

→He is a student.

6) To make negative or interrogative:-

→They are not waiting for you.
→Why were you quarrelling with him?

Do

do does did

Usages of Verb 'to do':

1) To make negative or interrogative of present indefinite tense:-
→He does not go to school.
→Where do you live?

2) To make negative or interrogative of past indefinite tense:-

→We did not see him.
→Why did he come here?

3) Base form of verb is used if 'do verb' is used as an Auxiliary verb

→He didn't give me money yesterday.

Have

Have has had having

Usages of Verb 'to have' :

1) In all perfect tenses:-

→ They have completed the mission. (present perfect)

2) 'V3' is used after ' have verb':-

→ He has done the work.

3) To make negative or interrogative of Perfect tense:-

→ He has not done the work
→ Have you prepared your lessons?

4)To make passive voice change ‗been‘ is used after ‗to have‘:-
→He has been selected for the competition.

Semi-modal Auxiliary Verb

A semi-modal auxiliary/ semi-auxiliary is a multi-word construction based on an auxiliary verb and
having some of the same grammatical characteristics.

Examples: have to, had better, would rather, ought to, used to, be going to, be able to, be about to, be
likely to, be supposed to, be to, get used to, be used to, dare, need etc.
→Sumon is going to apply for the post.
→Is Sumi supposed to phone us today?
→I dare not talk to him (to be brave)
→You needn’t worry about it. (lack of obligation)
→Did you use to live in Dhaka? (past habit)
→I am not used to living in the city. (to be accustomed to something in continuous form)
→I used to have tea in the evening. (habit)
→We ought to respect our seniors. (moral obligation)

**Difference: He needs a pen ( need = main verb)

→He need not go there ( need = auxiliary verb)

**Infinitive: He had to call the police.

**Zero infinitive: I would rather leave the place than eating.

Modal Auxiliary Verb

The verb auxiliary that is used with another verb to express a mood or tense is called Modal Auxiliary
Verb.

The auxiliary verbs that are not limited by the number and person of the subject are called modal
auxiliary verb.

঄থ থ়াৎ, subject third person singular number ঴কর঑ একদয থে়ান ঩ক্রযফতথন ঴কফ ন়া।

They help the main verbs to express mood and they cannot be used as principal verb.

Example: shall, should, can, could, will, would, may, might, must

Usages:
1) Modals only take the base form of verbs after them because a ' to / bare Infinitive' is just after them
and it is silent (উহ্য).
→অভ়াকদয ে়াজটি েযকত ঴কফ। (থত = to)
We must (to) do the work. (Personal obligation)

2) 'be' is used after modal auxiliary verb to make passive voice.

→The work must be done by me.

More examples:
→ Shall we start the game? (Asking the question)
→You should read the book attentively. (Suggest)
→ Would you give me a cup of coffee? (request)
→ I can do the sum. (ability)
→May I come in? (permission)

****Principal Verb থে wZb ব়াকগ ব়াগ েয়া ম়ায়।

Principal verb

Transitive Intransitive Linking

verb verb verb

Transitive Verb-঳েভ থে ক্রিয়া

Transitive verb is an action verb that requires one or two objects which receive the action of the verb in
the sentence.

থম verb এে়ােী ফ়াকেযয ঄থ থ ঳ম্পূণ থব়াকফ প্রে়া঱ েযকত ঩়াকয ন়া, ঄থ থ ঳ম্পূণ থ েযকত ঴কর ঄ন্য থে়ান word এয ঳়া঴়ায্য ক্রনকত ঴য় ত়াকে
Transitive Verb ফকর। ঄থ থ়াৎ, থম verb এয object ফ়া েভ থ থ়াকে ত়াকে transitive verb ফকর।

● So, to find an object we ask the verb by ―Whom‖ or ―What‖, and the answer we get is an object of that
sentence.
Whom = personal object ( indirect object)
What = impersonal object ( direct object)

→He gave me a mobile phone. [Gave whom? Answer is me. And Gave what? Answer is mobile phone.
So the ―gave‖ verb should be a transitive verb.]

verb-এয ে়াকে "ে়াকে' ফ়া 'ক্রে' দ্ব়ায়া প্রশ্ন েকয মক্রদ উত্তয ঩়া঑য়া ম়ায ত়া঴কর verb টি transitive verb. তকফ থে়ান verb-এয মক্রদ এেটি
object থ়াকে ত়া঴কর঑ ঑আ verb টি ঑ transitive verb ঴কফ।

Verb Gi Kv‡Q ÔÔKv‡KÓ Øviv c&ªkœ Ki‡j e¨w³evPK Kg© ev indirect object cvIqv hvq Ges ÔÔwKÓ Øviv c&ªkœ Ki‡j e¯‘evPK Kg© ev
direct object cvIqv hvq|

= wZwb Avgv‡K Bs‡iwR covb| = He teaches me English.

(c&ªkœ - ÔÔKv‡KÓ covb? DËi- ÔÔAvgv‡K Ó | ÔÔAvgv‡K Ó GLv‡b e¨w³evPK object)
(c&ªkœ - ÔÔwKÓ covb? DËi- ÔÔBs‡iwR Ó | ÔÔBs‡iwR Ó GLv‡b Ae¨w³evPK object)

Note: Z‡e GKwU ev‡K¨ GKwU object _vK‡Z cv‡i, `ywU object I _vK‡Z cv‡i| `ywU object _vK‡j e¨w³evPK object wU c~‡e©
e‡m|
→She reads the book. (verb with the object ‗the book‘)
→He gave me a mobile phone. (verb with the object ‗me‘ and ‗mobile phone‘)
→ I saw her in the market.
→ Rifat wants a pen from Ryan.
→I eat rice.
→ I gave her a pen.

Structure: Subject + verb + indirect object + direct object

Sr. No Subject Verb Indirect Object Direct Object
1 He gave me an apple
2 The teacher told us a story
3 Will you make me a cup of tea?
4 He offered me a job

Structure: Subject + verb + indirect object + direct object

Sr. No Subject Verb Indirect Object Preposition Direct Object
1. He gave an apple to me
2. The teacher told a story to us
3. Will you make a cup of tea for me?
4. He offered a job to me.

***ïaygvG Transitive verb Gi voice change Ki‡Z nq| `ywU object _vK‡j e¨w³evPK object ‡K Passive voice Gi
subject wn‡m‡e wjL‡j fvj nq|
Active: He teaches us English.
Passive: We are taught English by him.

Intransitive Verb-঄েভ থে ক্রিয়া

Intransitive verb is an action verb that requires no object to fulfill the meaning of the sentence.

