AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF M30 GRADE CONCRETE BY

PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE WITH WASTE RUBBER TYRES

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1General

Concrete is one of the most widely used man-made construction material. It is obtained by
mixing cement, water and aggregate and sometimes admixtures in required proportion. The raw
materials from which it is prepared; cement and aggregates, affect both the quality and cost of
construction. Cement owes its unique position as the structural material to the fact, that it is
economically highly resistant to fire, wind, water and earthquakes. In the recent times its use in
construction has been increased considerably thus the cities and towns are virtually becoming
cement jungles. The demand is likely to increase in the future to match the growing population,
housing, transportation and other amenities. The availability and proximity of aggregate to the
construction site also effect the cost of construction. Aggregate is as important as cement to
form a cement mortar that is very useful in construction of buildings. The aggregate is usually
derived on natural sources. The use of recycled rubber as the partial replacement of coarse
aggregate in concrete has great potential to positively affect the properties of concrete in a wide
spectrum. Concrete is one of the most popular construction materials. Due to this fact, the
construction industry is always trying to increase its uses and applications and improving its
properties, while reducing cost. Concrete has low tensile strength, low ductility, and low energy
absorption. Concrete also tends to shrink and crack during the hardening and curing process.
These limitations are constantly being tested with hopes of improvement by the introduction of
new admixtures and aggregates used in the mix. One such method may be the introduction of
rubber to the concrete mix. It is a perfect way to modify the properties of concrete and rubber
tyre at the same time.

We find the compressive strength of concrete with partial replacement with waste rubber tyre
for coarse aggregate. India has taken step to move forwards infrastructures towards the growth
of globalization. Due to manufacturing of tyres with synthetic rubber, proper disposal of this
waste tyres has become difficult. Every year over 1.6 billion new tyres are generated and around
1 billion of waste tyres are generated. However, the recycling industry processed only 100
million tyres every year. The purpose of addition of the rubberized materials to concrete is to

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improve its properties of tensile strength, hardness, abrasion resistance, tear resistance and on
workability of concrete. The construction industry is always increasing its uses and applications.
Therefore, it is required to find alternative materials to reduce the cost of concrete. On the other
hand, non-biodegradable waste i.e., water bottles, cool drink bottles and disposable glasses,
shredded or crumbed rubber etc. are creating a lot of problems in the environment and its
disposal becoming a great difficulty. In this mini project we study about the use of rubber pieces
as coarse aggregate in the concrete. Concrete specimen of various percentages of rubber like
5%,10% and 15% as a partial replacement of coarse aggregate were tested. The compression
test was conducted for the control specimen and specimen with rubber. Finding the compressive
strength between normal concrete cubes and partial replacement of waste rubberized cubes.

Fig 1.1: Burning of trye

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Figure 1.2: Cutting of unused tyres

Concrete is an artificial material in which the aggregates both fine and coarse are bonded
together by the cement when mixed with water. The concrete has become so popular and in
dispensable because of its inherent in concrete brought a revolution in applications of concrete.
Concrete has unlimited opportunities for innovative applications, design and construction
techniques. Its great versatility and relative economy in filling wide range of needs has made it
is very competitive building material.
Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials due to its strength, durability,
and versatility. However, the conventional production of concrete significantly contributes to
the depletion of natural resources and environmental degradation. In recent years, researchers
and engineers have focused on sustainable practices, including the utilization of waste materials
in concrete production. Among these waste materials, discarded rubber tyres present a
significant environmental challenge due to their non-biodegradability and sheer volume of
disposal.
This experimental study investigates the feasibility of partially replacing coarse aggregate in
M30 grade concrete with waste rubber tyres. The primary objective is to evaluate the impact of
this substitution on the compressive strength of the concrete while addressing two critical issues:
reducing the environmental burden of waste rubber tyres and conserving natural aggregate
resources.

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The study involves designing M30 grade concrete mixes with varying percentages of waste
rubber tire particles as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate. The compressive strength of
these mixes is analyzed and compared with conventional concrete to determine the optimum
replacement ratio that maintains structural integrity. Additionally, the study explores other
potential benefits, such as improved resilience and flexibility, that rubber tyre particles might
impart to the concrete. Through this research, the findings aim to contribute to sustainable
construction practices by demonstrating a practical application for waste rubber tyres in the
construction industry, thereby promoting environmental conservation and resource efficiency.

