Pan Pearl River Delta Physics Olympiad 2009

Part-I 第一卷

Q1 題 1 (8 points 8 分) Solution 解:

For resistance R, only half of the area is conducting, as the other half is blocked by medium-2.
Let the voltage between the plates be V, then the electric field
先求電阻 R。介質-2 不導電，所以只有一半的導電板導電。令兩板之間的電壓爲 V，則

電場爲

E = V/d, (1 point 1 分)

The current density is 電流密度爲 J = σ 1 E , (1 point 1 分)

1 2 a2 V
=
The current is 電流爲 I = Ja σ 1 . (1 point 1 分)
2 2 d

V 2d
So the resistance is 因此電阻爲 R= = . (1 point 1 分)
I σ 1a 2

For capacitance, it can be treated as two capacitors in parallel. The capacitance on the right is
再求電容。總電容可當作是左右兩個電容幷聯。右邊的電容爲

ε 0ε 1 a 2
C1 = . (1 point 1 分)
2d
For the left half, let the electric displacement be D2 which is the same throughout the region.
在左半邊，令電位移爲 D2，電位移處處相同。 (1 point 1 分)

The total free charge on the left half is

左半邊的總自由電荷爲

a2
Q= D2 . (1 point 1 分)
2
The total voltage between the two plates is
兩導電板之間的總電壓爲

1 1 d 1 1
V = E1d + E2 d = D2 ( + ) . (1 point 1 分)
2 2 2ε 0 ε1 ε 2

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Pan Pearl River Delta Physics Olympiad 2009

ε 0 a 2 ε1ε 2
So 因此 C2 = ,
d ε1 + ε 2

ε 0 a 2  ε1
ε1ε 2 
C = C1 + C2 =  +  . (1 point 1 分)
d  2 ε1 + ε 2 

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Pan Pearl River Delta Physics Olympiad 2009

Q2 題 2 (10 points 10 分) solution 解:

(a) Let the mass of the blackhole be M, then

令黑洞的質量爲 M，則

GM v 2
= , (2 points 2 分)
r2 r

GM
So 因此 = v , (1 point 1 分)
r
1
n = − . (1 point 1 分)
2
(b) Let the areal mass density be σ, then
令質量面密度爲σ，則

Gπσ r 2 v 2
= , (2 points 2 分)
r2 r

So 因此 Gπσ r = v , (1 point 1 分)
1
n= . (1 point 1 分)
2
(c) Anything reasonable is fine. It DOES NOT have to be dark matter.
任何有一定理由的解釋都行，不一定非暗物質不可。(2 points 2 分)

Q3 題 3 (10 points 10 分) Solution 解:

Method 1: Using conservation of energy

方法-1：利用能量守恒

Equations 方程:
y2
m
Mx1 = −mx 2 , y 2 = ( x 2 − x1 ) tan θ = (1 + ) x 2 tan θ k
M
m
x2
(1 point 1 分)
M x1
All coordinates are in the rest frame. 所有坐標取 θ

自靜止參照系。

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 Pan Pearl River Delta Physics Olympiad 2009

The total kinetic energy of the system is

總動能爲
1 1 1
T= Mx12 + mx22 + my 22 (1 point 1 分)
2 2 2
1 m2 1 1 m
= M 2 x22 + mx22 + m tan 2 θ • x22 (1 + ) 2 (1 point 1 分)
2 M 2 2 M

The total potential energy 總勢能爲:

1
V = k[( x 2 − x1 ) 2 + y 22 ] − mgy 2 (1 point 1 分)
2
1 m m m
= k[(1 + ) 2 x 22 + (1 + ) 2 x 22 tan 2 θ ] − mg (1 + ) x 2 tan θ
2 M M M
1 m 1 m
= kx 22 (1 + ) 2 • − mg (1 + ) x 2 tan θ (1 point 1 分)
2 M cos θ 2
M
b 2 b2
Using 利用 ax 2 − bx = a ( x − ) − , we get 得
2a 4a

1 m 1 mMg sin 2θ 2 (mg sin θ ) 2

V= k (1 + ) 2  2 ( x2 − ) − (1 point 1 分)
2 M cos θ k ( M + m) 2k

Make a transfer of coordinate 取坐標變換

mMg sin 2θ
x ≡ x2 − , (1 point 1 分)
k ( M + m)
We reach an expression for the total energy that is of the form of
T + V = ax 2 + bx 2 + c which must be constant by energy conservation.
= Let x A cos(ωt + φ ) ,
we get
T + V= aA2 cos 2 (ωt + φ ) + bA2ω 2 sin 2 (ωt + φ ) + c= A2 (a − bω 2 ) cos 2 (ωt + φ ) + bA2ω 2 + c .