If object of a verb is not present in sentence, the verb is intransitive of that sentence.

থম verb ঄ন্য থে়ান word এয ঳়া঴়ায্য ে়াড়়াআ ফ়াকেযয ঄থ থ ঳ম্পূণ থ ব়াকফ প্রে়া঱ েযকত ঩়াকয, A_vr থে়ান প্রে়ায েভ থ ফ়া object গ্র঴ন েকয
ন়া ত়াকে Intransitive Verb ফকর।
***Way to find intransitive verb:
verb-এয ে়াকে "ে়াকে' ফ়া 'ক্রে' দ্ব়ায়া প্রশ্ন েকয মক্রদ উত্তয ঩়া঑য়া ন়া ম়ায ত়া঴কর verb টি intransitive verb.

→থ঳ স্কুকর ম়ায। ে়াকে ম়ায? ক্রে ম়ায ? থে়ান উত্তয ন়াআ
=He goes to school. ত়াআ go, verb টি intransitive verb

Example:
→She reads.
→Sit down here. (no object in the sentence)
→The birds are flying.
→She is singing.
→The sun set.
→ I walked to the park today.
→I went to the campus for a scheduled class.
→He runs fast.

***Verb Gi Kv‡Q ÔÔKv‡KÓ ev ÔÔwKÓ Øviv c&ªkœ K‡i ‡Kvb DËi cvIqv bv †M‡j eyS‡Z n‡e Verb wU intransitive Verb.
Intransitive Verb Gi object _v‡K bv|

ZvB Gai‡bi Verb Gi Kv‡Q ÔÔwKfv‡eÓ = adverb of manner, ÔÔ‡Kv_vqÓ = adverb of place, ÔÔKLbÓ = adverb of time
w`‡q c&ªkœ Ki‡Z nq|

Serial: manner + place + time

Ex.:- ‡QvU ‡Q‡jwU cÖwZw`b cyKz‡i Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í muvZvi Kv‡U|

The little boy swims slowly in the pond everyday.

Transitive to Intransitive according to sense:

Transitive Intransitive
The horse drew the cart. He drew near to him. ‡m Zvi Kv‡Q †U‡b wbj
The driver stopped the train. The train stopped suddenly.
The peon rang the bell. The bell rang.

Transitive to Intransitive combining a Preposition:

Transitive Intransitive
We eat rice. We eat to live.
He burnt his hands. He burnt with rage ( ‡µva)
The opened the door. The door soon opened.

Instant Practice: Write Transitive / Intransitive in the bracket:

He killed a snake. ( )
The fire burns brightly. ( )
Birds fly in the sky. ( )
I take tea 3 times a day. ( )
A blind man cannot see. ( )
He came here last night. ( )
He has lost her book. ( )
He has lost her book. ( )
He walked twenty miles. ( )
You should teach him a lesson. ( )

Linking Verb
The verb which links the subject to subjective complement is called linking verb.
Linking verb is used to re-identify or to describe its subject.

verb mgvb ‗=‘ , linking verb

→He is (=) a teacher.

, He = teacher [

, subject compliment

*** subject object Ki‡j object wU compliment n‡e Ges Ki‡j

compliment n‡e bv
→I am Rufaida. [GLv‡b, I Rufaida ZvB Niloy ‡jv compliment.]
→ I know Rufaida. [GLv‡b, I Rufaida ZvB Niloy ‡jv object ]

Linking verbs: be (am, is, are, was, were, being, been) seem, become, feel, being, appear, taste, seem,
smell, sound, grow, look, remain etc.

●●A Linking verb joins or links a subject and its complement.

**A linking verb tells what subject is, not what the subject is doing
→My father is an army ( subject is re-identified as army)

MVb -1: Sub + linking verb + complement

→He is a teacher.
→He becomes a doctor
→She had been a pilot.
→He feels me. [ Here, ‗feel‘ is not linking verb. Kvib He me ZvB Niloy ‡jv object ]

●● Linking verb complement adjective noun phrase

MVb-2: Sub + Linking verb + adjective.

→Rahim is sick.
→Kamal is thirsty ( subject is described)

*** Linking verb ay adjective modify ZvB Linking verb adjective

→He remains silent [ not, silently]
→He looks beautiful
→He feels bad.

***Adverb linking verb modify

→He speaks loudly. [ Here, ‗speak‘ is not linking verb. Kvib loudly n‡”Q Adverb]
→He writes slowly. [ Here, ‗write‘ is not linking verb. Kvib slowly n‡”Q Adverb]]

** adjective hy³ ev‡K¨ Ab¨ linking verb be verb H be verb wU

linking verb
→He looks hungry. [ looks be verb ‗is‘ ‡m‡Q ZvB
→He is hungry

Non-finite Verb-঄঳ভ়াক্র঩ে়া ক্রিয়়া

থম verb দ্ব়ায়া থে়ান ফক্তব্য থ঱ল ঴য় ন়া, ঄থ থ ঳ম্পূণ থ ব়াকফ প্রে়াক্র঱ত ঴য় ন়া, subject এয number , person এফং tense ঄নুম়ায়ী
঩ক্রযফক্রত©Z ঴য় ন়া ত়াকে Non-finite Verb ফকর।

A Non-finite verb is a form of verb that is not limited by person, number or tense in a sentence and cannot
act as main verb.
→He likes to play football.
→I like to play football.
→They like to play football.
→He liked to play football.
→I would like to play football.

[উ঩কয ‗like‘ verb টি ঩ক্রযফতথন ঴কযকে ে়াযণ এটি subject এয ঩কয ফক঳ subject এয number, person এফং tense দ্ব়ায়া ঳ীভ়াফদ্ধ|
ক্রেন্তু to play এয থে়াকন়া ঩ক্রযফতথন ঴যক্রন| ে়াযণ এটি subject এয number এফং person দ্ব়ায়া ঳ীভ়াফদ্ধ ন়া । ত়াআ to play এেটি non
finite verb]
→Mihun wants to run.
→Walking is a good exercise.
→I saw the boy playing.

Non-finite Verb

Participle (verb + ing) Gerund (verb + ing) Infinitive ( to + verb)

Participle - Kvj‡evaK K…`šÍ c`

থম verb এেআ ঳়াকথ verb ঑ adjective এয ে়াজ েকয ত়াকে Participle ফকর।

Participle is a word having the characteristics of both a Verb and an Adjective.

