W5 Tuesday 7 1120237 11 1pm

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Unsymmetrical Faults
Prepared by: Prof. Ir. Dr Hazlie Mokhlis

32
Learning Outline
Symmetrical Components Theory
Sequence Impedance: Load, Line, Generator,
Transformer
Fault Analysis: Line-Ground, Line-Line, Line-
Line-Ground.
Examples and Class Exercises

2
Fault Analysis____________________
likelyhood ofhappening
• Fault types: a
i
a
ii aka butted faul
unlikelytohapp
b b
– balanced faults (<5%) c
124 c
12L
• three-phase to ground lil
• Three-phase 1M a 5h24
– unbalanced faults b i
c
• single-line to ground (60%-75%) i
• double-line to ground (15%-25%)ii
DL24
• line-to-line faults (5%-15%) iii a
ii
b
a c
b
c iii
LL 3
Example of fault and its impact

Causes

ofline
Oncefaultresolvedclosure

5
Symmetrical Components__________
• Three phase voltage or current is in a balance condition if it has
the following characteristics:
– Magnitude of phase a, b, and c is all the same be
fhhhanded
– The system has sequence of a->b->c 11H
Y
– The angle between phase is displace by 120 degree Citi

0 0
6
 Unbalanced example

Symmetrical Components__________
Magnitude not same
Sequence b c a
• If one of the conditions is not satisfied, unbalanced occurred.
120
Odisplacement
• Example:

7
Symmetrical Components__________
• For unbalanced system, power system analysis cannot be
analyzed using per phase as in the Load Flow analysis or
Symmetrical fault.
->Symmetrical components need to be used.

• Symmetrical component allow unbalanced phase quantities

such as current and voltages to be replaced by three
separate balanced symmetrical components.
transform to
one unbalancedcomp 3 balanced components

Replace unbalanced phasequantity with 3 separate balanced symmetricalcomponents

8
Symmetrical Components__________ c clockwise

Use in transform ofunbalanced balanced

FORTESCUE’s Theorem: anticlockwise
3 unbalanced phasor of a 3-phase system can be resolved into 3 balanced
systems of phasors. The balanced sets of components are:

abc sequence acb sequence a x sb zero sequence

positive sequence negative sequence Nophasedisplacement
use

𝐼 its 𝐼
onlysequencers
different 𝐼
120° 120°
𝐼 𝐼 𝐼
𝐼
120° 120°
120° 120°
gmm no

1
𝐼 1
Symbolforpositivesequence
𝐼
2 Symbolfor vesequence

lengthofarrow

9
 tue CounterClockwise
Symmetrical Components__________
Ve Clockwise

By convention, the direction of rotation of the phasors is taken

Onlyrotationofphasor iscounter
clockwise
to be counter clock-wise.
Sequence Clockwise Sequence is clockwise

Anti lockwise
𝐼
Positive sequence: I 2120 120°2400
a
a 1 4 2400 𝐼
𝐼 = 𝐼 ∠0° = 𝐼
120°
I  I 240  a I
1
b
1
a
2 1
a
(10.1) 120°
a I 120
I  I 120  aI
1 1 1
c a a
I 240
a 𝐼
a 1 360
Where operator a is defined as a counter clockwise rotation of 120°, such that:

a  1120  cos120  j sin 120  0.5  j 0.866 (10.2) Definition ofcomponent a

a 2  (1120)  (1120)  1240  0.5  j 0.866

(10.3)
a 3  1360  1  j 0
10
 A 1 2 1200

Symmetrical Components__________
a I 2240 2

sequence clockwise a C b
sequenceofcomponents a b ofphaser anti clockwise
rotation
Negative sequence: in clockwise
𝐼
120°
I  I 0
2
a
2
a 𝐼
I b2  I a2120  aI a2 (10.4)
120°
I  I 240  a I
2
c
2
a
2 2
a 120°

Zero sequence: 𝐼
allhavezerophasedisplacementfrom earthother
Properties of Vector a
I I I
0
a
0
b
0
c (10.5) 𝐼
1 = 1.0 + 𝑗0.0 1  a 2  1  60
𝐼 𝑎 = 1∠120°
𝑎 = 1∠240° a  a2  j 3
𝐼
𝑎 = 1∠360°
a2  a   j 3
= 1∠0°
1+𝑎 +𝑎 =0 1  a  3  30
𝑎 + 𝑎 = −1
1 + 𝑎 = 1∠60° 1  a 2  330

