GENERAL and INORGANIC

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•Helium is lighter • Solids elements: Most of the
than air metals: Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ca,
Mg, Al, De, Zn, Pb, P4, S8,
I2, Carbon, Si etc. except
Mercury (Hg).
•
• Liquid elements: Hg, Br (Ga
melts in our hand)
•
• Gaseous elements: H2, F2,
Cl2, O2, N2, He, Ne, Ar, Kr,
Xe, Rn
Is glass a • Zanotto and Mauro propose to
solid or a define glass as a "frozen liquid"—

Ch t
mi s
ry
a material with the structure of a
e
on

liquid?
the t
ligh
er

liquid that has been frozen

si d
e

without crystallizing by being

cooled below a certain
temperature, known as the glass
transition temperature.
 The Radium Girls were female factory
The Radium workers who contracted radiation
Girls poisoning from painting radium dials –
watch dials and hands with self-
luminous paint (powdered radium, zinc
sulfide (a phosphor), gum arabic, and
water). The incidents occurred at three
factories in the United States: one in
Orange, New Jersey, beginning around
1917; one in Ottawa, Illinois, beginning
in the early 1920s; and one in
Waterbury, Connecticut, also in the
1920s.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_Girls#:~:text=The%20Radium%20Girls%20were%20female,hands%20with%20self%2Dluminous%20paint.
 Chemistry is
all around
us…..

Site
examples

https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=600239789&sxsrf=ACQVn08cE7yXFvLx6MVqjcXeBh0JdQa4MQ:1705851543221&q=chemistry+all
Application of
Chemistry in other
fields
 Chemistry and Matter
• Chemistry is the study of matter
Which includes:
-composition, structure and properties
-changes
-the energy that goes with each change

• Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space

(Mass refers to the amount of matter present in a sample.)
 Branches of Chemistry
• Inorganic Chem-concerned with the properties and behavior of inorganic compounds,
which include metals, minerals, and organometallic compounds.
• Organic Chem-chemistry of carbon and its compounds
• Analytical Chem-Identification, Separation, Determination of relative amounts of
components present in a sample
• Physical Chem-branch of chemistry concerned with the application of the techniques and
theories of physics to the study of chemical systems.
• Environmental Chem
• Industrial Chem
• Polymer Chem
• Nuclear Chem
•
•
 Scientific Method
Observa Orderly and systematic
tion approach to gathering
information in order to answer
questions of phenomenon
Hypot
hesis
Experime
ntation The
ory
 Scientific Method
• Oservation/fact: A statement based in direct experience
• Hypothesis:
Hypothesis A statement that is proposed, without actual
proof, to explain a set of facts or their relationship.
• Experimentation
• Theory:
Theory The formulation of an apparent relationship
among certain observed phenomena, which has been
verified to some extent.
•--In a sense, a theory is the same as a hypothesis except that, we
have a stronger belief in it because more evidence supports it.
•--If, however, we find new evidence that conflicts with it, the theory
must be altered or rejected.
 Matter
•Includes all things – both living and nonliving
Examples: plants, soil, air, bacteria
•Various forms of energy such as heat, light,
and electricity are not considered to be matter.
•The universe is composed entirely of matter
and energy.
•
•The Microscopic or Particulate
Perspective
•The Microscopic or Particulate
Perspective
• For solids, the
molecules or atoms
maintain a regular
ordered structure, so a
sample maintains its
size and shape.
•The Microscopic or Particulate
Perspective
• For liquids, the molecules
or atoms remain close
to one another, but the
ordered array breaks
down. This allows the
liquid to flow and take
the shape of its
container.
•The Microscopic or Particulate
Perspective
• For gases, the molecules or
atoms are very widely
separated, and move
independently of one
another. This allows the
gas to fill the available
volume of the container.
•Physical properties
- can be observed without altering the identity of
a material,
• Chemical properties
- are observed when substances are converted to
different substances that result in different
physical properties.
 Physical Properties
–Color, odor, physical state, melting point, boiling point,
and hardness
 Physical Properties of Matter
•Intrinsic or intensive •Extrinsic or extensive
•Does not depend on the amount of •Dependent on the amount of
substance substance
•E.g. color
e.g. weight
Observed changes that generally
indicate a chemical reaction has
occurred:
1. simultaneous production of light and heat;
2. production of a gas when two or more
substances are mixed
3. formation of a precipitate when two or
more solutes are dissolved in a solution.
4. formation of a new substance
Water Can Be Found in All Three States
Simultaneously

END
ENERGY AND LAWS OF MATTER
Energy
• Energy: the capacity to do work
• may be either kinetic energy or potential energy
• The calorie (cal) is the base metric unit of energy.
• Kinetic energy (KE): the energy of motion
• KE increases as the object’s velocity increases.
• At the same velocity, a heavier object has greater KE.
• Potential energy: the energy an object has because of its
position; stored energy
 Energy
• Examples of kinetic energy are mechanical energy,
light, heat, and electrical energy.
• In chemistry, the most important forms of potential
energies are chemical energy and nuclear energy.
• Chemical energy is stored in chemical substances
as, for example, in foods such as carbohydrates
and fats. It is given off when substances take
part in chemical reactions.
•
The law of conservation of energy

•Energy can neither be created nor

destroyed.
•Energy can be converted from one form
to another.
 Specific Heat
• Specific heat (SH):
the amount of heat
necessary to raise
the temperature of
1.00 g of a
substance by
1.00°C.
• Table 1.4 Specific
Heats of Common
Substances
Heat and Temperature
• Heat is a form of energy.
• heating refers to the energy transfer process when
two objects of different temperature are brought
into contact.
• heat energy always flows from the hotter object to the
cooler one until the two have the same temperature.
• heat is commonly measured in calories (cal), which is
the heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 g of
liquid water by 1°C.
Specific Heat
• The following equation gives the relationship between specific heat,
amount of heat, the mass of an object, and the change in
temperature.
• cH2O=4.184J/g-0C
•
•
•
•
•
• Example: how many calories are required to heat 352 g of water
from 23°C to 95°C?
Problems:
END