‭HW over break: Watch the following four videos:‬

‭Bozeman Rotational Motion‬

‭Bozeman Torque‬

‭Flipping Physics Angular Momentum‬

‭Flipping Physics Conservation of Angular Momentum‬

‭Assignment: “5-4-3-2-1”: On a Google doc, write:‬

‭5 Vocab Terms from this unit, with definitions‬

‭ Important “Screen Shots” (one from each video) & state the significance of each screen shot‬
4
‭(why is it important? what is it showing or discussing?)‬

‭ different ways you could solve for Angular Acceleration (only one of these ways may be a‬
3
‭kinematic - the other two must be a different strategy)‬

‭2 Questions you still have‬

‭1 Person’s name with whom you discussed your two questions‬

‭ our upload (to Schoology - NO LINKS PLEASE) is due at the beginning of your block when‬
Y
‭you return from Spring Break.‬

‭the transcripts for the videos are below:‬

‭ otational motion: Hi. It’s Mr. Andersen and this is AP Physics essentials video 53. It is on‬
R
‭rotational motion‬

‭0:11‬

‭which is turning motion. And that would be dangerous if you are a slack liner like this‬

‭0:15‬

‭person in Yosemite as he applies a force or net torque on one side you are going to get‬

‭0:20‬

‭rotation which he has to counteract with a net torque in the other direction. And so‬

‭0:25‬

‭by moving your arms out you can increase your inertia but it is still difficult. That is‬
‭0:29‬

‭why he is attached on here with a rope. And so if we take an object and apply a net torque‬

‭0:34‬

‭to it, what we get is rotational motion. We measure that in physics according to its angular‬

‭0:39‬

‭displacement, so the angle at which it is turning, its angular velocity, so the speed‬

‭0:44‬

‭at which it is turning and then the angular acceleration which is how much that angular‬

‭0:49‬

‭velocity is increasing or decreasing over time. Now the whole object has the same, for‬

‭0:54‬

‭example, angular velocity. But if you look at different distances out from the axis of‬

‭0:59‬

‭rotation, obviously out here it is going to be going faster than it is in here. And so‬

‭1:04‬

‭all we do for example is take the angular velocity times the radius or the distance‬

‭1:09‬

‭from the center and that is going to give us its linear velocity, or its speed in that‬

‭1:13‬

‭one direction. Now another term that you should understand is rotational inertia. And so we‬

‭1:18‬

‭know in regular physics that force is equal to mass times acceleration. If we apply a‬

‭1:22‬

‭force times a mass we are going to get an acceleration. Now in rotational motion the‬
‭1:28‬

‭equation looks a little bit different. If we apply a net torque, so if we are applying‬

‭1:33‬

‭a force, remember that is perpendicular to the lever arm, if we apply a net torque that‬

‭1:38‬

‭is going to be equal to the rotational inertia. In other words that is how much this object‬

‭1:43‬

‭resists change or resists that change in motion times the angular acceleration. And so a good‬

‭Measuring Angular Velocity‬

‭1:50‬

‭understanding of rotational inertia is important when you are trying to solve problems like‬

‭1:54‬

‭this. Before we get to that we have to understand the importance of the radian because that‬

‭1:58‬

‭is the base unit when we are measuring angular velocity for example or angular acceleration.‬

‭2:03‬

‭So if I draw a radius like this and then I take that distance of the radius and wrap‬

‭2:08‬

‭it around the circle, I now what the angle of 1 radian. And so this would 1 radian, 2‬

‭2:14‬

‭radians, 3 radians, this would be pi radians, 180 decrees or half a revolution. Or if we‬

‭2:20‬

‭go all the way around that is 2 pi radians. And so you should understand what a radian‬

‭2:25‬
‭is. It is about 57 degrees. But also it is the base unit as we are measuring this rotational‬

‭2:30‬

‭ otion. And in the back of your mind you should know that 1 revolution equal 360 degrees‬
m
‭equals‬

‭2:35‬

‭2 pi radians. And so for measuring angular displacement we measure that using the angle‬

‭2:42‬

‭theta, so it is going to be how much it is turning or the distance by which it is turning.‬

‭2:46‬

‭And so again we would measure that in radians. And this is 1 radian right here. It is about‬

‭2:50‬

‭57 degrees. What is angular velocity then? Angular velocity, and we use this symbol omega‬

‭2:57‬

‭to represent that, is simply the change in that angle over the change in time. So let‬

‭3:01‬

‭me animate this for a second. We are going to move that 1 radian in 1 second. And so‬

‭3:06‬

‭what would our angular velocity be? It would be 1 radian per second. And so it is how fast‬

‭3:12‬

‭this thing is turning. So if it took 1 second to go all the way around then it is going‬

‭3:16‬

‭2 pi r. Or 2 pi radians rather per second. Now let’s do an angular acceleration. So‬

‭3:22‬

‭what is that? It is the change in angular velocity over time, or the change in omega‬

‭3:27‬
‭over time. So let me start this spinning. At the beginning it has an angular velocity‬