A participle is a form of verb that is used in a sentence to modify a noun, noun phrase and then plays a
role similar to an adjective.

verb- adjective (form) , verb- ‗ing‘ verb- past

participle form adjective- , participle

When there is no regular adjective form of a verb, the -ing verb or the past participle of the verb can be
used as an adjective. When a verb is used this way is called a participle.

Adjective: থম word, noun ফ়া pronoun এয থদ়াল গুগ , ঄ফস্থ়া ,঳ংখ্য়া এফং ঩ক্রযভ়াণ থফ়াঝ়ায ত়াকে adjective ফকর।

Participle mvavibZ noun ফ়া pronoun এয '঄ফস্থ়া' প্রে়া঱ েকয।

→ I saw the boy catching fish.

→ America is a developed country.

→It was an exciting news that you have passed the examination.
→He is an educated person.

Participle
 Present participle Past participle Perfect participle

Present Participle

Present participle is made by adding ‗ing ‘ to the base form of verb and the action of the verb continues.

Verb এয ঳়াকথ ‗ing‘ যুক্ত ঴কয় verb ঑ adjective এয ে়াজ েকয এফং verb এয action চরভ়ান থ়াকে Zv‡K Present participle
e‡j।

থমভন: walking, developing, swimming etc.

→We saw a boy carrying a basket of mangoes.-

→They found a running train going towards Dhaka. –
→I found him going there. –
→She is walking.
→Don‘t get into a running train.
→I saw her crying.
→A swimming snake bit him in the leg.
→Don‘t put your hand into boiling water.
→Look at the setting sun.
→Don‘t get into a running bus.
→The game being over we left the stadium.

Use of present participle:

1.Continuous tense of a verb:
→I am writing on the board. [Avgvi '঄ফস্থ়া' প্রে়া঱ Ki‡Q।]
→Students have been reading since morning.
→We will be staying here until you come.

2. As attributive adjective, before noun. noun- noun- - :

→This is an interesting story. [ story এয Õ¸YÕ প্রে়া঱ Ki‡Q।]
→They were trapped inside the burning house.

3. noun- noun- :
→I heard someone singing. –
→The boy coming here is my brother. – ,

4. noun- pronoun- objective case- :

→I saw his him walking along the road.
→They heard him singing.

Note: verb- pronoun- objective case pronoun- possessive case

verb-ing participle gerund
I saw his crossing the road. (gerund) [ Avwg Zvi †bŠKv cvi nIqv †`LwQjvg] ( GLv‡b, cvi n‡Z n‡e bv)
They heard his singing. (gerund) [ Zviv Zvi Mvb kzbwQj] (GLv‡b, Mvq‡Z kzbwQj n‡e bv)
I saw his walking along the road. (gerund)
I do not like their coming here. (gerund)
5.When is subject does two works at the same time, one verb is present participle. subject
verb-ing , present
participle.
→Finishing supper, I went to bed. [ wµqvi mv‡_ ÕBqvÕ †hvM n‡q‡Q ]
→Keeping the book in my one hand, I was going to school.[ subject ]
→Holding the rope, I was trying to climb the tree. [ subject ]
→Going there, I found him. [ subject ]
→Reading the book, I shall go to play. [ subject ,
]
→Passing the SSC Examination, I shall take admission at college. [ subject
]

6. , present participle :
→Feeling hungry, I went into the kitchen to find something for eating.
→Being poor, he didn‘t spend much on clothes and shoes.
→Knowing that his friends were coming, he cleaned the flat.
→He whispered, thinking his brother was still asleep.

7. , , present participle :
→They went away laughing.
→The baby came to its mother crying.
→The students entered the room singing a song.

8.As predicative object of linking verb.

→The story is interesting

participle- :

1. Have / get + object + present participle:

→The teacher had the whole class singing the National Anthem. –
→The officer got his staff working overtime. –

2. Come / go + present participle:

→Let‘s go shopping. – .
→We like to go walking a lot. –
→I went swimming this morning. –
→Do you want to come dancing with us? – ?
→How often do you go fishing? – ?

*** A gerund functions as a noun but present participles functions as an adjective.

→A swimming snake bit him in the leg. (Here, ‗swimming‘ is an adjective)

→Swimming is good for the people. (Here, ‗swimming‘ is noun)

Past participle

When a past participle of verb works both as a Noun and an Adjective is called Past participle non finite
verb.
Verb এয past participle রু঩টি মখন ফ়াকেয ব্যফহৃত ঴কয় এেআ ঳়াকথ verb ঑ adjective এয ে়াজ েকয তখন ত়াকে past
participle ফকর।

verb- (form) , past participle , done, gone, taken

→I don't want to see this broken chair. ( ঄ফস্থ়া ক্রে)

→We have sent him a written proposal.
→ A faded flower attracts none.
→ It is said by them.

past participle :
1. The past participle can be preceded by have, has, had, etc. to express the perfect aspect.
perfect tense :
→They have invited him to the party.
→They had gone there.

2.The past participle also expresses the passive voice. tense- passive voice :
→The problem was solved.
→This story is written by Kazi Nazrul Islam.

3. adjective past participle :

→Nobody should eat rotten fish.
→He got back his stolen money.
→The manager wanted a written application for this job.

4. past participle :
→Influenced by my friends, I went there to meet him.
→Inspired by the speech, I started learning English.
→Encouraged by my teacher, I took admission in English department.

5. Have / get + object + past participle: Subject wb‡R KvRwU K‡i bv

→They had their houses destroyed by cyclone. –
→I had my hair cut this morning. –
→Did you have your computer fixed? – ?
→He got his arm hurt in the accident. –
→I need to get my clothes cleaned. –

6.Subject + transitive verb + direct object- :

→Today I heard a folk song sung by a student of our college.
→They want the worked completed by Saturday.

Perfect Participle

Perfect participle demonstrates an action completed in the past by forming 'having + V3 '

Verb এয past participle এয পূকফ থ having যুক্ত ঴কয মক্রদ adjective ঑ verb এয ে়াম থ ঳ম্পন্ন েকয তকফ ত়াকে perfect
participle ফকর।

Structure: Having + Verb এয past participle.

঄থ থ়াৎ past participle= present participle + past participle =Having/ being + v3
→Having finished the report she submitted it
→Being disgusted, he left the place.
→Having improved her English she went to America.
→Having finished the home work, she went to school.
→Having received your letter, I knew everything.
→Having eaten my meal, I went to bed.

:
1. subject , Perfect participle
Having passed the examination, I took admission at Medical college.
Having completed the work, they went away.
Having seen the tiger, the hunter ran away.

