Week 1 – Introduction, Energy Measurement Units

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf

CHY 583
 What is Energy?

ENERGY IS DEFINED AS „THE ABILLITY TO DO WORK“

WHAT IS WORK?

2
 Energy and Work

Work:

The product of a force and the distance its point of application moves during a
period of time.

A force is said to do work if, when acting, there is a displacement of the point of
application in the direction of the force.

Work done (W) by a constant force of

magnitude F (N) that moves an object
to a distance d (m) in a straight line in
the direction of the force is given as

Work = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑁 . 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑚)

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 Units of Energy

Joule:

Energy is measured in the same units as work and comes in several forms.
The unit of energy in the Systeme Internationale (S.I.) is the Joule (J) and is defined as the
work done when a force of 1 Newton (N) moves an object by 1 meter (m).

Work = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑁 . 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚 = 𝑁. 𝑚 = 𝐽

Question: How much work is done when a force of 10 N moves an object through a
distance of 2 meter?

Answer:

If a force of 10 Newton (N) along a point that travels 2 meter, then

W = 10 × 2 = 20 Nm = 20 J

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 Units of Energy (Continued…)

In terms of electricity:
The difference in electrical potential (E) between two points is a measure of the work that is
needed (or can be done) when an electric charge is moved from one point to the other.
When a charge (C) is moved through a potential difference (V), the work done is

Work = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑉 . 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝐶 = 𝑉. 𝐶 = 𝐽

One Joule is also performed when a charge of 1 Coulomb (1 C) moves through an electric
potential difference of 1 Volt (1 V).

Electron Volt (eV):

It is the amount of energy gained by the charge of a single electron moved across an
electric potential difference of 1 volt. Given that the charge of an electron is 1.6*10-19 C,
1eV = 1.602×10−19 J, in other words, 1J = 6.241×1018 eV

Question: How much work is required to move electrons containing a charge of 227.7 C
through a potential different of 1.05 V?

Answer:

Work = (1.05 V) (2.277 × 102 C) = 239 J

5
 Power

Power is the work per unit time.

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
Power =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

Units of Power

The unit of power in the S.I. is the Watt (W). When

an engine performs one Joule of work per second,
it produces a power of one Watt (1 W).

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐽
Power = = =𝑊
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑆

1𝐽
1W=
1𝑆

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 Energy in kWh

The kilowatt hour (symbolized kWh as per SI) is a

composite unit of energy equivalent to one kilowatt
(1 kW) of power sustained for one hour.

An electric heater consuming 1000 watts

(1 kilowatt), and operating for one hour
uses 1 kilowatt hour (kwh) of energy.

Do you know how much electricity a home appliance

or device is using and what is the cost for that use?

Question: How many units (kwh) of energy are consumed by a bulb of 60 watts per hour?

Answer:
If it is kept on for 1 hour, it consumes 60 watts which means it consumes 60/1000 = 0.06 units
of energy.

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 Question?

Question: How much will be the electric bill if a refrigerator

of 150 watts is powered on for 200 hours, provided that the
cost of electricity is $ 0.07 per kwh.

Answer:

Power = work/time or
Power = Energy/time
Power × time = Energy
150 W × 200 h = E
30000 Wh = E
30 kWh = E
so energy consumed is 30 kWh.
If 1 kWh has a cost of $ 0.07, 30 kWh will be = 30 × 0.07 = $2.1

8
 kWh vs J

One watt is equal to 1 J/s. One kilowatt hour is 3.6 megajoules (MJ), which is the amount of
energy converted if work is done at an average rate of one thousand watts for one hour.

𝐽
1W=1
𝑆

1 kWh = 3.6 𝑀𝐽

Question: Can you do the calculations to get 1kwh = 3.6 MJ?

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 Power vs Energy

Power is the work performed per unit of time whereas, energy is the work performed over a
period of time.

Power is measured using the unit watts, or joules per second. Energy is measured using the
unit watt hours (kilo watt hours), or joules.

𝐽
1W=1 1 kwh = 3.6 𝑀𝐽
𝑆

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 Commonly Used Energy Units

Because energy is such a ubiquitous and practical subject of significant economic importance
and everyday use, multiple units of energy have been defined and are in common use. A few
of the most widely used units are explained below:

erg: erg is the main energy unit, in the c.g.s. system of units (1 erg = 10-7 J).

Cal: The calorie (cal) is equal to 4.184 J. 1 cal is the amount of energy required to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of water by 1oC at 1 atm pressure.