‭3:31‬

‭of 0. But after 5 seconds let’s say it is going to at 1 radian per second. So how would‬

‭3:37‬

‭I figure out my angular acceleration? It is going to be the change in omega, which it‬

‭3:42‬

‭went from 0 to 1 radian per second. So that it is going to be 1 radian per second. How‬

‭3:47‬

‭long did it take to do that? It took 5 seconds. And so my angular acceleration would be 1/5‬

‭3:52‬

‭or 0.2 radians per second squared. Now let’s do some simple problems. And I am using an‬

‭Simple Problems‬

‭3:58‬

‭album of mine, of course it is Pink Floyd’s Dark Side of the Moon. You can see I have‬

‭4:02‬

‭to clean up the album a little bit. But let’s say that I start it spinning like this, and‬

‭4:07‬

‭it takes about 2.8 seconds for this to get up to speed and then it spins at 33.3 revolutions‬

‭4:13‬

‭per minute. Well you can see right away that this revolutions per minute is how much it‬

‭4:19‬

‭is rotating in a given period of time. And so we are already half way there when we are‬

‭4:22‬

‭trying to figure out the angular velocity. Angular velocity remember is equal to the‬
‭4:27‬

‭change in theta, or angle, over the change in time. And so if I start solving this, what‬

‭4:34‬

‭is my change in angle? Well I said it is 33.3 revolutions per 1 minute. Now these units‬

‭4:41‬

‭are bad. We have to get this to radians and we have to get this to seconds. And so we‬

‭4:45‬

‭can just do some factor-label. I know that 1 revolution equals 2 pi radians. And so right‬

‭4:50‬

‭now my revolutions cancel. And I know that 1 minute is equal to 60 seconds. So my minutes‬

‭4:56‬

‭cancel. So if I calculate that out it is going at about 3.49 radians per second. Which makes‬

‭5:01‬

‭sense if it takes a minute to go around 30 times, it makes sense that it is going a little‬

‭5:06‬

‭more than, you know, pi radians, 3.49 radians per second. So that is my angular velocity.‬

‭5:12‬

‭And it is the same for any point along that album. Let’s say I want to figure out my‬

‭5:16‬

‭angular acceleration? Now how do I do that? What do you need to do? Well I am giving you‬

‭5:21‬

‭the time at which it is changing. And so it has changed, or my change in omega is going‬

‭5:26‬

‭to be 3.49 radians per second. And it took 2.8 seconds to get up to that. It started‬
‭5:32‬

‭at 0 and it got up to that speed after 2.80 seconds. And so I am going to get an acceleration‬

‭5:37‬

‭of 1.25 radians per second squared. So that is how I calculated that. Now one thing you‬

‭Linear Velocity‬

‭5:42‬

‭should understand is that even though this whole album has an angular velocity of 3.49‬

‭5:47‬

‭seconds, not every point along that album is going at that same linear speed. And so‬

‭5:53‬

‭we have an equation for that as well. It is called linear velocity. And that is simply‬

‭5:57‬

‭equal to omega, or angular velocity times the radius. And so if we do a point right‬

‭6:03‬

‭here in the middle, let’s say that is 0 centimeters from the center, so it is right‬

‭6:07‬

‭at the center. Well there is one problems here. This should be converted to meters,‬

‭6:11‬

‭but I do not have to because it is just 0. So if I take my angular velocity of 3.49 radians‬

‭6:17‬

‭per second times 0, what is my velocity? 0. And so its linear velocity is 0 at the center.‬

‭6:23‬

‭What would it be as we move farther out? So let’s say out where since this is a regular‬

‭6:27‬
‭album, it is 6 inches out here or 15.3 centimeters. So if I want to calculate that I am going‬

‭6:33‬

‭to say my velocity equals to omega times radius. What is my omega? 3.49 radians per second.‬

‭6:39‬

‭What is my radius? It is 0.153 meters, I have converted that from centimeters to meters.‬

‭6:44‬

‭And so what is my linear velocity? 0.534 meters per second. So it is going, you know, a little‬

‭6:50‬

‭over a mile per hour if we are going around the outside. So it seems like it is going‬

‭Applying Forces‬

‭6:54‬

‭fast, but not that fast. And now we are going to start talking about applying forces to‬

‭6:58‬

‭an object and creating these motions. And so there is a nice phet simulation. You can‬

‭7:03‬

‭see that if I move it in this direction at a constant speed I have linear velocity. If‬

‭7:07‬

‭I move it in the other direction I have linear velocity. Let me freeze that for just a second.‬

‭7:13‬

‭And so now it is not accelerating. It is just moving with a constant angular velocity. But‬

‭7:17‬

‭what you can see is the linear velocity is greater on the outside than it is as we move‬

‭7:22‬

‭farther in. But also this is accelerating. Even though the velocities are constant, their‬
‭7:27‬

‭direction is changing. And so what we have is called a centripetal acceleration to the‬

‭7:32‬

‭inside. But what I am now going to do is start applying a net torque to it. So I am going‬

‭7:37‬

‭to start pushing and pulling on it and what you will see is that we will get huge accelerations‬