2. subject subject- having Subject Gi ci main verb bv em‡j H

Ask‡K Nominative Absolute e‡j|

The sun having set, they started for their home.

The rain having stopped, the cricket match started.
Bonus:

Nominative Absolute
A Nominative Absolute is a special phrase that consists of a noun or pronoun followed or modified by
some kind of modifier, usually a participle or a participle phrase. Principal verb is not used in that part

**We can use Nominative Absolute to compress two sentences into one ( or, complex to simple,
compound to simple)

**Participle is used to form Nominative Absolute:

→The sun having set, we went home. [ perfect participle]
→Our tiffin having been prepared, we went to school. [ perfect participle]
→The room being congested, we have kept one furniture. [ present participle]
→No other matter arising, the meeting should be over. [ present participle]
→Her eyes rolling upwards, the lady made no effort to hide her disgust. [ present participle]

Gerund

Gerund is a form of verb (verb+ing) which functions as a Noun.

থম verb এেআ ঳়াকথ verb এফং noun এয ে়াজ েকয ত়াকে Gerund ফকর।

A gerund is a form of non-finite verb which is made up by adding the ‗ing‘ at the end of the base form of
a verb

→Walking is a good exercise.

Use of Gerund
a) Gerund ফ়াকেয subject ক্র঴঳়াকফ ব্যফহৃত ঴য় Gerund sentence- subject , present
participle sentence- subject
→ Rising early is a good habit.
→Learning English is not so difficult. [঩যফতী ঱ব্দটিয ঄থ থ cross েকয‡Q]
b) Gerund ফ়াকেয object ক্র঴঳়াকফ ব্যফহৃত ঴য় Verbs are followed by Gerund:
→ Stop writing.
→I like riding bicycle
→We enjoyed catching fish [ Here, ‗catching‘ is part of object]
→Today we‘re going to practice speaking.
→Sumon prefers travelling by train.
→She quits worrying about the problem.
→I recollect seeing the storm.

c) Gerund ফ়াকেয prepositional object ক্র঴঳়াকফ ব্যফহৃত ঴য় Preposition- ing- verb gerund,
participle
→Cat is fond of catching rat.
→He depends on begging.

d) Gerund ফ়াকেয complement ক্র঴঳়াকফ ব্যফহৃত ঴য়:

→My hobby is gardening. ( Complement of ' be' verb)
→Working is earning.

Technique to understand present participle and gerund

Gerund: verb + ing. ( noun এয ভত ে়াজ েকয)
Participle: verb + ing (adjective এয ভত ে়াজ েকয)

প্রথভতঃ
→Reading book is my hobby. (gerund)

঄থ থ: ফআ ঩ov অভ়ায ঱খ। ন়াক্রে, ঩ov ফআ অভ়ায ঱খ

ক্রনশ্চযআ, ফআ ঩ov অভ়ায ঱খ।
 মক্রদ verb + ing ঱ব্দটি এফং ত়ায ঩যফতী ঱ব্দটিয ঄থ থ cross েকয তকফ ত়া gerund ঴কফ।

 অয মক্রদ verb + ing ঱ব্দটি এফং ত়ায ঩যফতী ঱ব্দটি cross ন়া েকয ঄থ থ প্রে়া঱ েকয ত়া participle।

"ফআ ঩ov অভ়ায ঱খ" Reading book is my hobby. ফ়াকেয ঱কব্দয ঄থ থ cross েকযকে ত়াআ এটি gerund. ঄থ থ়াৎ অকগ 'ফআ' এফং ঩কয
'঩ov ' ঄থ থ এক঳কে।

ক্রদ্বতীযতঃ
→ Reading room is very important for a student. (participle)

঄থ থ: ঩ড়ায রুভ এেজন ে়াকেয জন্য খুফআ গুরুত্বপূণ থ।

এখ়াকন, রুভ ঩ড়া এেজন ে়াকেয জন্য খুফআ গুরুত্বপূণ থ। ঴কফ ন়া।
 ত়ায ভ়াকন এআ sentence এ verb + ing ঱ব্দটি এফং ত়ায ঩যফতী ঱ব্দটি cross েযকে ন়া ত়াআ reading ঱ব্দটি এখ়াকন
participle.

→A rolling stone gathers no moss. (participle)

঄থ থ: ঘুযন্ত ঩়াথকয শ্য়া঑র়া জকভ ন়া।

 এখ়াকন ঱কব্দয ঄থ থ cross েকযক্রন ত়ায ভ়াকন, rolling এখ়াকন participle.

→Playing card is not allowed here. (gerund)
঄থ থ: ে়াড থ থখর়ায ঄নুভক্রত এখ়াকন থনআ।

 এখ়াকন ঱কব্দয ঄থ থ cross েকযকে ত়ায ভ়াকন playing এেটি gerund .

*** subject verb-ing

, present participle:
→Reading the book, I shall go to play. [ subject ,
] (Reading GLv‡b Subject Gi Ask nqwb)

wKš‘, subject bv Gerund n‡e:

→Reading book is my hobby. (gerund)
→Taking exercise is good for health. [ Taking GLv‡b Subject Gi Ask n‡q‡Q ]

*** Gerund sentence- : ‘– ‘ , ,

, , , , ,
→Reading is a good habit.-
→I saw his going there. -

Z‡e, present participle sentence- ‘– ‘ ‗ ‘

, , , , , , , , , ,
→Reading the book, I shall go there.- ,
→I saw him going there.- →

Verbal Noun
The + (verb+ing) + of এব়াকফ যুক্ত ঴কয় মক্রদ শুধু noun এয ে়াজ েকয ত়া঴কর ত়াকে verbal noun ফকর। verb এয অকগ the ঩কয
of ফক঳।

The noun which is created from verb is called verbal noun.

The verb that has the force of a verb and other parts of speech is called verbal.

Structure: The + gerund + of

→The reading of newspaper is a good habit.
→The making of doll is an interesting work.
→The writing of the poem is difficult.
→The reading of history is interesting.

Infinitive, Gerund and Verbal noun –এয ঩়াথেথয

Gerund is partly as a verb and partly as a noun .So it is a double parts of speech.

Verbal noun acts only as a noun . So it is single parts of speech.

All gerunds can be used as verbal noun but all verbal noun cannot be used as gerunds.

Infinitive: To read news paper is a good habit.

Gerund: Reading news paper is a good habit.
Verbal noun: The reading of news paper is a good habit.
 Infinitive
An infinitive is the base form of a verb that can function as a noun, adjective, or adverb.

Infinitive verb is a non-finite verb that is made up of ―to + base form of verb‖ .

