Complex Numbers

Part I
➢ Complex Numbers and Their Geometric Representation

Part II

➢ Polar Form of Complex Numbers. Powers and Roots

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 Complex Numbers
Part I

Complex Numbers and Their Geometric Representation

➢ Addition, Multiplication
➢ Subtraction, Division
➢ Complex Plane
➢ Complex Conjugate Numbers

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 Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, students will be able to
➢ find the real part and imaginary part of a complex number
➢ add, subtract, multiply and divide complex numbers
➢ represent complex numbers on the complex plane.
➢ calculate the conjugate of complex numbers

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Definition
A complex number z is an ordered pair (x, y) of real numbers x and y, written
z = 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
where x = real part of z (Re z )
y = imaginary part of z (Im z)
(0, 1) is called the imaginary unit and is denoted by i,
𝒊 = −𝟏 , 𝒊𝟐 = −𝟏
Equality
Two complex numbers are equal if and only if their real parts are
equal and their imaginary parts are equal.
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 Complex Number
real imaginary
number number

combination of
8+3i
real and imaginary
number
imaginary
real
number number

-2i+9

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 Addition

Operations
Multiplication of Complex Subtraction

Numbers

Division

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Addition, Multiplication. Notation z = x + iy
𝑧1 = 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 , 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2

➢Addition 𝑧1 +𝑧2 = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) + (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 +𝑦2 )

𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑖 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 .

➢Multiplication 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 = 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 , 𝑥1 𝑦2 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 .
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 = 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑥1 𝑦2 + 𝑖𝑦1 𝑥2 + 𝑖 2 𝑦1 𝑦2
= 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 + 𝑖 𝑥1 𝑦2 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 .

▪Note: If x is any real number, then 𝑥 = 𝑥, 0 = 𝑥 + 0𝑖.

𝑖𝑦 = 0,1 𝑦 = 0,1 y, 0 = 0 × 𝑦 − 1 × 0, 0 × 0 + 1 × 𝑦 = (0, 𝑦)
If x = 0, then z = iy and is called pure imaginary.
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EXAMPLE 1: Real Part, Imaginary Part, Sum and Product of Complex Numbers
Let 𝑧1 = 8 + 3𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 9 − 2𝑖.
Solution: Re 𝑧1 = 8, Im 𝑧1 = 3,
Re 𝑧2 = 9, Im 𝑧2 = −2

𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 8 + 3𝑖 + 9 − 2𝑖 = 17 + 𝑖 ,

𝑧1 𝑧2 = 8 + 3𝑖 9 − 2𝑖
= 72 − 16𝑖 + 27𝑖 − 6𝑖 2
= 72 + 6 + 𝑖 −16 + 27 = 78 + 11𝑖 .

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➢Subtraction
𝑧1 = 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 , 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2

𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑖 𝑦1 − 𝑦2

➢Division
𝑧1 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑖𝑦2
= =
𝑧2 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 𝑥2 − 𝑖𝑦2

(𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 )+𝑖(𝑥2 𝑦1 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 )
=
𝑥2 2 + 𝑦2 2

𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦1 − 𝑥1 𝑦2
= +𝑖 2
𝑥2 2 + 𝑦2 2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 2

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EXAMPLE 2: Difference and Quotient of Complex Numbers
𝑧1 = 8 + 3𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 9 − 2𝑖
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 8 + 3𝑖 − 9 − 2𝑖
= 8 − 9 + 3𝑖 + 2𝑖 = −1 + 5𝑖

𝑧1 8+3𝑖 8+3𝑖 9+2𝑖

= =
𝑧2 9−2𝑖 9−2𝑖 9+2𝑖

72+16𝑖+27𝑖+6𝑖 2
=
92 −4𝑖 2
66+43𝑖 66 43
= = + 𝑖 .
81+4 85 85

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Exercise (3) Division

= 4.8 − 1.4𝑖

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Exercise 9. L𝑒t 𝑧1 = −2 + 11𝑖 Showing the details of your work, find

Solution

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒,

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Exercise 13. L𝑒t 𝑧1 = −2 + 11𝑖 , 𝑧2 = 2 − 𝑖. Showing the details of your work,
find, in the form 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦.

Solution

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Exercise (16) 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 . 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑

Solution

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Exercise (16) Continued;
1
𝑧2

𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆,

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➢ Complex Plane
In Cartesian coordinate system, the horizontal x-axis is called
the real axis, and the vertical y-axis is called the imaginary axis.

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Exercise (2) Multiplication by i is geometrically a counterclockwise rotation
𝜋
through (90°).Verify this by graphing z and iz and the angle of
2
rotation for 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖 , 𝑧 = −1 + 2𝑖 , 𝑧 = 4 − 3𝑖

Solution 𝑧 =1+𝑖, 𝑖𝑧 = −1 + 𝑖

𝑖𝑧 = −1 + 𝑖 𝑧 =1+𝑖
1

0 x
-1 1
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Exercise (2) Continued
𝑧 = −1 + 2𝑖 , 𝑖𝑧 = −2 − 𝑖 𝑧 = 4 − 3𝑖 , 𝑖𝑧 = 3 + 4𝑖

y y
𝑧 = −1 + 2𝑖 4 𝑖𝑧 = 3 + 4𝑖
2

-2 -1 0 1 x
0 3 4 x
𝑖𝑧 = −2 − 𝑖 −1
-3
𝑧 = 4 − 3𝑖

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➢ Complex Conjugate Numbers

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,
Addition, Subtraction and Multiplication of Complex Number and
its Conjugate

If z is real, then z = x and

➢Note:

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Example (3) Let z1 = 4+3i and z2 = 2+5i. Find Im z1. Verify that 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧ഥ1 𝑧ഥ2 .

Solution

𝑧ഥ1 𝑧ഥ2 = (4 + 3𝑖) 2 + 5𝑖 = 4 − 3𝑖 2 − 5𝑖 = −7 − 26𝑖

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Exercise(14)

Solution

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 Exercise(14) Continued

Exercise (19) Find

Solution

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Exercise (19) Continued
𝑧
𝑧ҧ

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Reference
Erwin Kreyszig, “ Advanced Engineering
Mathematics” 10th edition

➢ Next Lesson
Complex Number Part II

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