Btu: British thermal unit (used in the British system of units) is commonly used in the heating
and air-conditioning industries (1 Btu = 1.055 kJ). One Btu is the amount of energy required to
increase the temperature of 1 lb of water from 14.5 to 15.5oF.

Therm: The Therm (1 therm) is a larger unit in the British system (1 them = 105 Btu or
1.055*108 J).

Quad: Quad (1 Q) is an extremely large amount of energy (1Q = to 1015 Btu or, ~ 1018 J).

eV: The electron volt (eV) is extremely small amounts of energy, usually related to atoms or
nuclei (1eV = 1.6*10-19 J)

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 Energy from Coal, Oil and Gas

The energy units are related to the chemical energy content of fuels, such as coal, petroleum
and natural gas. Because the chemical composition and energy content of actual fuels
depends largely on the location the fuels are extracted from, these units have been fixed
according to international convention. Among these units their S.I. equivalents are the
following:

Ton: 1 ton of coal equivalent (1 tce) which is equal to 2.931 * 1010 J.

Barrel: 1 barrel of oil (1 bbl) which is equal to 6.119 * 109 J.

Cubic foot: 1 cubic foot of natural gas (1 scf) when measured at standard pressure and
temperature (1 atm and 25oC) is equal to 1.072 * 106 J (often approximated as 106 J).

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 Multiples of Energy Units

From the kinetic energy of a single electron that may have been created during the
‘‘electron–hole’’ pair process in a photovoltaic cell, to the net power produced in a large
nuclear power station, the units of energy span a very large range.

13
 Do You know?

Btu:

Therm:

Quad:

tce:

Mtce:

bbl:

eV:

kWh:

Cal:

J:

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 Various Forms of Energy
‘‘Energy’’ is a very broad concept and is defined as the potential of materials and systems to
perform useful work.
• Different forms of energy undergo conversions and produce work during these activities.
The energy conversions are subjected to the Laws of Thermodynamics.
• Heat or thermal energy is a form of energy that is transferred from materials at higher
temperatures to materials at lower temperatures. Other forms of energy are:

10. The radiant energy is emitted by electrons as they change orbit and by atomic nuclei
during fission and fusion; on striking to matter, such energy appears ultimately as
heat.

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 Forms of Energy

Kinetic energy is energy due to movement. KE = ½ mV2

Examples: All moving objects – running water, wind etc.

Potential energy is energy due to position or composition.

PE = mgh
Examples: Batteries, biomass, petroleum, natural gas, coal, etc.

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 Energy Transformation

Law of conservation of
energy: energy cannot
be created or destroyed,
although it can be
changes from one form to
the other.

It implies that although

the forms of energy
change, the total amount
of energy before and
after any
transformation remains
the same.

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 Primary Sources of Energy

Mainly, there are six sources of useful energy utilized by human beings.

1. The Sun (thermal and electric)

2. Geothermal energy from cooling, chemical reactions and radiactive decay in the
Earth

3. The gravitational potential and planetary motion among Sun, Moon and Earth.

4. Nuclear energy from nuclear reactions on the Earth.

5. Chemical energy from reactions among mineral sources.

6. Fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum products and natural gas.

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 Renewable & Non-Renewable Energies

Renewable energies: are the energy sources that are derived from natural sources
that replenish over short periods of time.
These resources are also called nonconventional sources of energy.
Examples: Energy from Sun, wind, moving water, organic plant & waste materials
(biomass) and the Earth’s heat (geothermal) etc.

Nonrenewable energies: are the energy sources that are derived from finite and
static stocks of energy. It cannot be produced, grown, generated or used on a scale
that can sustain its consumption rate.
These resources often exist in a fixed amount and are consumed much faster than
nature can create them.
These types of energy resources are also called conventional sources of energy.
Examples: Energy from fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas.

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 Comparison of Renewable vs Non-Renewable Energies

Significant Features Nonrenewable Energy Renewable Energy

Source Static stock Natural environment

Supply time Finite Infinite

Cost Increasingly Expensive Free

Scale Small scale (limited) Large scale (unlimited)

Environmental Environmental Pollution Little environmental concerns

Concerns (air & water)
Safety More hazards Less hazards

Examples Coal, oil, gas, etc. Wind, solar, geothermal,

biomass, hydro, etc.

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 Summary

Energy and it’s units

Power vs Energy

Various forms of energy

Energy conversion

Renewable vs Nonrenewable energies

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Week 1 – Energy Supply and Demand

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf

 Supply and Demand

Supply is the quantity of something that producers have available for sale.

Demand is the quantity that consumers are willing and able to buy.