Verb এয root form এয অকগ to ফ঳কর ত়াকে Infinitive ফকর। Infinitive ঄ক্রধে়াং঱ থেকে noun ে়াজ েকয। তকফ ঄ন্য parts of
speech এয ভত ে়াজ েযকত ঩়াকয।

As Noun: mvaviYZ verb Gi Av‡M A_ev c‡i e‡m|

→Mamun failed to complete the task in due time. [ as object] adjective
→We decided to go to Italy next year. [ as object]
→ To swim in the lake is good experience. [ as subject]

As Adjective: mvaviYZ noun Gi c‡i e‡m|

→I have some things to sell. [ qualifying things]
→Terrorists are the people to hate. [ qualifying people]
→ Roses are the flowers to give to dear ones. [qualifying flowers]

As Adverb: mvaviYZ adjective Gi c‡i e‡m H adjective †K modify K‡i|

→We are ready to play now. [ modifying ready]
→He has become anxious to hear the results. [ modifying anxious]
→ It was not easy to forget her but I did [modifying easy]
→Honey is sweet to taste.
→The man is too late to go (result)
→People gathered here to hear the news. (reason)
→To do well in the college, we must study hard. (purpose)

Continuous Infinitive: It combines other verbs to express a continuing action.[ to be + present participle]
→It is nice to be working with you.
→You should be studying for the exam. [Should (to) be]

Perfect Infinitive: (to+have+verb এয past participle form.)

I would like to have been sorry for that.
→I am sorry. I have disturbed you.
= I am sorry to have disturbed you
A_©: অক্রভ থত়াভ়াকে জ্ব়ার়াতন েকয থপর়ায জন্য দুঃক্রখত।

[ cÖ_g jvB‡b ২য় ফ়ােযটিয verb ঴র present perfect এফং থমক঴তু ২য় ফ়ােযটি ক্রদকয় ে়াযণ বুঝ়াকে থ঳ক঴তু অভয়া infinitive ক্রদকয় ফ়ােয
দুটি যুক্ত েযকত ঩়াক্রয।]

এফ়ায ক্রনকচয ফ়ােযটি দুটি রেয েরুন:

→I am sorry to disturb you.
A_©: অক্রভ থত়াভ়াকে জ্ব়ার়াতন েয়ায জন্য দঃক্রখত।

[ফক্ত়া এখন঑ জ্ব়ার়াতন েকযক্রন, েযকত এক঳কে ভ়াে। থমভনঃ অ঩ক্রন ঩়াক঱য ফ়াক্রড়য এে ফন্ধুয ে়াকে এেটি ফআ অনকত থগকেন। তখন এআ ফ়ােযটি
ফরকফন।]

I am sorry to have disturbed you.

A_©: অক্রভ থত়াভ়াকে জ্ব়ার়াতন েকয থপর়ায জন্য দঃক্রখত।
[ এআ ফ়াকেয ফক্ত়া জ্ব়ার়াতন েকয থপকরকে। ক্রপকয ম়া঑য়়ায ঳ভয় ফরকে থম, থ঳ দুঃক্রখত।]

Perfect Continuous Infinitive: It expresses the continuous a continuing action that is now complete.
→I must have been dreaming of summer vacation.
→This student appeared to have been sleeping in the class.

Passive Infinitive: hw` †Kvb ev‡K¨ to Gi c‡i Voice Gi Passive form Gi wbqg Abymiib K‡i evK¨‡K Passive Voice
G cªKvk Kiv nq ZLb †mB Infinitive ‡K Passive Infinitive e‡j|
→I want to be taught by you = Avcbvi wbKU Avwg co‡Z PvB|
→Hygiene needs to be maintained.
→The workers wish to be rewarded for work.

Infinitive Phrase: To provide additional information about the action expressed in the Infinitive.
→He teaches students to think critically.
→The scientists promised to build it before the end of the century. [ ..promised that they would build…]

Infinitive

Simple Infinitive Full Infinitive Bare Infinitive Split Infinitive

Simple Infinitive/Noun Infinitive

থে়ান infinitive মখন noun এয ে়াজ েকয তখন ত়াকে simple ফ়া noun infinitive ফকর।

Simple infinitive refers the same time as that of preceding (c~‡e©i) finite verb.
I was glad to see her.

Usages:
→Infinitive ফ়াকেয subject ক্র঴঳়াকফ ব্যফহৃত ঴য়। Example: To go is not possible for me.
→Infinitive ফ়াকেয object ক্র঴঳়াকফ ব্যফহৃত ঴য়। Example: I want to learn English.
→Infinitive ফ়াকেয prepositional object ক্র঴঳়াকফ ব্যফহৃত ঴য়। Example: I am about to go.
→Infinitive ফ়াকেয complement ক্র঴঳়াকফ ব্যফহৃত ঴য়। Example: She seems to be happy.

Full Infinitive
The form of verb with ‗to‘ is called Full Infinitive or to-infinitive

When we use a full infinitive verb, the ‗to‘ is part of that the verb, not a preposition.

Usages:
a) Full infinitive can be used to express purpose or to answer the question ‗why‘:( As adverb)
→I went to my friend‘s house to play computer game.

**We can explain why using the phrase ‗in order to‘ or ‗in order not to‘
→We went shopping in order to buy a gift.

**Full infinitive itself can be used to mean ‗in order to‘:

→Milon works hard to earn a lot of money. [Milon works hard in order to earn a lot of money]

b) Full infinitive can be used after certain verbs of thinking, feeling and saying:
→I have decided to forget it
→She loves to dance
→They agreed to go there.

c) Full infinitive is used after certain Adjectives, either to give reason or to give opinion.
→I am so pleased to hear about Milon‘s new job. [I am so pleased because I have heard about Milon‘s
new job]

→Our teacher speaks English so quickly it is impossible to understand him. [ In my opinion it is

impossible understanding the teacher]

Bare Infinitive
The infinitive structure of verbs without 'to' is called the bare infinitive.

Bare k‡ãi A_© Lvwj/ k~b¨/ ev`/ Dn¨| A_v©r †Kv‡bv Infinitive MVb Kivi mgq hw`‗verb‘ Gi Av‡M ‗to‘ ‡K Dn¨ ev ev` ivLv
nq Z‡K Bare Infinitive e‡j|

Most infinitive structures begin with ‗to‘, but sometimes the ‗to‘ is omitted. This is known as the bare
infinitive or the base form

ফ়াকেয verb এয অকগ to ঊহ্য থ়াে়ায প্রকৃয়়াকে Bare Infinitive ফ়া Omission of Infinitive ফকর।

→Make her stand.