11
 nd
Symmetrical Components__________
Consider the three-phase unbalanced current of I a , I b , I c
g
Ia  I  I  I
0
a
1
a a
2 Fashunbalancedcomponentis (10.1) (10.4) (10.5)
b
form fadd pain
sequence Sequined zeroseen
negative
fffhh.tt I a  I a1 0  I a1
1
I a2  I a20 I a0  I b0  I c0
I b  I b0  I b1  I 2
b
Y (10.6) I b1  I a1240   a 2 I a1 I b2  I a2120   aI a2
Ic  I  I  I
0
c
1
c
2
c I c1  I a1120   aI a1 I c2  I a2240   a 2 I a2
substitute into 110.6 to obtain 10.7

Based on (10.1), (10.4) and (10.5), (10.6) can be rewrite all in terms of phase a
components as:
A transformation
unbalanced
Ia  I  I  I
0
a
1
a
2
a  I a  1 1 1   I a0  Balanced
 I   1 a 2  
I b  I a0  a 2 I a1  aI a2 (10.7)
 b  a   I a1  (10.8)
Components

I c  I a0  aI a1  a 2 I a2  I c  1 a a 2   I a2 

Ia I Id Ia Unbalanced
𝐈 = 𝐀 𝐈 Important

go
currents
Ib I a Ia t at phasur
Symmetrical 12
Ic I at'a a Ia TransformationMatrix Components
Symmetrical Components__________
Ia A
Equation 10.8 can be written as: abC
I A_ I
Unsym S Sym
I abc
 AI 012
a
(10.9) Iabc Unsymmetrical
Phase A
I Symmetrical
Where A is known as symmetrical components transformation matrix,
012
which transforms phasor currents I abc into symmetrical components I a
currents and
1 1 1  Transtomfor
A  1 a 2 a  (10.10) motra
1 a a 2 

Solving (10.9) for the symmetrical components of currents:

 abc
I 012
a  A I (10.11)

The inverse of A is given by: 1 1 1

1
A   1 a a 2  (10.12)
3
1 a 2 a 
13
Symmetrical Components__________
From (10.10) and (10.12), we conclude that

1 *
A  A0

(10.13)
3

Substituting for A-1 in (10.11), we have:

 I a0  1 1 1  I a 
 1 1  
 I a   3 1 a a 2   I b  (10.14)
 I a2  
1 a 2
a   I c 
 
or in component form, the symmetrical components are:
1
I a0  ( I a  I b  I c ) phase A
3
1 (10.15) 18 O seq
I a1  ( I a  aI b  a 2 I c )
3 I'a tue sea
1
I a2  ( I a  a 2 I b  aI c )
3
I'a ve seq 14
Symmetrical Components__________
Similar expressions exists for voltage:

Va  Va0  Va1  Va2

Vb  Va0  a 2Va1  aVa2 (10.17)
(10.16) V abc  AVa012
Vc  Va0  aVa1  a 2Va2

The symmetrical components in terms of unbalanced voltages are:

1
Va0  (Va  Vb  Vc )
3
1
Va1  (Va  aVb  a 2Vc )
(10.18) Va012  A  V abc (10.19)
3
1
Va2  (Va  a 2Vb  aVc )
3

15
Symmetrical Components__________
The apparent power may also be expressed in terms of the symmetrical
components.

abc T abc *
I abc  AI 012
a
(10.9)
S ( 3 )  V I (10.20)
V abc  AVa012 (10.17)

Substituting (10.9) and (10.17) in (10.20), we obtain:

S ( 3 )  ( AVa012 )T ( AI 012
a ) *

012T * 012*
(10.21)
V a A AIT
a

Since A T  A, A T A *  3 complex power becomes

∗
𝑆( ) = 3(𝐕 𝐈 )
∗ ∗ ∗
= 3V I + 3V I + 3V I (10.22)

Total power for unbalance 3-phase system can be obtained from the sum of
symmetrical components powers. Symmetrical Components
I
16
 Ia 1020
180
18