Advantages of using waste rubber tires in concrete

1. Environmental benefits:
Reduces environmental hazards caused by improper disposal of rubber tires.
Conserves natural aggregate resources.
2. Improved properties:
Increased flexibility and energy absorption capacity of concrete.
Enhanced resistance to cracking under impact and vibration.
3. Lightweight:
Rubberized concrete is lighter, making it easier to transport and handle.
4. Economic advantage:
Reduces material costs by partially replacing natural aggregates.

Disadvantages of using waste rubber tires in concrete

1. Reduced compressive strength:
Replacement of coarse aggregates with rubber significantly lowers the compressive strength of
concrete
2. Bonding issues:
Poor bonding between rubber particles and cement paste affects overall structural integrity.
3. Durability concerns:
Potential for reduced durability under harsh environmental conditions due to rubber.
4. Limited load-bearing applications:
Unsuitable for structures requiring high strength, such as columns and beams in high
rise buildings.

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Objective of the study

The primary objective of this study is to investigate the effects of partially replacing coarse
aggregates with waste rubber tires on the compressive strength and mechanical properties of
M30 grade concrete. Specific objectives include:

1. Evaluating the compressive strength of concrete for different percentages of rubber

replacement.
2. Assessing the feasibility of waste rubber tires as a sustainable construction material.
3. Reducing environmental pollution by recycling waste rubber tires.
4. Optimizing the percentage of replacement for maintaining structural integrity.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Reddy, K.S., Patil, S.k., Panday, B.B (2004)

“Laboratory Evaluation of crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt Mixes”

The paper presents the details of various investigations conducted for the laboratory evaluation
of the performance of crumb–rubber modified asphalt mixes. Crumb rubber (CR) obtained from
discarded truck and bus tires was used to modify 80/100 penetration grade asphalt cement.
Fatigue and permanent deformation characteristics, temperature and moisture susceptibility,
and oxidative aging are some of the performance indicators of mixes evaluated. A static
indentation test was adopted for assessing the relative permanent deformation characteristics of
different mixes.

2. Azmi, N. J., Mohammed, B. S., Al-Matanersh, H. M. A.

“Engineering properties of concrete containing recycled tire rubber.”

A total of 45 concrete mixes with three different water to cement ratio (0.41, 0.57 and 0.68)
were cast and tested for fresh and mechanical properties of rubbercrete such as slump, air
content, unit weight, compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength and
modulus of elasticity. Influence of mix design parameters such as percentage of crumb rubber
replacement, cement content, water content, fine aggregate content, and coarse aggregate
content were investigated. Three levels of slump value (for conventional concrete mixes) have
been selected; low, medium and high slump. In each slump level, water content was kept
constant. Equations for the reduction factors (RFs) for compressive strength, flexural strength,
splitting tensile strength and modulus of elasticity have been developed.

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3. Varsani Pankaj, Raval Amit, Dr. Jayeshkumar R. Pitroda, Prof. C. G. Patel

“A review on waste rubber tyre in concrete mixture”

Utilization of elastic components in cement can be valuable against its natural impacts. Its
utilization in solid reductions its unit weight, functionality and quality. The quality decrease
can be compensated back by various different variables. It expands the flexibility and air
substance of the solid. Inquires about did that elastic tire squander concrete is explicitly
proposed for structures situated in seismic tremor inclined regions and furthermore for
dynamic stacking activities like railroad sleepers. Rubcrete cement can likewise have their
application for non-load bearing goals, for example, commotion ingestion dividers.
Examines about elastic tire squander solid demonstrates that solid execution is particularly
depend on the waste totals. More investigates are required to elucidate, for instance the qualities
that make best utilization of solid execution.

4. M. Venu P. N. Rao Birla,(2010)

“Study of Rubber Aggregates in Concrete”

Non-biodegradable waste i.e. water bottles, cool drink bottles and disposable glasses, shredded
or crumbed rubber etc., is creating a lot of problems in the environment and its disposal
becoming a great difficulty. The objective of this paper is to investigate the use of rubber
pieces as coarse aggregate in the concrete. Concrete tested with varying percentages of rubber
from 10 to 50% of normal aggregates. Compressive strength, split tensile strength and
flexural strength of concrete is measured and comparative analysis is made.

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5. El-Gammal, A., Abdel-Gawad, A. K., El-Sherbini, Y., Sholay, A.

“Compressive strength of concrete utilizing waste tire rubber”

In this paper the density and compressive strength of concrete utilizing waster tire rubber has
been investigated. Recycled waste tire rubber has been used in this study to replace the fine and
coarse aggregate by weight using different percentages. The results of this paper shows that
although, there was a significant reduction in the compressive strength of concrete utilizing
waste tire rubber than normal concrete, concrete utilizing waste tire rubber demonstrated a
ductile, plastic failure rather than brittle failure.