For the total energy to be constant the cos 2 (ωt + φ ) term must be zero all the time, which

leads to ω 2 = a / b .

我們得到總能量的表達式爲 T + V = ax 2 + bx 2 + c 。因能量守恒總能量應爲常數。令

=x A cos(ωt + φ ) ，得

T + V= aA2 cos 2 (ωt + φ ) + bA2ω 2 sin 2 (ωt + φ ) + c= A2 (a − bω 2 ) cos 2 (ωt + φ ) + bA2ω 2 + c

作爲常數，上式中 cos 2 (ωt + φ ) 項必須爲零。因此 ω 2 = a / b 。

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Pan Pearl River Delta Physics Olympiad 2009

Therefore, the oscillation frequency ω in this case is

由上式得系統的頻率ω爲

m m
k (1 + ) 2 / cos 2 θ 1+
k k  M +m 
ω2 = M = M
  . (1 point 1
+ m + m(1 + ) tan 2 θ m cos 2 θ + (1 + ) sin 2 θ m  M + m sin θ 
2
m m m
2
M M M
分)

1 1 
ω2 k  + 
For θ = 0 , we have 當 θ = 0 ，得= (1 point 1 分),
m M 
k
For θ = 90° we have 當 θ = 90°，得 ω 2 = . (1 point 1 分)
m
Method 2: Analytical Mechanics 方法-2：分析力學

y1
k
Fspring=-kx1/cosθ N
m
x1 m

mg
x2
M

Force figure 力圖 (2 points 2 分)

Equations 方程

•• kx1 ••
m x1 = − cos θ − N sin θ + m x 2 ,
cos θ

x1 is in the frame on the slope. x1 是相對與斜面的橫坐標。 (1 point 1 分)

y1 = x1 tan θ
••
θ N cos θ − mg − kx1 tan θ
m x1 tan= (1 point 1 分)
••
M x 2 = −( N sin θ + kx1 ) (1 point 1 分)

Process 解方程過程

•• ••
Step 1: Eliminate x 2 步驟-1：消去 x 2
•• m
m x 1 = −kx1 − N sin θ − ( N sin θ + kx1 )
M

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Pan Pearl River Delta Physics Olympiad 2009

••
m x 1 tan θ = N cos θ − mg − kx1 tan θ

Step 2: Eliminate N 步驟-2：消去 N

•• m m
m x 1 + (1 + )kx1 = − N sin θ (1 + )
M M
••
m x 1 tan θ + mg + kx1 tan θ = N cos θ

Which means 整理後得

•• m m ••
m cos θ x 1 + cos θ (1 + )kx1 = − sin θ (1 + )[m tan θ x 1 + mg + kx1 tan θ ] (2 points 2 分)
M M
By assuming x1 = Aeiωt , the oscillation frequency ω is obtained

設解 x1 = Aeiωt ，得頻率ω

m sin 2 θ
k (1 + ) cos θ +
cos θ k  M +m 
ω2 = M
 . (1 point 1 分)
m m sin θ m  M + m sin 2 θ
2

cos θ + (1 + )
M cos θ

1 1 
ω2 k  + 
For θ = 0 , we have 當 θ = 0 ，得= (1 point 1 分),
m M 
k
For θ = 90° we have 當 θ = 90°，得 ω 2 = . (1 point 1 分)
m

Q4 題 4 (10 points 10 分) Solution 解:

  
 .
 −ωt )
Let the magnetic field be B ( z , t ) = B0 e
i ( kz
(a) . The k-vector of the wave is k = kz 0