→Let the people go there.
→You need not leave the place

Note: Active voice এ please, see, let, make, know, feel, hear, dare, bid, need, watch, notice আতয়াক্রদ verb
গুকর়ায ঩য to ঊহ্য থ়াকে ।wKš‘ passive voice এ to ঊহ্য থ়াকে ন়া।

Active voice: I saw him play cricket

Passive voice: He was seen to play cricket by me.

** তকফ Let ব্যতীত ঄ন্য verb গুকর়ায অকগ to ঊহ্য থ়াকে ।

Active voice: Let him do the sum
Passive voice: Let the sum be done by him.

Active voice: Please (to) do the sum.

Passive voice: Let him (to) go.

Bare infinitives are used as follows

a)After auxiliary modal verbs : will, shall, would, could, can, may, might, must, should, needn't

→I might walk there if it doesn‘t rain. [after might there is a silent ‗to‘]
→You needn‘t go on a diet but you must eat healthy food.

b) After the causative verbs: 'make', 'have', 'let' and 'help'

(‗help‘ can also be used with ‗to‘)

→She made the children do their homework. [ subject directly does not work]
→The lawyer had his assistant make copies of the contract.
→Dad wouldn't let me drive his car.
→Can you help me find/to find my keys.
c) After verbs of perception: see, watch, notice, observe, feel, hear…
→I watched him move to a seat at the back.
→We saw the burglar climb over the wall.
→He heard the teacher call his name.
→We felt the ground shake beneath our feet.

**When the -ing form is used instead of the bare infinitive, it suggests an action continuing over a period
of time.
→As I walked home, I heard the band playing.

d)After ‗would rather‘, ‗had better‘:

→I‘d rather sit here.
→You‘d better call a doctor.

e) After prepositions such as ‗except‘, ‗but‘ and ‗than‘:

→I‘ll do anything except cook. .
→She does nothing but cry.
→She would prefer to stay single than marry that man.

f) In the second clause when two infinitive structures are connected:

→I want you to tidy the house and (to) wash up after the party.‖
→He decided to turn off the computer and (to) go home.

g) After 'why' when making suggestions:

→Why wait until later when we can do it now?
→Why take a taxi? We can walk home.
→Why spend money on something we can't afford!

Split Infinitive
When an adverb appears between ‗to‘ and the ‗verb‘ itself is called Split Infinitive.

Split k‡ãi A_© wef³ Kiv| ‗to‘ Gi ci ‗verb‘ bv ewm‡q ‗to‘ Ges ‗verb‘ Gi gv‡S Ab¨ †Kvb kã ev adverb ewm‡q ‗to‘ †K
wew”Qbœ ev wef³ Kiv nq Z‡K Zv‡K ev wef³ Infinitive e‡j|

Split Infinitives are a specific type of misplaced modifier.

Split Infinitives should be avoided in formal writing:

→It is hard to completely follow his rules. [ Formal: It is hard completely to follow his rules]

→The patient was told to occasionally monitor her blood sugar level [ Formal: The patient was told
occasionally to monitor her blood sugar level]

Intransitive

Causative Verb Group Verb Impersonal Verb Copulative Verb

Causative Verb
 A causative verb is a verb which is used to show that a person makes or enables another person to do
something.

থে়ান verb এয subject মক্রদ ক্রনকজ ঳য়া঳ক্রয ে়াজ ন়া েকয ঄঩য থে ক্রদকয ে়াজ ঳ম্পন্ন েয়ায ত়াকে causative verb ফকর।

The most common causative verbs: ‗make‘, ‗get‘, ‗have‘, 'help' and ‗let‘

Other causative verbs : enable, allow, keep, hold, force, require, persuade.
[They are called causative verbs because they cause something else to happen.]

Grammatical structure: Sub + Causative verb + person/ thing + verb (base form)

→She made her children do their homework before going to bed.

***একেকে intransitive verb েয়াকন়া, ঘট়াকন়া, খ়া঑য়াকন়া ঄কথ থ transitive রূক঩ ব্যফহৃত ঴য।

Simple Verb Causative Verb

Eat -খ়া঑য়া feed - খ়া঑য়াকন়া
See -থদখ়া show -থদখ়াকন়া
Remember -স্মযণ েয়া remind -঳যণ েয়াকন়া
Know -জ়ান়া inform -জ়ান়ার়া
Learn -থ঱খ়া teach -ক্র঱ে়া থদ঑য়া
Rise -঑ঠ়া raise -উঠ়াকন়া
Sit -ফ঳়া set -স্থ়া঩ন েয়া
Lie -শুকয ঩ড়া lay -থ঱়ায়াকন়া
Suck -স্তন্য঩়ান েয়া suckle -স্তন্য঩়ান েয়াকন়া
Fall -঩ক্রতত ঴঑য়া fell -ভূ঩়াক্রতত েয়া
Dive -ডুফ থদ঑য়া dip -ডুফ়াকন়া

English meaning of causative verb with example

wb‡Pi evK¨ ¸‡jv‡Z subject ে়াজ েযকে ন়া , subject এয ে়াজ ঄ন্য থে঑ েকয ক্রদকে।

a) MAKE: force or compel someone do something.

i) structure: … make+ personal object + ( to )+ base form of verb [ to Dn¨ _v‡K]
→His grandmother made her grandson send a document to his parents.
→Their parents made the boys clean the house after the party.

b) GET: arrange for/ persuade someone to do something

ii) structure: … get + personal object + to + base form of verb
→I‘ll get the architect to modify the plans.
→The teacher got the children to tidy up the classroom.
→The old lady got the boy next door to mow her lawn.

iii) structure: … get + impersonal object + V3

→I get my shoe polished by a cobbler.

c) HAVE: ask or request/ give responsibility to somebody to do something

i) structure: … have + personal object + base form of verb
→I‘ll have my assistant call you confirm the date.
→The architect had his secretary make copies of the plans.
→The surgeon had the nurse take the patient's temperature.

ii) structure: … have/ get + impersonal object + V3

→They had their house built two years ago.
→I need to have a photograph taken for my new passport.
→They got their house painted before putting it up for sale.
→My car has broken down; I need to have it repaired.

d) HELP: assist someone, or make it possible or easier for them to do something

Structure: … help + person/ thing + (to) + base form of verb

[The use of the infinitive with 'to' after the verb ‗help‘ is also common. Both are grammatical, and there is
no difference in meaning.]

→Help someone do something / Help someone to do something.