6. Dr J K Dattatreya, S. Suresh Raghu N.E. (2010)

“Experimental investigation of crumb rubber concrete confined by FRP sheets.”

Observations from this literature review showed the increased ductility, especially at higher
levels of confinement. Therefore, the use of confined concrete in structures subject to seismic
loads, where ductility demands are more critical than strength, looks promising. The confined
concrete displayed similar volumetric behavior to the confined conventional concrete.
However, the rate of volume expansion for concrete mixes was less than that of conventional
concrete. At a given axial stress and confinement thickness, the volumetric strain of concrete is
higher than that of conventional concrete.

The confined concrete can be used as a promising alternative to the confined conventional
concrete in a segmental column. The concrete can enrich the structure ductility, damping ratio,
and the energy dissipation which are the most important parameters in structures resisting
earthquakes.

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7. Vadivel S., Thenmozhi R.

“Experimental study on waste tyre rubber replaced concrete - An eco-friendly”

It is identified that the grade of concrete plays the major role in the ductility performance of
rubber replaced concrete. Slump test results show no change in workability in all the percentage
of replacement of rubber crumbs. Hence no effect in consistency during rubber replaced
concrete. 6% replacement of waste tyre rubber proves exceptionally well in compression, tensile
and flexural strength and follow the curvature of the conventional specimens all the tests in both
the grades. Hence it is recommended that 6% replacement of waste tyre rubber aggregate with
fine aggregate will gives optimal and safest replacement in concrete composites. Further it is
suggested to use this concrete composite for lintel beams, floor slabs, and ribs where load
carrying capacity not governing the design.

8. Parveen, Sachin Das, Ankit Sharma.

“Rubberized concrete: Needs of good environment”

The aim of this study is to achieve the use of rubber waste as partial replacement of fine
aggregate to produce rubberize concrete in M30 mix. Different partial replacements of crumb
rubber (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) by volume of fine aggregate are cast and test for compressive
strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength and stress-strain behavior. The results showed
that there is a reduction in all type of strength for crumb rubber mixture, but slump values
increase as the crumb rubber content increase from 0% to 20%. Meaning that crumb rubber
mixture is more workable compare to normal concrete and also it is useful in making light
weight concrete. It is recommended to use the rubberized concrete for non-structural
applications.

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9. Kotresh K.M, Mesfin Getahun Belachew:

“Study on waste tyre rubber as concrete aggregates.”

From the present experimental study, we conclude that despite the reduced compressive
strength of rubberized concrete in comparison to conventional concrete, there is a potential
large market for concrete products in which inclusion of rubber aggregates would be
feasible which will utilize the discarded rubber tyres the disposal of which, is a big problem
for environment pollution. Rubberized concrete strength may be improved by improving
the bond properties of rubber aggregates. In India, out of 36 tyre manufacturers the tyre
recyclers are around 20, the major contribution is only by four or five. The tyre recycling
factories should supply quality rubber aggregates in 20-10mm, 10-4.75mm and 4.75mm
down sizes to be used as cement concrete aggregate.

10. Hanif Ullah, Mudassir Iqbal

“Experimental investigation of the stress–strain behavior and strength characterization of

rubberized reinforced concrete”

In this research the shredded waste tires were used in concrete to replace fine aggregates in
different percentages. The fine aggregates in the rubberized concrete were replaced 10%,
15%, and 20% by rubber. The stress-strain behavior of the concrete models is then
determined and compared with the already established analytical models, i.e., Modified
Kent and Park Model, Mander's model, and Razvi and Saatcioglu Model. A total of 12
standard concrete cylinders and 18 models of each type of concrete, i.e., normal concrete,
reinforced rubberized concrete with 10%, 15%, and 20% addition of rubber, were
fabricated.

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11. Yang Li, Jiaqi Chai, Ruijun Wang

“A review of the durability-related features of waste tyre rubber as a partial substitute for
natural aggregate in concrete”

Rubber particles reduce the abrasion resistance of concrete. There are two main reasons for
reducing RC abrasion resistance, one is high porosity and the other is weak adhesion on
the RA surface, and a rubber content of 5–10% has a slightly negative effect on abrasion
resistance. By contrast, adding SCMs or pre-treatment of rubber can effectively improve
the abrasion resistance. In addition, well-graded rubber particles contribute to improved
abrasion resistance. The addition of rubber particles to concrete increases carbonation
depth. The principle of enhancing the carbonation resistance of RC is similar to that of
reducing water absorption.