 ∂B
Using the equation ∇ × E = − ,
∂t

  i ( kz −ωt ) 
   ∂B
令磁場的表達式爲 B ( z , t ) = B0 e  。利用方程 ∇ × E = −
。k-矢量爲 k = kz
∂t
0

 
 k × E ( z, t )
we get 得 B( z , t ) = , (1 point 1 分)
ω

k    k  
= E0 ( z0 × x0 )ei ( kz −ωt ) = E0 y0 ei ( kz −ωt )
ω ω
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Pan Pearl River Delta Physics Olympiad 2009

 k 
So 因此 B0 = E0 y0 . (1 point 1 分)
ω

 ω ε +iσ µ0
(b) Note that 利用 k= ≡ k R + ik I .
c 2 εε 0

 1   1  
So 得 < S=> < ( E × B )=
> Re( E × B* ) (1 point 1 分)
µ0 2 µ0

E02  −2 k I z 1 k R 2  −2 kI z 1 
= z0 Re(k R − ik I )e= E0 z0 e= E02 z0 e −2 kI z
2 µ0ω 2 µ0 ω 2 µ0 c (1 point 1 分)

µ0ω
e
d < S > k I k R 2 −2 kI z σ c ee 0 2 −2 k z σ 2 −2 k z
(c) q=
− = E e = E0 e = E0 e . (2 points 2 分)
I I

dz µ0ω 0 2 µ0ω 2
  1   σ   σ 2 −2 kI z
(d) Joule Heat 焦爾熱 =
= < J E > = Re( J  E * ) =Re( E  E * ) E0 e (2 points 2
2 2 2
分)

(e) The energy loss of EM wave is equal to the Joule Heat.

電磁波能量的損失等于焦爾熱。(2 points 2 分)

Q5 (12 points) 題 5（12 分） Solution 解：

− PdV + d Q .
(a) First law 熱力學第一定律: dU =

The equation of adiabatic processes is 絕熱過程的方程式爲

d Q =dU + PdV =d ( 3PV ) + PdV =4 PdV + 3VdP =0 (1 point 1 分)

⇒ PV 4/3 =
Constant

⇒ PV 4/3 =
常數 (1 point 1 分)

(b) In the Carnot cycle 在卡諾循環過程中:


Isotheral 
Adiabatic 
Isotheral 
Adiabatic

( P1 ,V1 ) → ( P1 ,V2 ) → ( P2 ,V3 ) → ( 2 4)

P , V → ( P1 ,V1 ) .
Isothermal = 等溫；Adiabatic = 絕熱

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Pan Pearl River Delta Physics Olympiad 2009

The heat supplied to the gas during the first isothermal process is
第一個等溫過程中吸收的熱量爲

= 4 P1 (V2 − V1 ) . (1 point 1 分)
V2
Q1 = 3PV 1 1 + ∫ PdV
1 2 − 3PV 1 V1

(c) Similarly, the heat supplied to the gas during the second isothermal process is
第二個等溫過程中吸收的熱量爲

=Q2 4 P2 (V4 − V3 ) . (1 point 1 分)

PV
1 2
4/3
= PV
2 3
4/3

(d) From (a) we have 由(a)得: (1 point 1 分)

PV
2 4
4/3
= PV
1 1
4/3

By definition 由定義

T1 Q P (V − V ) P1/4 P 3/4 (V3 − V4 ) P11/4

=
− 1 =
− 1 2 1 = − 1 2 =1/4 . (2 points 2 分)
T2 Q2 P2 (V4 − V3 ) P2 (V4 − V3 ) P2
Therefore, one may define the absolute temperature by T = AP1/4 , where A is an arbitrary
constant. Since T = 1 when P = 1, T = P1/4 .
因此我們可以定義溫度爲 T = AP1/4，其中 A 爲任意常數。由 P = 1 時 T= 1，得 T = P1/4 。

(1 point 1 分)

(e) The internal energy is then 內能爲 U = 3T 4V . (1 point 1 分)

 ∂U 
=
Hence the heat capacity is 因此熱容量爲 CV = 3
 12T V . (1 point 1 分)
 ∂T V
T dT T
= ∫ CV= 12V ∫ T= dT 4=
2
(f) The entropy is 熵爲 S T 3V 4 P 3/4V . (2 points 2 分)
0 T 0

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Pan Pearl River Delta Physics Olympiad 2009