5/6 of the world’s energy needs are supplied by fossil fuels (residue of plants and
animals buried millions of years ago).

Coal (27%)
Petroleum (33%)
Natural Gas (22%)

There is no single story about the future of global energy (demand); policies will
determine where we go

...supply nearly half of the increase in energy demand to 2040

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 Future Energy Demand

Mtoe: Mega tonnes of oil equivalent.

24 International Energy Agency; World Energy Outlook 2016

 Demand for energy: Statistics

Although fewer in number, developed countries consume about 1/2 of the world’s
energy.

China: 20.4%
U.S.A.: 18.3%
Europe: 15.1%

Per capita consumption of energy is greatest in North America (contains 1/20 of

world’s population and consumes 1/4 of the world’s energy).

Per capita consumption of energy is nearly three times greater in developed countries
than in developing countries.

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 Energy Supply: Statistics

Earth’s energy resources are not distributed evenly.

Global Coal Distribution

China and the U.S.A. supply nearly 1/2 and 1/4, respectively, of the world’s coal.

Global Petroleum Distribution

Saudi Arabia, U.S.A. and Russia and together supply more than 1/2 of the world’s
petroleum supply.
Remaining 1/2 of world supply of petroleum is supplied by developing countries
(primarily in S.W. and Central Asia)

Global Natural Gas Distribution

1/3 of natural gas production is supplied by Russia and S.W. Asia

1/3 by developing regions
1/3 by developed countries (primarily the U.S.)

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 Coal Supply

27 US Energy Information Administration (2015) Electricity information

 Global Oil Reserves

28 US Energy Information Administration from Oil and Gas

 Natural Gas Reserves and Supply

29 World Energy Council

 Fossil Fuel Reserves

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 Global Energy Demand

31 Lewis. N. S. Science 2007, 798

 Global Energy Consumption

OECD: The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

32 International Energy Outlook, 2011, US Energy Information Administration, eia.gov

 Global Energy Consumption (Continued…)

OECD: The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

33 U.S. Energy Information Administration – #IE2017

 Global Energy Consumption (Continued…)

World energy consumption increases from 575 quadrillion Btu in 2015 to 736 quadrillion Btu
by 2040 (28% increase)

Energy consumption in non-OECD countries increases 41% between 2015 and 2040 in contrast
to a 9% increase in OECD countries.

Most of the increase in energy demand is expected to come from non-OECD countries, where
strong economic growth, increased access to marketed energy, and quickly growing
populations lead to rising demand for energy.
34
 Global Energy Consumption by Region

35 U.S. Energy Information Administration – #IE2017

 Electricity Demand

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 Projected Demand by Region
• The largest contribution to demand growth (almost 30%) comes from India, whose share
of global energy use rises to 11% by 2040 (anticipated global population, 18%).
• Southeast Asia is another rising heavyweight in global energy. Overall, developing
countries in Asia account for two-thirds of global energy growth, with the rest coming
mainly from the Middle East, Africa and Latin America.

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Mtoe: Mega tonnes of oil equivalent.
 Shale Revolutions

A remarkable ability to unlock new resources cost-effectively pushes combined United

States oil and gas output to a level 50% higher than any other country has ever managed;
already a net exporter of gas, the US becomes a net exporter of oil in the late 2020s.

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 Electric Car Fleet

Enough to keep prices within a $50-70/barrel range to 2040. However, it is not sufficient to
trigger a major turnaround in global oil use.

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 Bright Future for Renewables

Renewables capture two-thirds of global investment in power plants to 2040 as they become
the least-cost source of new generation.

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 Change in Energy Demand

Renewables capture two-thirds of global investment in power plants to 2040 as they become
the least-cost source of new generation.

41 U.S. Energy Information Administration – World Energy Outlook 2018

 International Energy Agency (IEA)

https://www.iea.org/weo2017/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue
=55&v=YK-iLUH48II

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 Summary

Demand for energy is going to increase significantly

Growing populations
Rising standards of living

Supply of energy not increasing as fast

Fossil fuels supplies are finite
Peak oil is likely coming in next 40 years

Alternative energy sources

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 Hubbert Peak Theory

M. King Hubbert often referred to as "King

Hubbert“ because of his contributions to
geology, geophysics, and petroleum geology,
most notably the Hubbert curve and Hubbert
peak theory.

• In 1956, he presented his theory to the

American Petroleum Institute and predicted
that production of oil from conventional
sources would peak in the continental
United States around 1970.

• Hubbert peak theory is a basic component

of peak oil.
Marion King Hubbert (1903 – 1989)
• Primarily presented for oil, but is also (American geologist & geophysicist)
referred to the supply and demand of
other fuel sources as well.

