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Csa 5

The document outlines five basic steps for designing an Input/Output (I/O) system, including defining system requirements, selecting devices, designing interfaces, developing control methods, and implementing/testing the system. It also discusses concepts like multiprogramming, time-sharing, and multiprocessor systems, along with the advantages and disadvantages of using bus systems for communication. Key benefits of buses include simplicity and cost-effectiveness, while drawbacks involve bandwidth limitations and increased latency.

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Ashmy Shams
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13 views4 pages

Csa 5

The document outlines five basic steps for designing an Input/Output (I/O) system, including defining system requirements, selecting devices, designing interfaces, developing control methods, and implementing/testing the system. It also discusses concepts like multiprogramming, time-sharing, and multiprocessor systems, along with the advantages and disadvantages of using bus systems for communication. Key benefits of buses include simplicity and cost-effectiveness, while drawbacks involve bandwidth limitations and increased latency.

Uploaded by

Ashmy Shams
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Here are 5 basic steps in designing an Input/Output (I/O) System:

●​ Define System Requirements

Determine what devices will be used (e.g., keyboard, display, disk, network).

Specify performance needs (e.g., speed, latency, data transfer rate).

Identify data formats, volumes, and expected I/O operations.

●​ Select I/O Devices and Interfaces

Choose suitable hardware (e.g., SSDs, USB devices, printers).

Decide on the communication methods (e.g., serial, parallel, bus systems).

Ensure compatibility with the system’s architecture.

●​ Design the I/O Hardware and Software Interface

Develop drivers and interface routines.

Create or integrate device controllers and buffers.

Define control registers, status registers, and communication protocols.

●​ Develop I/O Control Methods

Choose between polling, interrupts, or DMA (Direct Memory Access).

Implement mechanisms for data synchronization and error handling.

Optimize scheduling and prioritization of I/O operations.

●​ Implement and Test the System

Integrate the I/O components with the operating system.

Conduct testing for functionality, reliability, and performance.

Monitor for bottlenecks and perform necessary tuning or updates.

Multiprogramming:
A method that allows multiple programs to run concurrently on a single processor by rapidly
switching between them, maximizing CPU utilization.

Time-sharing:

An extension of multiprogramming, where each program gets a slice of time to execute, creating
an interactive experience for multiple users simultaneously.

Multiprocessor systems:

Computer systems with two or more central processing units (CPUs) that can execute multiple
tasks simultaneously, enhancing processing power and speed.

Advantages of Using Buses

●​ Simplicity in Design: A common bus system reduces the number of pathways needed,
simplifying the overall architecture.

●​ Cost-Effective : Fewer wires and connectors mean lower hardware costs compared to
point-to-point connections.

●​ Flexibility : Various devices (I/O, memory, etc.) can be added or removed easily without
major hardware redesign.

●​ Space-Saving: Using a shared communication line minimizes the amount of physical


space required.

●​ Standardization : Most buses follow standardized protocols, making it easier to integrate


third-party or modular components.

❌ Disadvantages of Using Buses


●​ Bandwidth Limitation : All devices share the same communication path, which can cause
bottlenecks, especially with high-speed I/O.

●​ Increased Latency : Devices may have to wait for access to the bus (bus contention),
resulting in delays.

●​ Slower Data Transfer :Compared to dedicated point-to-point communication, bus-based


systems may have slower data rates.

●​ Complex Arbitration: When multiple devices request access at the same time, arbitration
logic is required to control access, adding complexity.
●​ Limited Scalability: As more devices are added, contention and timing issues can
degrade performance significantly.

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