Part-II 第二卷

Q1 (16 points) 題 1（16 分） Solution 解：

(a) Consider a thin layer of gas of unit area and thickness dr. The pressure at r should be
GMmn
larger than the pressure at r + dr in order to balance the gravity . So we
r2
dP GM s mn
have = − , where n is the molecular number density of the gas.
dr r2
考慮離太陽 r 處一厚度爲 dr 的單位面積氣體。在 r 處的氣壓應比在 r + dr 處的大
GMmn dP GM s mn
一點，從而平衡太陽的引力 2
dr 。因此有 = − ，其中 n 爲氣體的
r dr r2
分子數密度。(1 point 1 分)

dn GM s m dr
We also have the ideal gas law P = nkT0. Replace P with n we get = − .
n kT0 r 2

dn GM s m dr
另有理想氣體方程 P = nkT0。將 P 用 n 代入，得 = − 。(1 point 1 分)
n kT0 r 2

GM s m
Finally, r = r0 eα / r , where α = .
kT0

GM s m
最後得 r = r0 eα / r ，其中 α = 。(1 point 1 分)
kT0

(b) When r− > ∞ , ρρ

− > 0 instead of zero. That means the gas ball is infinitely large,

which is unphysical.
當 r− > ∞ ， ρρ
− > 0 而不是零。這意味著氣體球是無限大的，不符合實際情况。(2

points 2 分)

(c) The amount of energy per second through any concentric sphere shells should be
constant. That is, J 0 = 4π r 2 I .

每秒鐘穿過任意一個同心圓殼的能量應爲常數。所以 J 0 = 4π r 2 I 。(1 point 1 分)

J0
Then 從而得 = I . (2 points 2 分)
4π r 2
dT dT J0
(d) I (r ) = −σ , so 因此 = − , (1 point 1 分)
dr dr 4πσ r 2

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Pan Pearl River Delta Physics Olympiad 2009

J0
Then 由此得 T = .
4πσ r
The integral constant should be zero, as T should be zero at large distance.
因爲在無窮遠處溫度須爲零，所以由積分産生的常數必須爲零。(2 points 2 分)
dP GM s mn
(e) Again 重力和壓力平衡, = − .
dr r2
J0
=
But now =
P nkT (r ) kn . Replace n by P in the first equation, we
4πσ r
dP 4π GM s ms P
get = − ,
dr kJ 0 r

J0 dP 4π GM s ms P
=
現在 =
P nkT (r ) kn 。將 P 代入 n，得 = − (1 point 1 分)
4πσ r dr kJ 0 r
−β
r 4π GM s ms
which leads to P = P0   , where β = .
 r0  kJ 0
−β
r 4π GM s ms
從而得 P = P0   ，其中 β = 。(1 point 1 分)
 r0  kJ 0
−β
4πσ mrP0  r 
r=   . (1 point 1 分)
kJ 0  r0 

This time P and r go to zero at large r. 現在的 P 和r在無窮遠處爲零。

(f) From the surface temperatures of the planets we know today we estimate that r0 is
about the radius of the orbit of Mars.
由現在各行星的表面溫度我們可以推測大概和火星的軌道相近。(2 points 2 分)

Q2 (16 points) 題 2（16 分） Solution 解：

(a) The number of electrons crossing the junction per second is I/e.
每秒鐘通過界面的電子數爲 I/e。(1 point 1 分)

On average, there are (α − 0.5) I / e electrons flip their spins.

平均有 (α − 0.5) I / e 的電子的自旋反轉。(1 point 1 分)

Ih
The net angular momentum change per second is then (α − 0.5) ×2.
4π e

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Pan Pearl River Delta Physics Olympiad 2009

Ih
每秒鐘角動量的淨變化爲 (α − 0.5) × 2 。(1 point 1 分)
4π e
h
τ (α − 0.5)
This is equal to the torque so= I.
2π e
h
角動量的淨變化等于力矩= τ (α − 0.5) I 。(1 point 1 分)
2π e
d 2θ dθ
(b) The equation of motion is J 2
−η
= − κθ .
dt dt

d 2θ dθ
導綫扭擺的運動方程爲 J 2 = −η − κθ 。(1 point 1 分)
dt dt

Let θ (t ) = θ 0 eiω t , where ω is complex,

令 θ (t ) = θ 0 eiω t ，其中 ω 是複數，we get 得(1 point 1 分)

0 , where 其中 ω02 ≡ κ / J , γ ≡ η / J . (1 point 1 分)