→The dictionary helped him understand the meaning.
→Her new glasses help the old lady read more easily.
→Intensive preparation helped the athlete win the race.

e) LET: permit or allow something to happen

Structure: …let + person/ thing + base form of verb
→Eva‘s father won‘t let her drive his car.
→You shouldn‘t let your children watch unsuitable programs.
→He is careful not to let the dog sit on the sofa.

Note: The verbs ‗allow‘ and ‗permit‘ are more formal instead of ―let.‖ However, these keep ‗to‘ after
them:
→Our teacher does not permit us to eat lunch in the classroom.
→My mother allows me to drive her car.

Group verb

A group verb is an intransitive verb that is followed by a preposition and becomes a transitive verb.

থম intransitive verb এয ঩কয preposition যুক্ত ঴কয transitive ঴য এফং ত়াকদয ঄কথ থয ঩ক্রযফতথন ঴য, ত়াকে group verb ফকর।
Group verb is a multi-word verb consisting of a verb and preposition which together function as a single
unit.

Run= Don't run after money.

Laugh= He laughed at the poor.
Take = The private car overtook the bus.

Act for- ঩কে ে়াজ েয়া come across - ঴ঠ়াৎ থদখ়া Grow up - ফয঳ ফ়াড়া look into - তদন্ত েয়া
bear with - ঳হ্য েয়া ঩়া঑য়া hand over - ঴স্ত়ান্তয েয়া make up - েক্রতপূযণ েয়া
blow out - ক্রনক্রবকয থপর়া cut off - ক্রফক্রেন্ন Kiv Hang on - থরকগ থ়াে়া pass away - ভ়ায়া ম়া঑য়া
break up - ছুটি ঴঑য়া do with - ব্যফ঴়ায েয়া Keep up - চ়াঙ্গ়া য়াখ়া pick up - ঳ংগ্র঴ েয়া
bring about - ঘট়াকন়া Draw back - ঳কয ম়া঑য়া knock down - অঘ়াত দ্ব়ায়া Pull down - ব়াক্রঙ্গয়া থপর়া
call for - চ়া঑য়া Fall on - অিভণ েয়া ভূ঩়াক্রতত েয়া wait for – A‡cেv Kiv
Carry out - ঩়ারন েয়া get out - ফ়াক্র঴কয ম়া঑য়া look at - ZvKvb
cast away - ক্রনকে঩ েয়া go away - অিভণ েয়া Lay down -তয়াগ স্বীে়ায েয়া

Impersonal Verb
An impersonal (wbi‡c¶) verb is one that has no determinate (wba©vwiZ) subject.
Impersonal 'it' থে়ান verb এয subject ঴কর ঐ verb থে impersonal verb ফকর।এ ধযকনয ফ়াকেয it এয থে়ান ঄থ থ থ়াকে ন়া।
→It rains all day long. [ rain is an impersonal verb and the pronoun it does not refer to anything.]
→It dews in winter

Copulative Verb
মখন থে়ান intransitive verb ঄ক্রতক্রযক্ত word এয ঳়া঴়ায্য ব্যতীত sentence এ ঄থ থ ঳ম্পূণ থ েযকত ঩়াকযন়া তখন ত়াকে copulative
verb ফকর।
A copulative verb is a verb followed by a complement (adjective or noun phrase) which can be "equated"
to the subject of the sentence.
Example : be, become, get, grow, seem, appear, look, sound, taste, feel, smell, prove, remain, stay,
resemble, turn

→The place is = The flower is nice.

→You look = You look very happy
→He seemed angry.

[এআ verb এয ঩কযয word থে subjective complement e‡j।]

Transitive Verb

Factitive Reflexive Reciprocal Quasi-passive Cognate

Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb

Factitive Verb

থে়ান transitive verb মখন object থ়াে়া ঳কত্ব঑ ঄ক্রতক্রযক্ত word (objective complement) এয ঳়া঴়ায্য ে়াড়া ঄থ থ ঳ম্পন্ন েযকত
঩়াকয ন়া ত়াকে factitive verb ফকর।

Factitive verb is a form of transitive verb that takes both a direct object and an objective complement, the
two of which are in apposition (same person).

Examples: elect, select , nominate, name, think ,call , appoint , make , etc.

→We elected him chairman.

→They appointed Mamun, accountant. (noun as complement)
→He found the bag empty. (adjective as complement)
→They named their dog, Tommy. (noun as complement)
 Reflexive Verb

থম transitive verb এয subject এফং object মক্রদ এেআ ব্যক্রক্ত ফ়া ফস্তু‡K থফ়াঝ়ায তখন ত়াকে reflexive verb ফকর। object Gi
mv‡_ self/selves hy³ _‡K|

Reflexive verbs are verbs whose subjects are also their direct objects—that is, the action of the verb is
both committed and received by the same person or thing.

Examples: kill, heart, absent, avail, conduct, fan, pride, enjoy etc.

→The girl is smiling at herself in the mirror. (‗Herself‘ refers to the subject, the girl.)
→The man killed himself.
→The students enjoyed themselves.

Reciprocal verb
থম transitive verb sentence এয subject এফং object এয ভকে ঩়াযস্পক্রযে ক্রিয়া ঑ প্রক্রতক্রিয়া ঄থ থ প্রে়া঱ েকয ত়াকে
Reciprocal verb ফকর।

Reciprocal verbs are types of pronominal verbs which are used to talk about the action that people do to
each other / one another.
Examples: Hate, love, quarrel, strike, fight etc.
→They help one another. (Among more than two persons 'one another' is used)
→Mita and Sumi quarrel each other ( between two persons 'each other' is used)

Quasi-passive- A‡a©K Passive

‡h Verb wU Active G _v‡K wKš‘ Passive Voice Gi gZ A_© cÖKvk েকয ত়াকে Quasi-passive Verb
ফকর। [ A‡a©K Active Ges A‡a©K Passive Voice]

‘Quasi’ means seemingly or looking almost like.

A verb is called Quasi Passive when its use almost looks like passive but actually it is active in syntactic (
evK¨ MV‡b) and semantic ( A_©MZ) structure.

wKQz Verb Av‡Q †h¸‡jv mvavibfv‡e Transitive wKš‘ G‡`i‡K Intransitive wn‡m‡eI e¨envi Kiv hvq| Intransitive wn‡m‡e
e¨envi Ki‡j Gi A_©Uv A‡bKUv Passive Gi gZ †kvbvq hw`I Gi structure Uv Active _v‡K|

Transitive: He smells a rose.