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CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS
3.1Cement
Cement is a material that has cohesive and adhesive properties in the presence of water. These
consist primarily of silicates and aluminates of lime obtained from limestone and clay.
There are different types of cement, few of them are
a. Ordinary Portland Cement

b. Portland Slag Cement

c. OPC Cement 53 Grade

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is the basic Portland cement and is best suited for
use in general concrete construction. It is of three types, 33 grade, 43 grade, 53 grade.
One of the important benefits is the faster rate of development of strength. Portland slag cement
is obtained by mixing Portland cement clinker, gypsum and granulated blast furnace slag in
suitable 6 proportion and grinding the mixture to get a thorough and intimate mixture
between the constituents. This type of cement can be used for all purposes just like OPC.
It has lower heat of evolution and is more durable and can be used in mass concrete
production.

3.2 Aggregates
Aggregate properties greatly influence the behavior of cement mortar cube, since they occupy
about more volume of the total volume of cement mortar cube. The aggregates are classified
as fine aggregate and coarse aggregate.

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Fine Aggregate
Fine aggregate is material passing through an IS sieve that is less than 4.75 mm gauge
beyond which they are known as coarse aggregate. Coarse aggregate form the main matrix
of the concrete, whereas fine aggregate form the filler matrix between the coarse aggregate.
The most important function of the fine aggregate is to provide workability and uniformity in
the mixture. The fine aggregate also helps the cement paste to hold the coarse aggregate
particle in suspension. According to IS 383:1970 the fine aggregate is being classified in to
four different zone, that is Zone-I, Zone-II, Zone-III, Zone-IV. Also, in case of coarse
aggregate maximum 20 mm coarse aggregate is suitable for concrete work. But where there is
no restriction 40 mm or large size may be permitted. In case of close reinforcement 10 mm
size also used.

Properties of fine Aggregate:

1. It should be chemically inert.
2. It should be clean and coarse.
3. It should be free from organic matter.
4. It should contain sharp, angular and durable grains.
5. It should not contain salts, which attract the moisture from atmosphere.

PERCENTAGE PASSING FOR FINE AGGREGATE

IS Sieve Size Zone-I Zone-II Zone-III Zone-VI
10 mm 100 100 100 100
4.75 mm 90-100 90-100 90-100 95-100
2.36 mm 60-95 75-100 85-100 95-100
1.18 mm 30-70 55-90 75-100 90-100
600 microns 15-34 35-39 60 -79 80-100
300 microns 5-20 8-30 12-40 15-50
150 microns 1-10 0-10 0-10 0-15

Table 3.1: GRADING OF FINE AGGREGATES (IS 383-1972)

According to IS 383-1970

NOTE 1-For crushed stone sands, the permissible limit on 150-microns IS Sieve is
increased to 20 percent. This does not affect the 5 percent allowance permitted in 4.3

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applying to other sieve sizes.

NOTE 2-Fine aggregate complying with the requirements of any grading zone in this table is
suitable for concrete but the quality of concrete produced will depend upon a number of factors
including proportions.
NOTE 3- Where concrete of high strength and good durability is required, fine aggregate
con- forming to any one of the four grading zones may be used, but the concrete mix should
properly design. As the fine aggregate grading becomes progressively finer, that is, from
Grading Zones I to IV, the ratio of fine aggregate to coarse aggregate should be
progressively reduced, the most suitable fine to coarse ratio to be used for any particular
mix will, however, depend upon the actual grading, particle shape and surface texture of
both fine and coarse aggregate.
Coarse Aggregate
Concrete is a mixture of cementitious material, aggregate, and water. Aggregate is commonly
considered inert filler, which accounts for 60 to 80 percent of the volume and 70 to 85
percent of the weight of concrete. Although aggregate is considered inert filler, it is a necessary
component that defines the concrete’s thermal and elastic properties and dimensional stability.
The aggregate strength is an important factor in the selection of aggregate. The shape and
texture of aggregate affects the properties of fresh concrete more than hardened concrete.
Concrete is more workable when smooth and rounded aggregate is used instead of rough
angular or elongated aggregate. Two sizes of course are used one 16 mm passing through
12.5 mm retained and other 25 mm passing through 20 mm retained. As per IS: 2386 -
1963 recommendations the properties of coarse aggregates were determined.

3.3 Water
Water to be used in the concrete work should have the following properties:
1. It should be free from injurious amount of oil, acids, alkaline, or other organic or
inorganic impurities.
2. It should be free from iron, vegetable matter or other any type of substances, which
likely to have adverse effects on concrete or reinforcement.