‭7:42‬

‭in one direction and then as it stops it goes back in the other direction. So as you apply‬

‭7:46‬

‭a net torque to an object we are going to get that acceleration. And so just like force‬

‭Rotational Inertia‬

‭7:52‬

‭is equal to mass times acceleration, in rotational motion our torque or that force that we are‬

‭7:57‬

‭applying is equal to not mass but rotational inertia times its angular acceleration. And‬

‭8:04‬

‭so what is rotational inertia? Again it is the resistance to motion of an object in rotation.‬

‭8:11‬

‭And so to demonstrate that I have two pieces of PVC pipe that are the exact same mass,‬

‭8:16‬

‭exact same length. And I am going to drop them at the exact same time. And you can see‬

‭8:22‬

‭that they land at the exact same time. Now what I did is I taped a weight to one of the‬

‭8:28‬
‭PVC pipes and then I am going to drop them at the same time. So make a prediction for‬

‭8:32‬

‭a second. Which one do you think is going to land first? The heavier one? The lighter‬

‭8:35‬

‭one? Are they both going to land at the same time? Let’s let that go. And so you can‬

‭8:43‬

‭see that the lighter one hit first. Why is that? It is because it has less rotational‬

‭8:49‬

‭inertia. And so as this force, force of gravity acts on it, it is going to turn with a lower‬

‭8:55‬

‭acceleration. And so another way to look at this is the demonstration here. What I have‬

‭8:59‬

‭are four objects that all have the same mass. This one right here is a solid cylinder. And‬

‭9:04‬

‭this is a cylinder where all of the mass is on the outside. This is a solid sphere. And‬

‭9:08‬

‭this is a hollow sphere. And so which one do you think is going to make it to the bottom‬

‭9:12‬

‭first if we race them and they all have the same mass? Well this is kind of counter-intuitive‬

‭9:17‬

‭as well. If we let this run. You will see that the solid sphere gets there first. So‬

‭9:23‬

‭if we kind of pause that for a second. So this solid sphere is going to make it to the‬

‭9:28‬
‭bottom first. Why is that? It is because it is going to have a lower rotational inertia.‬

‭9:34‬

‭More of its mass is going to be towards the center of that object. Whereas up here all‬

‭9:39‬

‭of that mass is around the outside of the object. Now there are going to be equations‬

‭9:43‬

‭to calculate the rotational inertia of each of these, but what you should understand is‬

‭9:47‬

‭that the bigger I is, the bigger that rotational inertia is, the more torque we have to apply‬

‭9:53‬

‭to have a similar acceleration. And since the force is the same on all of these, the‬

‭9:57‬

‭ones that have the greatest I or rotational inertia are going to have the slowest acceleration.‬

‭Summary‬

‭10:03‬

‭ nd so did you learn to make predictions about velocity around an object? Again we have‬
A
‭angular‬

‭10:08‬

‭velocity, displacement, and acceleration. If we want to figure out linear we have multiply‬

‭10:13‬

‭it times the radius. And then finally could you collect data to see how a force or a torque‬

‭10:18‬

‭applied to a rotating object affects its acceleration? There is a wonderful phet simulation. I will‬

‭10:23‬

‭put a link down below. And I hope that was helpful.‬

‭0:11‬

‭is simply the product of the force, which is perpendicular to the lever arm. And this‬

‭0:16‬

‭only works in rotational motion. So what is rotational motion? Imagine that we have a‬

‭0:22‬

‭wrench that is sitting here. And I have marked the center of gravity. And so let’s say‬

‭0:26‬

‭it is just sitting in space to make this easier. And let’s say I apply a force right at that‬

‭0:31‬

‭center of gravity. What we are getting is linear, or we call that translational motion.‬

‭0:36‬

‭We apply a force in one direction and we are seeing an acceleration in that direction.‬

‭0:40‬

‭Let’s say I do the same thing but now I am going to do it off center. So I am applying‬

‭0:44‬

‭a force not at the center of gravity. And watch what we get. We get two forms of motion.‬

‭0:49‬

‭We are getting that translational motion but we are also getting rotational motion. And‬

‭0:53‬

‭it is hard to separate those two. And so an easy way to look at rotational motion is to‬

‭0:58‬

‭pin it down. So now I have this same thing. We have the wrench. But now it is centered‬

‭1:02‬
‭around this nut on one side. And so this is not moving. So it is going to rotate around‬

‭1:07‬

‭that point. Now let me apply that same force on one direction. And now we are just getting‬

‭1:12‬

‭that rotational motion. Let me return the wrench for a second. And we can start to talk‬

‭1:17‬

‭about what torque is. And so this is going to be the lever arm. The lever arm is going‬

‭1:21‬

‭to go from this point in the middle, that axis of rotation. It is going to go out from‬

‭1:25‬

‭that. It is perpendicular to that axis of rotation. And it is just like a lever that‬

‭1:30‬

‭you would use as a simple machine. And then we are applying a force perpendicular to that‬

