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MachineShop.AnsusCedrick

The document describes various hand tools used in fitting and machining, including punches for marking, calipers for measuring dimensions, screwdrivers for rotating screws, drills for creating holes, taps for cutting internal threads, and dies for cutting external threads. Each tool's function, construction, and advantages are outlined, emphasizing their importance in workshop operations. The document highlights the evolution of tools and their continued relevance despite advancements in precision instruments.

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3 views

MachineShop.AnsusCedrick

The document describes various hand tools used in fitting and machining, including punches for marking, calipers for measuring dimensions, screwdrivers for rotating screws, drills for creating holes, taps for cutting internal threads, and dies for cutting external threads. Each tool's function, construction, and advantages are outlined, emphasizing their importance in workshop operations. The document highlights the evolution of tools and their continued relevance despite advancements in precision instruments.

Uploaded by

ansuscedrick
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cedrick D.

Ansus

ME – 2A

1. Punch - made from a steel rod with a length of 90 to 150 mm and a diameter of 8 to 13 mm is
used in bench work for marking purpose and locating centers in more permanent manner. The
punch with a tapered point angle of 40 degrees is called a prick punch and that of 60 degrees
point is called a center punch.

2. Calipers - Calipers are the devices used for measuring and transferring the inside or outside
dimensions of components. Although gradually they are being replaced by the more accurate
and precision instruments and gauges, like micrometers in modern workshops, still they stand as
the in general work on account of their cheapness and ease in handling.

3. Screw Drivers - It is a very useful hand tool for rotating the screws. It consists of wooden or a
plastic handle and steel blade, shaped at the end. The flat end of the tool is inserted into the slot
provided on the head of the screw for rotating it. Screw drivers are made in various sizes to suit
the corresponding sizes of the slots on the screw heads. Sometimes star headed screw driver is
used for star headed screws.
4. Drills - Drilling is an important operation carried out in a fitting shop for producing different
types and sizes of holes in various materials. There are many forms of drills used for this
purpose.

The simplest form is a flat drill which is used for wood work. The other important and most
widely used is a fluted twist drill. It has a cylindrical body carrying the spiral flutes cut on its
surface. Twist drills are usually made of high-speed steel, some cheaper varieties are made of
high carbon steel. They are made in different forms to suit the work but the most commonly
used types are (i) those having parallel shank and (ii) those having tapered shank, Parallel shank
is provided on small sized drills (say up to 12.7 mm) only and those above this size are usually
provided with a tapered shank.

The twist drill essentially consists of two main parts, a shank which is gripped in the chuck of the drilling
machine and the body forms the main cutting unit. Main advantages of using twist drills are:

1. The chips of the metal are automatically driven out of the hole through the spiral flutes.

2. Cutting edges are retained in good condition for a fairly long period.

3. Heavier feeds and speeds can be quite safely employed.4. For the same size and depth of hole they
need less power as compared to other forms of drills.

5. Taps - The hand operated taps used in fitting shops are employed for cutting internal threads in
cylindrical holes or for cleaning damaged threads in similar parts. A tap consists of a toothed
body having flutes (usually 4) cut on its surface, a round shank and a square formation at the
end of the shank. The flutes are provided for the same purpose as in case of a twist drill and
square formation at the top enables to grip by the tapping handle.

All the hand taps of different sizes are usually available in a set of three taps of each size known
as taper or rough, second and finish or plug respectively. The main difference between the three
taps is the chamfer angle. In the threading operations they are used in the same order as taper,
second and plug.

When starting tapping care should be taken to start the thread in alignment with the hole. Also
the tap should be occasionally rotated back about a turn to break the chips and facilitate their
removal.
6. Dies and stocks - Dies are used to cut threads on a round bar of a metal, such as the threads on a
bolt. It is a round or square block of hardened steel with a hole containing threads and flutes
which form cutting edges. Die may be a solid or adjustable type. Solid die has fixed dimensions.
An adjustable die may be split type with a split through one side or two piece rectangular type.
These types of dies are fitted into special stocks and closed by means of adjusting screws. The
size of a die is specified by the outside diameter of the thread to be cut and pitch of the thread.

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