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3.4 Waste rubber Tyre

Concrete is one of the most popular construction materials. Due to this fact, the construction
industry is always trying to increase its uses and applications and improving its properties,
with reducing cost. Concrete consumption of our world is one ton per person per year, and
it is the second most consumed material after water. we are adding partial replacement of
coarse aggregate with waste rubber tyre in concrete. The purpose of addition of the
rubberized materials to concrete is to improve of tensile strength, hardness, abrasion
resistance, tear resistance and on workability of concrete of its properties and to study its
effect on workability of concrete. Due to manufacturing of tyres with synthetic rubber,
proper disposal of this waste rubber tyres has become difficult. Every year over 1.6 billion
new tires are generated and around 1 billion of waste tyres are generated. However, the
recycling industry processed only 100 million tires every year.
In this mini project we have to study the use of partial replacement of rubber tyre pieces as
coarse aggregate in the concrete. Concrete tested with varies percentages of waste rubber for
5%,10% and 15% of coarse aggregates with rubber tyre pieces.

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Chapter 4

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR TESTING OF MATERIALS

4.1 Raw Materials

Raw materials required for the concreting operations of the present work are cement, fine
aggregate, coarse aggregate and waste rubber tyre, cement of 53 Grade Ordinary Portland
was used.

4.2 Test Procedures for materials

4.2.1 Specific Gravity of Cement

Specific gravity is normally defined as the ratio between the weight of a given volume of
material and weight of an equal volume of water. To determine the specific gravity of cement,
kerosene which does not recent with cement is used. Apparatus used are Specific gravity bottle,
balance, weight box, cement, kerosene, cement.

Procedure:
Pour some of the kerosene up to the mark in the specific gravity bottle and introduce a
weighed quantity of cement (about 64 gm) into the bottle. Roll the bottle gently in the
inclined position until no further air bubbles rise to the surface. Fill the bottle with the total
amount of cement taken and note down the volume of kerosene raised. The final reading is
noted, from which the specific gravity of the cement is calculated using below equation.

Specific gravity of cement = Mass of cement

Displaced volume

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4 .2.2 Fineness test on Cement

Fineness of cement is measured by sieving it on standard sieve. The proportion of cement
of which the grain sizes are larger than the specified mesh size is thus determined.

Fig 4.1: - Conical Flask

Procedure:
1. Agitate the sample of cement to be tested by shaking for 2 minutes in a stoppered jar
to disperse agglomerates. Stir the resulting powder gently using a clean dry rod in order to
distribute the fines throughout the cement.
2. Attach a pan under the sieve to collect the cement passing the sieve.
3. Weigh approximately 100 g of cement to the nearest 0.01 g and place it on 90 microns
sieve. Fit the lid over the sieve.
4. Agitate the sieve by swirling, planetary and linear movement until no more fine
material passes through it.
5. Remove and weigh the residue. Express its mass as a percentage (W1) of the quantity
first placed in the sieve.
6. Repeat the steps 3 to 5 with a fresh sample to obtain(W2). As per IS code the percentage
residue should not exceed 10%.
Percentage of weight residue = W2/W1* 100

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Figure 4.2: IS SIEVE 90 MICRONS

4.2.3 Standard consistency of cement

The principle of standard consistency of cement is that the consistency at which the Vicat
plunger penetrates to a point 5-7 mm from the bottom of Vicat mould. Apparatus used
are Vicat’s apparatus using 10 mm diameter plunger fitted into the needle-holder, vicat mould,
gauging trowel, measuring jar, balance, glass plates, stop watch, mixing tray, and sample of
cement.

Procedure:
1. Take 400 gms of cement and prepare a paste of weighed quantity of water taking care that
time of mixing [gauging] is between 3 to 5 minutes and shall be completed before any signs of
setting become visible. The time of gauging shall be counted from the time of adding water
to the dry cement until the commencement of filling mould.
2. Fill the vicat mould with the paste of the mould resting on a non-porous plate and then
smooth off the surface of the paste making it level with the top of the mould.
3. Plan the test block in the mould together with the non-porous resting place under the rod
bearing the plunger lower the plunger gently to touch the surface of the test block and quickly
release allowing it to sink into the paste. The operation shall be carried out immediately after
filling the mould and at room temperature. Prepare trial paste with varying percentages of
water and test as described above and measure the penetration of the needle. This test is be
carried cut until the specified penetrations is obtained.
4. Repeat till a paste which allows the plunger to settle to a point with in 5 mm to 7 mm from
bottom of vicat mould.