ω 2 − iγω − ω02 =

ω ωR + iωI and solving the equation, we get θ = θ 0 e −ωI t eiωRt ,

Let =

ω ωR + iωI ，幷解上述方程，得 θ = θ 0 e −ωI t eiωRt ，(1 point 1 分)

令=

ωR
Where 其中 ωI = γ / 2 , (1 point 1 分) ，= ω02 + γ 2 / 4 . (1 point 1 分)
h
(c) (α − 0.5) I 0 eiωt =
This is a forced oscillation with the force given by t (t ) = t 0 eiωt .
2e
h
這是個受迫振動問題，驅使力矩爲 t (t ) = (α − 0.5) I 0 eiωt =t 0 eiωt 。(1 point 1 分)
2e
d 2θ dθ
The equation of motion is 運動方程爲 J 2 = −η − κθ + t (t ) . (1 point 1 分)
dt dt

Let 令 θ (t ) = θ 0 eiωt , (1 point 1 分)

τ0 / J
we get the oscillation amplitude θ 0 = .
ω − ω 2 + iγω
2
0

τ0 / J
得振動幅度爲 θ 0 = 。(1 point 1 分)
ω − ω 2 + iγω
2
0

The speed of the side wing is 邊翼的速度爲 v(t ) = iω dθ 0 eiωt , (1 point 1 分)

=
and the electromotive potential is 電動勢爲 ξ (t ) BLv
= (t ) iω dBLθ 0 eiωt 。(1 point 1 分)

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Pan Pearl River Delta Physics Olympiad 2009

Q3 (18 points) 題 3（18 分） Solution 解：

  
(a) The magnetic dipole experiences a torque τ= m × B0 which is always perpendicular to
    
the S ~ z0 plane. The torque will turn the direction of S so S rotates around B0 at
constant angular speed.
     
磁偶極子受到的力矩爲 τ= m × B0 ，其方向始終與 S ~ z0 平面垂直。力矩改變 S 的方
 
向，因此 S 繞著 B0 以勻角速度旋轉。(1 point 1 分)
 
Let the angle between S and z0 beθ. The torque is mB0 sin θ = m SB0 sin θ , while the

change of angular momentum over time dt is δ S = S sin θδφ .

 
令 S 與 z0 之間的夾角爲θ。則力矩的大小爲 mB0 sin θ = m SB0 sin θ ，而角動量的變化

爲 δ S = S sin θδφ 。 (1 point 1 分)

Since 既然 S sin θδφ

= δ=
S µ SB0 sin θδ t (1 point 1 分)

δφ
We have 我們得 ω= = µ B0 . (1 point 1 分)
0
δt
 
(b) In the reference frame rotating at angular velocity ω0 z0 = − µ B0 z0 , the spin appears

stationary.
 
在以角速度 ω0 z0 = − µ B0 z0 旋轉的參照系裏，自旋是不動的。(2 points 2 分)

 
ω
(c) The effective B-field is 有效磁場爲 Bω = − . (2 points 2 分)
µ
 
(d) In the rotating frame of −ω1 z0 , B1 also appears static.
 
在以角速度 −ω1 z0 旋轉的參照系裏， B1 是不動的。(1 point 1 分)
Let it be along the X’ axis in the rotating frame, the total B-field is
 ω  
B=( B0 − 1 ) z0' + B1 x0'
µ

  ω  
令 B1 在旋轉參照系裏沿 X’ 方向，則總磁場爲 B =( B0 − 1 ) z0' + B1 x0' 。 (2 points 2
µ

分)

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Pan Pearl River Delta Physics Olympiad 2009

 
(e) In this case, only B1 x0' remains. The spin will rotate around the x0' axis at angular

speed ω1 = µ B1 ,


這時的磁場只剩下 B1 x0' 。自旋繞其以角速度 ω1 = µ B1 旋轉， (2 points 2 分)

1 2π π
=
and the time to flip the spin is 倒轉自旋所需的時間爲 t = . (2 points 2 分)
2 ω1 µ B1

(f) In this case the spin will rotate around the total B-field given by (c) at angular
2
 ω
speed ω= µ  B0 −  + B12 .
 µ
2
 ω
這時的磁場由(c)給出。自旋的角速度爲 ω= µ  B0 −  + B12 (3 points 3 分)
 µ

~~~~~~~~~ End 完 ~~~~~~~~

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