‭1:34‬

l‭ever arm. And so what is torque? We are multiplying these two values. We are multiplying the‬
‭force‬

‭1:40‬

‭that we apply, perpendicular to the lever times the lever arm itself. And so it is two‬

‭1:45‬

‭things and the units are not just going to be newtons, it is going to be newton meters.‬

‭1:50‬

‭And so in a rotational system like this, where we have an axis of rotation, what is torque?‬

‭1:55‬

‭It is simply the product of that lever arm which is going to be a vector, it has to be‬

‭2:00‬
‭perpendicular to that axis of rotation. Again the axis of rotation is coming straight at‬

‭2:05‬

‭us through the middle and we are going to multiply that times the force. The force has‬

‭2:10‬

‭to be perpendicular to that lever arm. And so if we multiply those two values then we‬

‭2:15‬

‭are going to have ourselves a torque. And this is our equation right here. Tau, which‬

‭2:19‬

‭stands for torque, is equal to that lever arm, perpendicular and then that force. And‬

‭2:26‬

‭so if we have a system that is not moving, like our rotational system is not moving anymore‬

‭2:31‬

‭ e know that all of those forces must be balanced. In other words all the torques must be‬
w
‭balanced.‬

‭2:36‬

‭And so the net torque on a balanced system is equal to 0. Have you ever noticed that‬

‭2:41‬

‭a door will always have the door knob on the outside or far away from the hinge? Well the‬

‭2:46‬

‭reason that is just deals with torque. And so what I have here is the door itself. This‬

‭2:51‬

‭is the door hinge right here. And here is the door knob on the outside. And so if I‬

‭2:55‬

‭apply a force out here what am I going to get? Torque. We have the lever arm and then‬

‭3:01‬
‭we are applying a force perpendicular. And so we are going to get an acceleration or‬

‭3:05‬

‭rotational acceleration like that. What happens if I apply a greater force? What am I going‬

‭3:10‬

‭to have? I am going to have a greater torque. And so we are going to see a faster acceleration‬

‭3:14‬

‭like that. What happens if I take that smaller force however and move it to the inside? What‬

‭3:19‬

‭happens if I put the doorknob on the inside of the door? If I try to pull on it with that‬

‭3:23‬

‭small force nothing will happen. In other words I have decreased that torque so much,‬

‭3:29‬

‭since I have decreased that lever arm, that I would not have enough torque to open that‬

‭3:33‬

‭door. And so that lever arm distance is incredibly important. Just like a lever in a lever system,‬

‭3:39‬

‭it is giving us a mechanical advantage to open up that door. So in torque we are applying‬

‭3:44‬

‭that lever arm times the force. That is how we calculate the torque. And the equation‬

‭3:49‬

‭looks like this. Tau is equal to r perpendicular F. And so let’s add some numbers in here‬

‭3:54‬

‭and I will show you how to calculate that. Let’s say the doorknob is 75 centimeters‬

‭3:57‬
‭from the hinge and we apply a 6.7 newton force. What is going to be our torque in this situation?‬

‭4:02‬

‭Well I am going to plug in those values. Again I had to convert the centimeters into meters.‬

‭4:07‬

‭We have to use SI units. And now I simply multiply those values. What are my units?‬

‭4:12‬

‭It is now in newton meters. You can see I have too many significant digits. And so we‬

‭4:16‬

‭would get a 5.0 newton meter torque if the doorknob is at the outside. Now watch what‬

‭4:23‬

‭happens if we move it 15 centimeters from the hinge. Watch what happens to our torque.‬

‭4:27‬

‭Again the force is going to be the same. But now we are going to get a 1.0 newton meter‬

‭4:32‬

‭torque. It is 1/5 of what it was before, which is not surprising, because the lever arm is‬

‭4:37‬

‭now 1/5 of what it was before. Let’s take a second to look at a balanced system. And‬

‭4:42‬

‭a see-saw or a teeter-totter is a great example of that. We have the axis of rotation right‬

‭4:46‬

‭here in the middle. And we can have a lever arm on this side and a lever arm on the other‬

‭4:50‬

‭side. So what we can do is we can apply a torque on one side and a torque on the other‬

‭4:54‬
‭side. And if those torques are equal, then we are going to have a balanced system where‬

‭4:59‬

‭ ou should not see any movement. And so watch what happens when I remove the supports.‬
y
‭Since‬

‭5:05‬

‭the torque is the same on either side, nothing happens. Let me apply a 5 kilogram weight‬

‭5:10‬

‭on either side, if I remove the supports, it is totally balanced. Torque is equal on‬

‭5:16‬

‭either side. Let’s say I add a 10 kilogram weight to the right side. And now remove the‬

‭5:21‬

‭supports. What happens? Well we have greater torque on the right side and so we are getting‬

‭5:25‬

‭rotational motion in that direction. Now a good question I might ask you is where could‬

‭5:30‬

‭I move that 5 kilogram mass on the left side so the torque on the left equals the torque‬

‭5:35‬

‭on the right? How could I balance this system out? Well if we look at our equations again,‬

‭5:40‬

‭it is simply the product of the lever arm times the force. And so if I throw in some‬