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Figure 4.3: VICAT APPARATUS

4.2.4 Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate

Specific gravity of fine aggregate is determined by using pycnometer. The weight of the
pycnometer is taken as W1. The weight of pycnometer and sand is taken as W2. The weight of
pycnometer, sand and water is taken as W3. The weight of pycnometer and water is taken
as W4. Now the specific gravity is determined by using the equation below.

Specific gravity of sand =(W2-W1)/([(W2-W1) -(W3-W4)])

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Figure 4.4: PYCNOMETER

4.2.5 Particle Size distribution of fine aggregate

Apparatus

10mm, 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600 microns, 300 microns, 150 microns.
Procedure:
1. Take a 0.5kg sample of fine aggregate.
2. Take set of IS Sieves.
3. Grading pattern of a sample F.A is passed by sieving a sample successively through all
the sieves mounted one over the other in order of size, with larger sieve on the top.
4. The material retained on each sieve after shaking, sieve can be done either manually or
mechanically.
5. Operation should be continued such time that almost no particle is passing through. For
assessing the gradation by sieve analysis in the quantity of materials to be taken on the
sieve is given in the table.
6. From the sieve analysis the particle size distribution in a sample aggregate is

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obtained.

7. All the retained material should weight individually.

8. By adding the cumulative percentage of aggregate retained on the each of the standard
sieve and dividing sum by an arbitrary NO.:100 like this fineness modulus is calculated.

Figure 4.5: IS SIEVES

4.2.6 Specific gravity of coarse aggregate

Procedure

1. Determine the following in a step-by-step manner to get specific gravity of coarse

aggregate

2. Weigh the empty pycnometer = W1gms.

3. Weigh the pycnometer with 1/3 of coarse aggregate = W2 gms.

4. Weight of pycnometer + 1/3 of aggregate + water = W3 gms.

5. Weight of full of water with pycnometer = W4 gms.

Specific gravity of sand =(W2-W1)/([(W2-W1)-(W3-W4)])

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4.3 RESULTS ON MATERIALS

4.3.1 Cement

Cement of 53 Grade Ordinary Portland Cement was used.

S.N. Tests Codal values

Test results
(IS 4031 Part 1) - 1996 )
1 Standard Consistency 31% 25%-35%
2 Specific Gravity 3.13 range (3-3.15)
(not less than
3 Fineness of cement 8%
10%)

Table 4.1: TESTS ON CEMENT

4.3.2 Fine aggregate

S.N. Tests Test results Codal values

(IS 2386 Part 1 - 1963)
1 Specific Gravity 2.67 range (2.6-2.9)
2 Fineness Modulus 3.05 range (2.9-3.2)

Table 4.2: TEST RESULTS ON FINE AGGREGATE

4.3.3 Coarse aggregate

S.N. Tests Test results Codal values

(IS 2386 Part 1) - 1963)
1 Specific Gravity 2.87 range (2.6-2.9)
range (5.5-8.0)
2 Fineness Modulus 7.61

Table 4.3: TEST RESULTS ON COARSE AGGREGATE

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CHAPTER 5

MIX DESIGN FOR M30 GRADE

The common method of expressing the proportions of ingredients of a concrete mix is in the
terms of parts or ratios of cement, fine and coarse aggregates. For e.g., a concrete mix of
proportions 1:2:4 means that cement, fine and coarse aggregate are in the ratio 1:2:4 or
the mix contains one part of cement, two parts of fine aggregate and four parts of coarse
aggregate. The proportions are either by volume or by mass. The water-cement ratio is
usually expressed in mass.

Mix Design for M20 Grade of Concrete (IS-10262-2019)

Step 1: Stipulations for Proportioning

a) Grade Designation:M30

b) Type of cement: OPC 53 grade

c) Max. nominal size of coarse aggregate:20mm

d) Min Cement content: 345kg/m3 (From IS: 456-2000 (for severe condition)
e) Max. Water - Cement ratio: 0.5 (From IS: 456-2000 Table5)
f) Workability: 75mm Slump

g) Exposure condition: Severe

h) Method of concrete placing: Manual

Step 2: Tests data for Materials

a) Cement used: OPC 53 grade

b) Specific gravity of cement: 3.13

C) Specific gravity of:

I. Coarse aggregate: 2.87

II. Fine aggregate: 2.67

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Step 3: Determination of Target Strength