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 Hubbert Peak Theory

Theory: “For any given geographical area (individual oil-producing region or the planet as a
whole), the rate of petroleum production tends to follow a bell-shaped curve”.

• The Hubbert peak theory is based on the observation that the amount of oil under the
ground in any region is finite, therefore the rate of discovery which initially increases quickly
must reach a maximum and decline.

• Early in the curve (pre-peak), the production

rate increases due to the discovery rate and the
addition of infrastructure. Late in the curve
(post-peak), production declines because of
resource depletion.

• Choosing a particular curve determines a point

of maximum production based on discovery
rates, production rates and cumulative
production.

45 where t is the time and y the normalized fraction of the resource that is consumed
 Hubbert Peak Theory

Three stages of the Hubbert’s theory

First Stage: During the first stage of the utilization of any resource, its consumption rises
exponentially because of the following two factors;
1. Relatively low nominal price.
2. New technologies and new uses are developed for this resource to perform tasks that were
accomplished using another resource before
It is well known that, given the finite amount of all materials and resources, an exponential
growth in the consumption of any commodity cannot be indefinitely sustained.

Second Stage: The rate of growth of the consumption slows down because of the following
two other factors;
1. There are no more new applications that make use of this resource.
2. The price of the resource increases significantly because of profit-taking and because of
the realization that the resource may be depleted and become more valuable.

Third Stage: This stage comes with the realization that there are few reserves of the resource
left. At this point,
• The resource is classified as a rare or depleting resource.
• The real and nominal prices of the resource rise continuously and significantly.
• The widespread use of the resource becomes uneconomical and new technologies are
developed to substitute this resource with others.
• The consumption of the resource slows down and finally diminishes when the resource is
46 about to be depleted.
 Hubbert Peak Theory: Peal oil
Initial thought to have achieved by 1970

Recent advances in extraction technology (particularly those that led to the extraction of tight
oil and oil from shale) have drastically changed the picture.

A decline in production
followed the 1980s peak of
more than 10 million barrels.

In November of 2017 the

United States once again
surpassed the 10 million
barrel mark for the first time
since 1970.

47
 Hubbert Peak Theory and Oil Consumption
The domestic production of oil in the USA shows that a maximum was reached in the 1980s
and that this production has been decreasing since then.

However, the consumption of

petroleum in the USA
continued to increase as the
increased demand was
satisfied by relatively cheap
petroleum imports from the
Middle East and the South
American countries.

Even though the domestic production of petroleum in the USA has decreased since the
1980s, this decrease has been gradual and does not fit well to a Hubbert curve.

48
 Hubbert Peak Theory and Gas Consumption

The Hubbert curve for an energy resource (bell-shaped curve) and the production of natural
gas in the USA

The demand for natural gas does not show any signs of sharp reduction as predicted by the
Hubbert curve.

The main reason for this trend is the new exploration and drilling activities that resulted in the
development of new natural gas fields.
Therefore, based on the recent natural gas production data, there is no clear evidence that a
well-defined Hubbert peak exists in the consumption of natural gas.
49
 Hubbert Peak Theory: Only a Hypothesis

Hubbert curve and the Hubbert peak are not part of a physical law, which has universal
validity, but only a hypothesis that was promulgated in the 1960s and is based on the
limited data at the time.

While the early part in the consumption of energy resources may be well approximated by
this curve, all the empirical data we have collected since the 1980s show that the
consumption of natural resources does not follow this curve.

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 Critical Analysis of Hubbert Peak Theory and It’s Contributions to
Future Supply and Demand

Critical Analysis:
• Hubbert peak theory appeared to be a correct assumption of the supply and demand for
oil.
• Hubbert’s prediction that reserves of oil would peak around 1970 was largely true as
traditional extraction methods of oil allowed for a peak in 1970.
• What Hubbert did not account for was the increasing production capacity and
improvements to technology that would allow for tight oil and oil from shale to be
extracted and added to the reserves of potential oil. These developments have pushed
the perceived new “peak” to some point between the 2020s and 2040s.
• This theory contributed to the environment and alternative energy movements as
understanding that fossil fuel supply would eventually run out prompted a transition to
other energy sources.

Contributions:
• Hubbert peak theory has contributed to the future supply and demand because it allows
people to envision where it may be like without such a highly demanded resource and
allows us to understand that these resources are only finite and will eventually no longer
be able to use this energy source. Therefore, we must find alternative energies to
combat with the demand before we have a lack of supply.
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