‭5:44‬

‭values here and set them equal to each other, on the left side we have the unknown lever‬

‭5:48‬

‭distance times that 50 newton force. Where do I get the 50 newton force? I am simply‬

‭5:53‬
‭taking 5 kilograms times about 10 for the acceleration due to gravity. So it is a 50‬

‭5:58‬

‭newton force down on that side. On the other side it is going to be 100 newton force. So‬

‭6:02‬

‭I could solve for this. We would have a torque of 400 newton meters on the right side. And‬

‭6:06‬

‭so to solve for that we should have a distance on the left side equal to 8 meters. And so‬

‭6:11‬

‭if I take that 5 kilogram mass, move it out to 8 meters, what are we going to get? A balanced‬

‭6:15‬

‭system. The torque on either side is going to be exactly the same. And so did you learn‬

‭6:20‬

‭the relationship between a force and a torque? Again we have to multiply the force times‬

‭6:25‬

‭that lever arm. Do you see what happens when we apply different forces? We increase the‬

‭6:30‬

‭torque. Or what happens if we move that force that in? We are decreasing the torque because‬

‭6:34‬

‭we are decreasing the lever arm. Can you design an experiment that would allow you to kind‬

‭6:38‬

‭of manipulate these balanced forces? Again we used a teeter-totter to do that. And finally‬

‭6:43‬

‭can you calculate torque in a two-dimensional system like this?‬

‭6:55‬
‭I hope so. And I hope thatwas helpful.‬

‭Angular Momentum: Bobby, what is the equation for linear momentum?‬

‭0:11‬

‭Bobby: Linear momentum equals mass times velocity.‬

‭0:14‬

‭Billy: Don't don't forget momentum and velocity are vectors.‬

‭0:17‬

‭Bobby: Right.‬

‭0:19‬

‭Mr.p: In addition to linear momentum, objects can also have an angular momentum.‬

‭Angular momentum‬

‭0:24‬

‭The symbol for angular momentum is a capital L.‬

‭0:27‬

‭Bo, what do you think an equation for angular momentum is?‬

‭0:31‬

‭Bo: Well, linear momentum equals mass times velocity.‬

‭0:35‬

‭So, instead of mass, it is rotational inertia, and instead of linear velocity, it is angular velocity.‬

‭0:42‬

‭So, angular momentum equals rotational inertia times angular velocity.‬

‭0:47‬

‭Billy: Don't forget angular velocity is a vector, so I bet angular momentum is a vector too.‬

‭0:52‬
‭Bo: Right.‬

‭0:53‬

‭Mr.p: Billy, you are correct that angular momentum is a vector‬

‭0:56‬

‭and Bo, you are correct that an equation for angular momentum is‬

‭1:00‬

‭angular momentum equals rotational inertia times angular velocity.‬

‭1:05‬

‭Notice that, because angular momentum and angular velocity are both vectors,‬

‭1:10‬

‭the direction of the angular momentum of an object‬

‭1:12‬

‭will be the same as the direction of the angular velocity of the object.‬

‭1:16‬

‭And, just like rotational inertia has an axis of rotation,‬

‭1:20‬

‭angular momentum, an equation for which is rotational inertia times angular velocity‬

‭1:25‬

‭also has an axis of rotation‬

‭1:27‬

‭Please make sure you identify the axis of rotation whenever working with angular momentum.‬

‭1:33‬

‭Angular momentum equals rotational inertia times angular velocity‬

‭1:37‬
‭is the equation for the angular momentum of Rigid Objects with Shape.‬

‭1:41‬

‭In other words, objects which do not change shape easily and are larger than point particles.‬

‭1:47‬

‭For example, discs, cylinders, spheres planets, hammers, records...‬

‭1:53‬

‭Which brings us to the example problem. Billy, please read, and Bobby, please translate.‬

‭The example‬

‭1:57‬

‭ illy: Determine the angular momentum of a 141 g, 31.4 cm diameter record rotating clockwise‬
B
‭at 45 rpm.‬

‭2:07‬

‭Bobby: Mass equals 141 g, diameter equals 31.4 cm.‬

‭2:14‬

‭I bet we will need the radius, so radius equals 31.4 divided by 2 or 15 .7 centimeters.‬

‭2:22‬

‭Angular velocity equals 45 revolutions per minute and‬

‭2:26‬

‭angular momentum, capital L, equals question mark.‬

‭2:29‬

‭Billy: The rotational inertia of a disc about its center of mass equals‬

‭2:33‬

‭one half times its mass times its radius squared.‬

‭2:36‬

‭Mr.p: Notice that the center of mass of the disc‬

‭is then the axis of rotation for the angular momentum of the disc.‬

‭2:42‬

‭Bobby: Right, so the rotational inertia of a disc about its center of mass equals‬