Standard deviation for M30 IS 4.0 taken from

IS-10262-2019 If target = f ck + 1.65 x S
= 30 + 1.65 ×4.0 = 36.6N/mm2

Step 4: Selection of water/cement ratio

From Table 5 of IS 456
Maximum water-cement ratio for Mild exposure condition = 0.55 but we take and
design of water cement ratio is 0.5

Step 5: Selection of water content

For 20mm aggregate and 50mm slump: -186 L

Water-content for 75mm Slump = 186+(0.03 186) =

191.58L Adopted Water Content = 190 L

STEP 6: Selection of cement content

From Table 5 of IS 456

Minimum cement Content for mild exposure condition =

300 kg/m3 w/c=0.5
190/c=0.5

c=380 kg/m3

380 kg/m3 > 300kg/m3, hence, OK

Step 7: Proportion of volume of Coarse aggregate and Fine aggregate

From IS 10262:2009 Table no.3

Volume of Coarse aggregate corresponding 20mm size and Fine aggregate zone - II for w/c
ratio 0.5 is 0.62. In the present case Water - Cement ratio is 0.5 Therefore volume of coarse
aggregate is required to be increased to decrease the fine aggregate content. As the Water -
Cement ratio is lower by 0.05% the proportion of volume of coarse aggregate is increased

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by 0.01% Therefore the corrected portion of volume of coarse aggregate for W/C ratio 0.5
is for every 0.05 change is 0.01. The corrected portion of coarse aggregate for W/C ratio
0.5 is
0.62. For manual placing of concrete there is no change in proportion Volume of course
aggregate content= 0.62 - 0.01 = 0.61
Volume of fine aggregate content = 1 -0.61 = 0.39

STEP-8: Mix calculation:

1. Volume of concrete = 1m3
2. Volume of cement = mass of cement/specific gravity×1000
= 380/3.13* 1000
= 0.121 m3
3. Volume of water = mass of water/specific gravity ×1000
= 190/1 × 1000
= 0.19m3
4. Volume of aggregate added = 1-(0.121+0.19)
= 0.69 m3
5. Coarse aggregate = 0.69 ×0.61 × 2.87 × 1000
= 1206 kg/m3
6. Fine aggregate = 0.69 ×0.39 × 2.87 × 1000
= 718 kg/m3

Step 9: MIX PROPORTIONS

FOR 1m3 OF CONCRETE

Cement = 380 kg/m3
Fine aggregate = 718 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate = 1206 kg/m3

Volume of water = 190 L

RATIO=1:3.1:5.2

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QUANTITY OF MATERIAL REQUIRED

FOR 1 CUBE (150*150*150mm)

Cement = 1.28 kg
Fine aggregate = 2.42 kg
Coarse aggregate = 4.07 kg

FOR 9 CUBES
Cement = 11.52 kg
Fine Aggregate = 21.58 kg
Coarse Aggregate = 36.63 kg

5.1 Mixing
The object of mixing is to coat the surface of all aggregate particles with cement paste and to
blend all the all ingredients of concrete into a uniform mass. Thorough mixing of materials is
essential for the production of uniform concrete. The mixing ensure that the mass becomes
homogeneous, uniform in colour and consistency. Two methods are adopted for mixing
concrete, Hand mixing and Machine mixing.

5.2 Casting of Concrete Cubes

The test moulds are kept ready before preparing the mix. Moulds are cleaned and oiled on all
contact surfaces. The concrete is filled into the moulds in layers and then vibrated. The top
surface of concrete is struck off level with a trowel. The number and date of casting are put one
top surface of the cubes.

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Figure 5.1: Casting of concrete cubes

5.3 Curing
The test specimens were stored in a place free from vibration and covered with wet gunny
bags for 24 hours from the time of addition of water to the dry ingredients. After this period,
specimens are removed from the moulds and immediately submerged in curing tank and kept
there until taken out just period to rest. The water of curing tank was renewed or every seven
days and maintained at a temperature of 27 plus or minus 2.

Fig 5.2: Curing

5.4 Compressive Strength of Cubes

In this study, the compression testing machine CTM having capacity of 3000 KN are
used for compressive strength of the concrete cubes. Compressive test was carried out on
cubes of dimensions 150x150x150 mm after 3 days,7 days and 28 days for each test and
for each mix three specimens were tested.

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CHAPTER 6

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

6.1 Test for Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes

Compression test is the most common test conducted on hardened concrete, partly because
most of the desirable characteristic properties of concrete are quantitatively related to its com
pressive strength. The compression test is carried out on specimens cubical or cylindrical
shape. The cube specimen is of the size 150mm* 150mm* 150mm.