Intransitive: The rose smells sweet. (Quasi-passive)

Transitive: Everybody feels iron hard.

Intransitive: Iron feels hard. (Quasi-passive)

Verb Transitive Intransitive

smell MÜ ‡bIqv MÜ nIqv
sell wewµ Kiv wewµ nIqv
feel Abyfe Kiv Abyfe nIqv
build wbg©vb Kiv wbg©vb nIqv
print Qvcv‡bv Qvcv nIqv
 taste ¯^v` ‡bIqv ¯^v` nIqv
boil wm× Kiv wm× nIqv
look ZvKvb g‡b nIqv

→Rice sells cheap. [Pvj m¯Ív wewµ n‡”Q| ]

→Iron feels hard. [ sub + verb + complement]
→Honey testes sweet.
→The bed feels soft
→The milk turns sour.
→The box feels heavy

Quasi-passive Verb `yB ai‡bi|

1) Complement wewkó - Potato sells cheap.
2) Complement wenxb - The house is building. [ Sub + be verb + Verb + ing]

**Active Voice Gi Subject †K Passive Voice Gi Object Ki‡Z nq bv Ges Complement AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|

Complement (cwic~iK) wewkó:

Active Voice: The tamarind tastes sour. [ sub + verb + complement]
Passive Voice: The tamarind is tasted sour [ sub + is + V3 + complement]
Or, Passive Voice: The tamarind is sour when/ if it is tasted [ sub + is + complement + when it is +V3]

Complement wenxb:
Active Voice: The books are printing. [ Sub + be verb + Verb + ing]
Passive Voice: The books are being printed. [ Sub + be verb + being + V3]

Cognate Verb

The intransitive verb which accepts a similar object to that verb is called cognitive verb.

মখন থে়ান intransitive verb ত়ায ঳ভজ়াতীয noun থে object রূক঩ গ্র঴ণ েকয transitive রূক঩ ব্যফহৃত ঴য তখন ঐ verb থে
cognate verb ফকর।

→I slept a sound sleep.

→He ran a race.
→She dances sweet dance.
→The women cried a touching cry.
→He lived a happy life.
→She sang a nice song.

Conjugation of Verb – রূ঩

The variation of the form of a verb according to tense is called conjugation.

**In English language main variation of verb form is three.

Present Form Past Form Past Participle Form

Do did done
eat ate eaten
Be ( am/ is/ are) Was/ were been
live lived lived

*** Verb Gi Past tense I past participle MV‡bi ixwZ Abymv‡i Bs‡iwR Verb ¸wj‡K `yÕwU †kÖYx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq:
●Strong verb or irregular verb
●Weak verb or regular verb

Strong Verb or Irregular Verb

Strong verbs are verbs in which the vowel in the stem is changed to indicate tense, person and mood.

থম ঳ের verb এয ঄ন্তগ থত vowel ঩ক্রযফতথন েকয past tense এফং Avevi vowel ঩ক্রযফতথন েকয ফ়া n, en, ne থম়াগ েকয past
participle গঠন েয়া ঴য ত়াকদযকে strong verb ফকর

Present Form Past Form Past Participle Form

wZbwU form B wfbœ sing sang sung
eat ate eaten
give gave given
`yÕwU form Awfbœ catch caught caught
become became become
wZbwU form B Awfbœ cut cut cut
hurt hurt hurt

Weak Verb or Regular Verb

Weak verbs are verbs which take d, ed or t at the ending part to make past and past participle.

থম ঳ের verb এয থ঱কল d, ed ঄থফ়া t থম়াগ েকয past tense এফং past participle েয়া ঴য ত়াকদযকে weak verb ফকর।

Present Form Past Form Past Participle Form

smell smelt, smelled smelt, smelled
finish finished finished
hope hoped hoped
obey obeyed obeyed

Verb of Perception - Abyfe

A verb of perception is a verb that conveys the experience of one of the physical senses.
Examples: see, watch, look, hear, listen, feel, taste, smell, notice, recognize etc.

**wb¤œ wjwLZ Verb ¸‡jv Continuous tense nq bv|

→Avwg R¦i Abyfe KiwQ | = I feel fever .

Verb Phrase
The group of words that perform the task of the verb is called Verb Phrase. A verb phrase takes either a
direct or indirect object.

A verb phrase has more than one verbs, one is a principal verb, and others are auxiliary verbs, such as
am, is, are, was, were, be, being, have, had, has, shall, should, etc.

থম ঱ব্দগুে verb এয ে়াজ েকয ত়াকে Verb Phrase ফকর। এেটি verb phrase এ এে়াক্রধে verb থ়াকে, এেটি মূর verb এফং
঄঩যগুকর়া ঳়া঴়ায্যে়াযী verb।
→The teacher is writing a report. [ Here, ‗is writing’ is a verb phrase ]
→She can smell the pizza.
→He has appeared on the screen as an actor.
→I will have been studying Italian for three years.

Verbal Phrase
When verb phrases function as anything other than verbs , they are called verbal phrases.

Verbal phrases can be like adverbs or adjectives. The phrase would include the verbal – participle, gerund
and infinitive or any modifiers, complements or objects

Verbal phrases do not function as the action in a sentence. They provide useful information for the readers
about the action in the sentence.

Verb phrase: The man was texting on his phone. [ function as the action]
Verbal phrase: The man fell into a pond texting on his phone. [ function as an adjective]

Verb phrase: I have touched two puppies. [ function as the action]

Verbal phrase: As I have touched two puppies, they played with me. [ function an adverb]

→The small dog was reluctant to learn new thing.

verb phrase adverb as verbal phrase

→Walking on the ice, she slipped. [Adjective as verbal phrase]

Participle Phrase

A participle phrase is a group of words containing a participle with a modifier, and a noun or pronoun
phrases.

A participle phrase generally has a present or past participle as its head or beginning of a sentence. So,
we need a comma after participle phrase. But if we use participle phrase in the middle or at the end, we
don‘t use a comma.

Structure- 1: Participle phrase + comma + whole sentence

→Removing my coat, I rushed to my daughter, Rufaida.

Structure- 2: Whole sentence + Participle phrase

→Mita noticed her cousin walking along the shoreline.

Phrasal verbs vs. prepositional verbs

***A phrasal verb can be made up of:

a) a verb + adverb = throw away
b) a verb + adverb + preposition = put up with ( tolerate )

→Don‘t throw away the keys.

→I am too tired to put up with any nonsense.

***A prepositional verb is made up of:

a) a verb + preposition = look after, look at, wait for, think about, talk about, complain about
→She looks after the family.
→Look at the board.