‭2:46‬

‭one half times its mass times its radius squared.‬

‭2:49‬

‭Billy: I just said that. Bobby: Right, but I was asking mr.p to write it down.‬

‭2:54‬

‭Billy: Did I not do that? Bobby: No, you read, I translated.‬

‭2:58‬

‭Mr.p: And Bo, please solve the problem.‬

‭3:01‬

‭Bo: Angular momentum equals rotational inertia times angular velocity.‬

‭3:05‬

‭Substitute in the equation for rotational inertia and then substitute in numbers.‬

‭3:11‬

‭One half times 141 times 15.7 squared times 45 or 781,989.5 or 782,000 with three sig figs‬

‭3:24‬

‭and the units are grams times centimeters squared times revolutions per minute?‬

‭3:32‬

‭That does not make sense.‬

‭Fixing our units‬

‭3:34‬
‭Billy: We need to convert to base SI units and radians‬

‭3:38‬

‭because radians are a placeholder and should cancel out.‬

‭3:42‬

‭Bo: Right. So, multiply grams by one kilogram over a thousand grams.‬

‭3:47‬

‭Multiply centimeters by one meter over 100 centimeters.‬

‭3:51‬

‭ ultiply 45 revolutions per minute by 1 minute over 60 seconds and 2 pi radians over one‬
M
‭revolution to get‬

‭3:58‬

‭4.7124 radians per second for the angular velocity.‬

‭4:02‬

‭That means the angular momentum of the record equals‬

‭4:05‬

‭ ne half times 0.141 times 0.157 squared times 4.7124 which equals 0.00818899 or 0.0082 with‬
o
‭2 sig figs‬

‭4:21‬

‭and the units are kilograms times meters squared times radians per second.‬

‭4:27‬

‭Billy: But the radians have no units and are not needed.‬

‭4:30‬

‭So, the units are just kilograms times meters squared over seconds‬

‭4:34‬

‭Bobby: Those are just the base SI units for newtons, right?‬
‭4:38‬

‭Bo: Actually, no. A newton is kilograms times meters per second squared.‬

‭4:44‬

‭ illy: But kilograms times meters squared per second is equal to the units for linear momentum‬
B
‭times meters‬

‭4:52‬

‭because it's the same as kilograms times meters per second all times meters.‬

‭4:56‬

‭Bo: Sure. Bobby: Okay.‬

‭4:58‬

‭Billy: I don't know. It seems useful.‬

‭5:04‬

‭Mr.p: I think y'all forgot something.‬

‭Direction!‬

‭5:07‬

‭Bobby: Angular momentum is a vector. Bo: We forgot direction.‬

‭5:11‬

‭Billy: Right. So, it's rotating clockwise.‬

‭5:15‬

‭Okay, curl, the fingers of my right hand clockwise and stick up my thumb‬

‭5:21‬

‭ nd the angular momentum of the record is away from you, which is into the board and‬
a
‭negative.‬

‭5:26‬

‭Bo: Right. Because if we were looking at the record from above‬

‭the direction of the angular momentum would be down, which is negative.‬

‭5:34‬

‭ o, the angular momentum of the record is negative 0.0082 kilograms times meters squared per‬
S
‭second.‬

‭5:41‬

‭Mr.p: Very nice.‬

‭5:42‬

‭ ut remember the angular momentum and angular velocity of the object are in the same‬
B
‭direction.‬

‭5:47‬

‭Therefore the angular velocity is also negative.‬

‭5:51‬

‭Thank you very much for learning with me today. I enjoyed learning with you.‬

‭Conservation of Angular Momentum: Bo: The sum of the initial linear momentum of a system‬

‭0:17‬

‭equals the sum of the final linear momentum of a system.‬

‭0:20‬

‭Billy: And remember... Bo: And remember, linear momentum is a vector,‬

‭0:24‬

‭ r.p: Thanks Bo. Bobby, what then do you think is the equation for conservation of angular‬
M
‭momentum?‬

‭0:30‬

‭Bobby: The sum of the initial angular momentum of a system‬

‭0:35‬

‭equals the sum of the final angular momentum of a system.‬

‭Billy: But, remember... Bobby: And remember angular momentum is a vector.‬

‭0:42‬

‭Mr.p: Great. In a bit we will talk about when angular momentum is conserved,‬

‭0:46‬

‭however, right now let's start with a simple demonstration. Alright,‬

‭Stool demonstration‬

‭0:50‬

‭ his is me sitting on a stool which is free to rotate about a vertical axis through the center of the‬
T
‭stool‬

‭0:57‬

‭and I am holding two masses at arm's length straight out from my body.‬

‭1:02‬

‭If I give myself an external torque to cause the stool and me to rotate,‬

‭1:06‬

‭I am now spinning with roughly a constant angular velocity.‬

‭1:10‬

‭Class, what will happen if I bring my arms in closer to my body?‬

‭1:15‬

‭Billy: I feel like I've seen something like this before.‬

‭1:18‬

‭Bo: Yeah. It's just like when a figure skater brings their arms in while spinning.‬

‭1:21‬

‭Bobby: Or a gymnast. Billy: Or a diver.‬

‭1:23‬
‭Bo: Or a dancer. Mr.p: Sure, but what happens?‬

‭1:27‬

‭Billy: Bringing your arms in will increase your angular velocity, right?‬

‭1:32‬

‭Mr.p: That is correct,‬

‭1:33‬

‭when I bring my arms in closer to my body, the angular velocity of the stool and me increases.‬