Figure 6.1: Compressive strength test using CTM

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 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF M30 GRADE CONCRETE BY
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6.2 Test results on Normal Concrete

Compressive strength = Max. load / Area =P/A (for Normal Concrete)

S.N. Details 7 Days 14 Days 28 Days

1 Ultimate load on specimen 860 KN 950 KN 1050 KN
(KN)
2 Compressive 38.32 42.35 46.75
Strength in N/mm2

Table 6.1: Test results on compressive strength of normal concrete

Graph 6.2: compressive strength of normal concrete N/mm2

S.N. Specimen Coarse Rubber 7 Days 14 Days 28 Days % decrease

aggregate (Kg)
(KG)
1. 5% 11.77 0.6 38.32 27.24 24.76 9
2. 10% 11.15 1.2 42.35 32.43 28.36 14
3. 15% 10.53 1.83 46.75 39.86 37.9 19

Table 6.2: Test results on partial replacement of waste rubber tyre pieces

The weights of cement and Fine aggregate is same for three replacements. cement for 3
cubes is 3.48kg

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Compressive strength of coarse aggregate partial

replacement by rubber tyres
50
Compressive Strength in N/mm2

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0% reuction 5% reduction 10% reduction 15% reduction
7 days 38.32 30.45 27.24 24.76
14 days 42.35 35.46 32.43 28.36
28 days 46.75 42.34 39.86 37.9

Graph 6.2: Graph of Compressive strength of cubes after partial

replacement with waste rubber N/mm2

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 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF M30 GRADE CONCRETE BY
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6.3 Conclusions

a) Compressive strength of the specimen of grade M30 cured for 28 days is decreased at
partial replacement of 5%,10% 15% with rubber in coarse aggregate.
b) For 5% of rubber, the compression strength is 42.34 N/m2 which is around 9% reduction
of strength when compared to conventional concrete.
c) For 10% of rubber, the compression strength is 39.86N/m2 which is around 14% reduction
of strength when compared to conventional concrete.
d) For 15% of rubber, the compression strength is 37.9 N/m2 which is around 19% reduction
of strength when compared to conventional concrete.
e) These findings indicates that it is not advisable to use rubber aggregates in concrete
mixes for high strength and load bearing applications.
f) Finally, we can use this type of concrete in PCC bed in foundation and also, we can
provide this concrete below flooring.
g) By using this concrete, the DL of the structure will get reduced and we can use this in
partition walls.

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Chapter 7

REFERENCES

1. Reddy, K.S., Patil, S.K., Panday, B.B (2004) “Laboratory Evaluation of crumb Rubber
modified Asphalt Mixes” ASCE (American society of Civil Engineering), 5(2), P 7-12.
2. Azmi, N. J., Mohammed, B. S., Al- Matanersh, H. M. A. (2008). Engineering properties
of concrete containing recycled tire rubber. International Conference on construction
and building technology, Malaysia, 373-382
3. Varsani Pankaj, Amitkumar Raval, Dr. Jayeshkumar Pitroda, Chitrajan Gunvantbhai
Patel (2009) , A review on waste rubber tyre in concrete mixture.
4. M. Venu P. N. Rao Birla, Study of Rubber Aggregates in Concrete: An Experimental
Investigation, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 1(1), 2010,
pp. 15–26
5. El-Gammal, A., Abdel-Gawad, A. K., El-Sherbini, Y.,Sholay, A. (2010). Compressive
strength of concrete utilizing waste tyre rubber. Journal of Emerging Trends in
Engineering and Applied Sciences, 1, 96-9
6. Dr J K Dattatreya, S. Suresh Raghu N.E. (2010) “Experimental investigation of crumb
rubber concrete confined by FRP sheets."
7. Vadivel S., Thenmozhi,R. (2012): “Experimental study on waste tyre rubber replaced
concrete -an eco-friendly”
8. Parveen, Sachin Das, Ankit sharma (2013) ; Rubberized concrete : needs of good
environment ; International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced
Engineering.
9. Kotresh K.M, Mesfin Getahun Belachew (2014) : “Study on Waste Tyre Rubber as
Concrete Aggregates.
10. Hanif Ullah, Mudassir Iqbal (2022). “Experimental Investigation of the Stress–Strain
Behavior and Strength Characterization of Rubberized Reinforced Concrete”
11. Yang Li, Jiaqi Chai, Ruijun Wang (2022). “A Review of the Durability-Related Features
of Waste Tyre Rubber as a Partial Substitute for Natural Aggregate in Concrete”

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