‭1:39‬

‭But the question is why?‬

‭1:40‬

‭Why does bringing my arms and the two masses in closer to my body‬

‭1:45‬

‭increase the angular velocity of the system?‬

‭Why the demonstration works‬

‭1:47‬

‭Bo: Can we assume the angular momentum of the system is conserved?‬

‭1:51‬

‭Mr.p: Yes, we may assume angular momentum is conserved in this example.‬

‭1:54‬

‭ o: Well then, the initial angular momentum of the system equals the final angular moment of‬
B
‭the system.‬

‭2:00‬

‭ illy: And angular momentum of a rigid object with shape equals rotational inertia times angular‬
B
‭velocity.‬

‭2:06‬
‭Bobby: So, rotational inertia initial times angular velocity initial‬

‭2:10‬

‭equals rotational inertia final times angular velocity final.‬

‭2:15‬

‭Billy: Oh, yeah so rotational inertia of a system of particles equals‬

‭2:18‬

t‭he sum of the mass of each particle times the square of the distance each particle is from the‬
‭axis of rotation,‬

‭2:24‬

‭or r squared.‬

‭2:25‬

‭Bo: Bringing your arms decreases the average distance‬

‭2:28‬

‭everything is from the axis of rotation,‬

‭2:31‬

‭which decreases the rotational inertia.‬

‭2:33‬

‭Bobby: And if the rotational inertia is decreased,‬

‭2:35‬

‭the angular velocity must increase to keep the angular momentum of the system constant.‬

‭2:41‬

‭Billy: You know, I just want to specifically point out‬

‭2:43‬

‭that the axis of rotation is the vertical axis which passes through the center of the stool.‬

‭2:48‬
‭ e always have to define the axis of rotation when talking about rotational inertia and angular‬
W
‭momentum.‬

‭2:54‬

‭Mr.p: Very nice. And notice the reverse is also true.‬

‭2:58‬

‭Moving the masses from close to the axis of rotation to farther from the axis of rotation‬

‭3:04‬

‭increases the average distance each object is from the axis of rotation,‬

‭3:08‬

‭increasing the rotational inertia of the system‬

‭3:11‬

‭and the angular velocity of the system must decrease‬

‭3:14‬

‭to maintain a constant angular momentum of the system.‬

‭3:18‬

‭As was pointed out earlier, conservation of angular momentum occurs in many sports,‬

‭Diving example‬

‭3:22‬

f‭or example, this is me diving in high school a couple of years ago. I am doing an inward 1 and‬
‭a half tuck.‬

‭3:29‬

‭Bo: Wait a second, that's you in high school?‬

‭3:32‬

‭Mr.p: Yes. That is me during my 10th grade year of high school.‬

‭3:35‬
‭Billy: Oh wow, look at that.‬

‭3:39‬

‭Mr.p: Let's get back to physics.‬

‭3:41‬

‭As I leave the board and go into the air, I pull my legs and arms in to form the "tuck" position.‬

‭3:48‬

‭This decreases the rotational inertia of my body considerably‬

‭3:52‬

‭and therefore increases my body's angular velocity.‬

‭3:55‬

‭And while I'm in the air, angular momentum is conserved.‬

‭3:59‬

‭When I am almost done with 1 and a half rotations,‬

‭4:02‬

‭I straighten my body to increase my rotational inertia and decrease my angular velocity.‬

‭4:08‬

‭This is similar to moving my arms on the stool like we just demonstrated.‬

‭4:13‬

‭Now let's talk about when angular momentum is conserved.‬

‭4:16‬

‭But first, remind me Billy, when is linear momentum conserved?‬

‭Deriving Linear Momentum Conservation‬

‭4:21‬

‭Billy: Uh...‬
‭4:22‬

‭Mr.p: Okay, so remember you start with Newton's second law.‬

‭4:26‬

‭Billy: Net force equals mass times acceleration.‬

‭4:29‬

‭Bo: No, actually it starts with the version of Newton's second law that has linear momentum in it.‬

‭4:35‬

‭Billy: Okay. So the net external force on the system equals‬

‭4:39‬

‭change in linear momentum over change in time.‬

‭4:42‬

‭And linear momentum is conserved when the net force acting on the system equals zero.‬

‭4:46‬

‭So, multiply both sides by change in time.‬

‭4:49‬

‭ hange on time cancels out and we are left with zero equals the change in linear momentum of‬
C
‭the system.‬

‭4:55‬

‭ hange in linear momentum equals the final linear momentum minus the initial linear‬
C
‭momentum‬

‭5:01‬

‭Add initial linear momentum of the system to both sides‬

‭5:06‬

‭ nd we get the initial linear momentum of the system equals the final linear momentum of the‬
a
‭system.‬

‭Deriving Angular Momentum Conservation‬

‭ obby: Then conservation of angular momentum should use the rotational form of Newton's‬
B
‭second law;‬

‭5:18‬

t‭he net external torque acting on the system equals change in angular momentum over change‬
‭in time‬

‭5:23‬

‭ nd angular momentum should be conserved when the net external torque acting on the system‬
a
‭equals zero.‬

‭5:29‬

‭And we need to identify the axis of rotation. We got to make sure we do that‬

‭5:34‬

‭Then we can multiply both sides by change in time.‬

‭5:38‬

‭ hange in time cancels out and we are left with zero equals the change in angular momentum‬
C
‭of the system.‬

‭5:44‬

‭Chang in angular momentum equals final angular momentum minus initial angular momentum.‬

‭5:49‬

‭Add angular momentum of the system to both sides‬

‭5:53‬

‭ nd we get the initial angular momentum of the system equals the final angular momentum of‬
a
‭the system.‬

‭5:59‬

‭Billy: All you did was pretty much say what I said only with "angular" instead of "linear".‬

‭6:05‬

‭Bobby: Yup. That's what I did.‬

‭Mr.p: Bobby you are correct‬

‭6:18‬

t‭hat angular momentum is conserved when the net external torque acting on the system equals‬
‭zero.‬

‭6:24‬

‭To demonstrate this let's return back to me on the stool.‬

‭Second stool demonstration‬

‭6:29‬

‭While I am just sitting there, class, what is the angular momentum of the mr.p and stool system?‬

‭6:35‬

‭BBB: Zero. Billy: because you have zero angular velocity.‬

‭6:38‬

‭And if I do not apply a force on anything,‬

‭6:40‬

‭do you see how the net external torque acting on the stool and me will be zero?‬

‭6:45‬

‭Billy: Yes. Bobby: Uh huh.‬

‭6:45‬

‭Bo: Right, so the angular momentum of you and the stool will stay equal to zero.‬

‭6:50‬

‭Mr.p: Exactly Bo. Which is why no matter how much I wave my arms and legs about,‬

‭6:55‬

‭I cannot change the angular momentum of the system‬

‭6:58‬
‭and the angular velocity of the system remains equal to zero.‬

‭7:02‬

‭However, if I simply push off of something,‬

‭7:06‬

‭the object, which is external to the system, applies a net external torque to the system‬

‭7:11‬

‭and the stool and I begin to rotate because angular momentum is no longer conserved.‬

‭7:16‬

‭Booby: Okay. Billy: That's cool. Bo: Right.‬

‭7:17‬

‭Mr.p: Okay, I want to talk for a bit about the fact that angular momentum is a vector.‬

‭Angular momentum direction‬

‭7:24‬

‭Which means class, angular momentum has both BBB: Magnitude and direction.‬

‭7:28‬

‭Mr.p: Therefore, when we look at this top which is rotating clockwise when viewed from above,‬

‭7:33‬

‭Bo, what is the direction of the angular momentum of the spinning top?‬

‭7:37‬

‭Bo: We still use the right hand rule to find the direction of the angular momentum, right?‬

‭7:41‬

‭Mr.p: Yes, absolutely we use the right hand rule.‬

‭7:43‬

‭ o: Okay. So I take my right hand, curl my fingers in the direction the top is spinning and stick‬
B
‭out my thumb.‬
‭7:50‬

‭My thumb points down, so the angular momentum of the spinning top is down.‬

‭7:55‬

‭Mr.p: That is correct.‬

‭7:56‬

‭And just like an object will tend to maintain its linear momentum,‬

‭8:00‬

‭an object will also tend to maintain its angular momentum.‬

‭8:04‬

‭The direction of the spinning top is down and, as long as the top is spinning,‬

‭8:08‬

‭the angular momentum will tend to remain in that downward direction.‬

‭8:13‬

‭But notice when a top is not spinning,‬

‭8:15‬

‭it will fall over because zero angular momentum does not have a direction.‬

‭8:22‬

‭ his is actually the same thing which makes it easier to maintain your balance when a bicycle is‬
T
‭moving‬

‭8:28‬

‭than when it is not moving.‬

‭8:30‬

‭If you are moving forward on a bicycle,‬

‭8:32‬
t‭he angular momentum of the wheels, according to the right hand rule, is to the left of the‬
‭bicycle rider.‬

‭8:37‬

‭ he angular momentum tends to maintain that direction, and therefore helps hold the bicycle‬
T
‭upright.‬

‭8:44‬

‭But when you are not moving,‬

‭8:45‬

‭there is no angular momentum and it is much more difficult to keep your balance.‬

‭8:49‬

‭Billy: That makes sense. Bo: Sure. Bobby: Cool.‬

‭8:51‬

‭ r.p: Well, there you go. Thank you very much for learning with me today. I enjoyed learning‬
M
‭with you.‬

‭8:57‬

‭Billy: Mr.p, can we please see more of you in high school?‬

‭8:59‬

‭Bo: Yeah. That was pretty funny. Bobby: Yes, please?‬

‭9:00‬

‭Mr.p: Sure, here's a video from right after that diving meet my sophomore year.‬