Ia Iat Ib Ic
1020 t 102180 to
O

Ia Iata Ibta Ic
IOLO 1212001 1021801 0
I Iata In Ic 5 j2 887
1020 122401 1021807to 5 7742 300
5 52887 Each highlighed are the symmetrical component of Line Curren
5.77 2300
peat Applyformulato express Ib Ic in its symmetricalfor
also
Apply relationship between Id I I toaid
calculation
Calculate Ia usingthe formula

Ib

I's 921
I at
I
Calculate I I usingits
relationship with I
ZeroSequence
PositiveSequence NegativeSequence

no
Example 2_______________________
Given Va = 5∠53°, Vb = 7∠ −164°, Vc = 7∠105°, find the symmetrical components. The
phase components are shown in the phasor form below:

Va 52530 Vc 72105
18
Vb 72 1640
 A 121200
92 122400

V8 52530 72 1640 721050 3 4722122 08 V8 V8 VE

3
129201 1292401
Va s 5 53 7 164 72 059 5.022 10.26

Va 5 530 12 40 72 164 121201 7 10501

1.95 292.42

Find zero sequence negative sequence positive

sequence of Va first

From there find components of Vb Vc

sequence V same steps in calculating symmetrical
negative sequence
30
component of current

Tim

ve zero
tri
 same as example 2 Find zero sequence negative sequence positive

Example 3_______________________
V sequence of Va first

From there find components of Vb Vc

Given V0 =3.5∠122°, V1=5∠-10°, V2=1.9∠92°, find the phase sequence components.

a Vd av

all aV

19
Exercise 1_______________________
Obtain the symmetrical components for the set of unbalanced voltages
i V4 3002 120 200290 100 L 307
72262
Va  300  120, Vb  20090, Vc  100  30
Ii Via 1350
Vataub a Vd 193 182
i V3 1 86N
Va0  (Va  Vb  Vc )
84 sn

vatavwfd
3 185221050
invi a V'a 193

fififff.fi
YK af 1
Va1  (Va  aVb  a 2Vc )
IV3 at 863 9473235
86.947321550W
1
ViiV2 a voi
Va2  (Va  a 2Vb  aVc )
3 I NegativeSequence

p PositiveSequene

20
 A Don t need to know derivationAs
Symmetrical ∆ Circuit
Relationships between the symmetrical components of Y and ∆ currents and
voltages can be established by referring to Fig. below, which shows symmetrical
impedances connected in Y and ∆.

Let us agree the reference phase for ∆ quantities is

branch a-b (any other reference also possible)

For currents, we have:

I a  I ab  I ca
Ib  Ibc  I ab (1)
I c  I ca  Ibc

Adding all equations and invoking the definition of zero-sequence current, we obtain
I a0  ( I a  I b  I c ) / 3  0
Means that line currents into a ∆-connected have no zero-sequence currents.

21
Symmetrical ∆ Circuit
Substituting components of current in the equation for I yields;
a
I a  I a  ( I ab  I ab  I ab )  ( I ca  I ca  I ca )
1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2

(2)
 ( I ab0  I ca0 )  ( I ab
1
 I ca
1
)  ( I ab2  I ca2 )
0
Evidently, if nonzero value of circulating currents I ab
0
exists in the ∆ circuits, it cannot be
determined from the line currents alone. Noting that I ca 1
 aI ab
1
and I ca2  a 2 I ab2 , we
can write Eq. (2) as follows:
I a1  I a2  (1  a) I ab1  (1  a 2 ) I ab2
Similarly for phase b, I b1  I b2  (1  a) I bc1  (1  a 2 ) I bc2 (3)
Expressing I b1 , I b2 , I bc1 , I bc2 in terms of I a1 , I a2 , I ab1 , I ab2
(4)
a 2 I a1  aI a2  (1  a)a 2 I ab1  a(1  a 2 ) I ab2 (5)

Solve Eq. (3) & (5), I a1  3  30 I ab1 I a2  330 I ab2 (6)

the sequence ve sequence

22
i I 0 ifI'a 53 L 30 Iab int 18 532300 Iab
 Phase Current
Iab
Symmetrical ∆ Circuit I'a LineCurrent

Symmetrical ∆ Line current and phase current:

I  3  30 I
1 1 I a2  330 I ab2
a ab

Line current Phase current Line current Phase current

24
I'a 13 30 Iai I 13 230 Ia
 Symmetrical Y Circuit
In similar manner, the line-to-line voltages can be written
in terms of line-to-neutral voltages of Y-connected system

Vab  Van  Vbn

Vbc  VObn  Vcn (7)
Vca  Vcn  Van

O
Adding all three equations shows that Vab0  (Vab  Vbc  Vca ) / 3  0
It can seen that line-to-line voltages have no zero-sequence components.
Substituting components of the voltages in the equation for Vab yields; V8be 0
Vab1  I ab2  (Van0  Van1  Van2 )  (Vbn0  Vbn1  Vbn2 ) No O sequence in Wye connected
(8) load
 (Van0  Vbn0 )  (Van1  Vbn1 )  (Van2  Vbn2 )
0
Separating positive and negative sequence quantities as in Eq. (4), we will obtain
the following relation:
Vab1  (1  a 2 )Van1  330Van1 Vab2  (1  a)Van2  3  30Van2 (9)

the sequence ve sequence 23

 Vab LineVoltage

Symmetrical Y Circuit Van PhaseVoltage

Symmetrical Y Line Voltage and Phase Voltage:

(2)

𝑉 = 3∠ − 30° × 𝑉
𝑉 = 3∠30° × 𝑉

Line voltage Phase voltage

Line voltage Phase voltage 25
Symmetrical Y Circuit
Symmetrical Y Line Voltage and Phase Voltage:

𝑉 = 3∠30° × 𝑉

Line voltage Phase voltage 26

 Aslongmagnitude phase are matching

Symmetrical Y Circuit
Symmetrical Y Line Voltage and Phase Voltage:

𝑉 = 3∠30° × 𝑉 𝑉 = 3∠30° × 𝑉
𝑉

𝑉 = 3∠30° × 𝑉

Line voltage Phase voltage 𝑉 = 3∠30° × 𝑉 27

 Symmetrical Y Circuit
Symmetrical Y Line Voltage and Phase Voltage:
𝑉 = 3∠30° × 𝑉 𝑉 = 3∠30° × 𝑉
𝑉

𝑉 = 3∠ − 30° × 𝑉

𝑉 = 3∠30° × 𝑉 28
Line voltage Phase voltage
 Vab Van Ubn
Ycipant
Exercise 2_______________________ 53 230
The line-to-line voltages in an unbalanced three-phase supply are:
Lineto line
Vab  10000, Vbc  866.0254  150, Vca  500120 3voltages

Determine the symmetrical components for line and phase voltages, then find the
phase voltages Van, Vbn, and Vcn

Answer: PhaseVoltage Van VanVan PhaseVoltage

tolinevoltage
VL 012  Va 012  Vabc 
0.030 V8 0 .0 0 
440.9586  19.1066 Van
5 763.7626  10.8934vi 440.9586  40.8934 600.9252  166.1021 Ubn
b 288.675130 V8 166.666760 333.333360 Von
1 V8 O Vb a V'a V AVG
Vab0  (Vab  Vbc  Vca )
3
V2 O V1 avi V2 a'VE Va  Va0  Va1  Va2
1
Vab1  (Vab  aVbc  a 2Vca ) Vab1  330Van1
3 Vb  Va0  a 2Va1  aVa2
1 Vc  Va0  aVa1  a 2Va2
Vab2  (Vab  a 2Vbc  aVca ) Vab2  3  30Van2 O
3
29
evlearnt Calc in degree
 deep
a symmetrical component of line to tone voltage
HI S.ito i msffiij
OL30

100020 121201686602542150 1
ii Vlan 5002120 2401

7637626 2 108934

iii Vab 100020 1 240 86602542 150 112120 5002120

288 6751 2300

b Finding Phase Voltage for Each Sequences Each Phase

V
you 0 Via Va's V8 Vab
53230 13 2 30
V'a 763.76262 10.8934 V8 2,88 75,1
30
53 30
V'a 440.9586 L 40.8934 V3 166 6667 260

ii V
yg o Vb azula V3 AVG
V's 12240 440 9586L 40.8934 V 1 120 1666667 2600
Vb 440.9586 L 160 8934 V 166 6667

V2 O Vi a via V a V3

V1 12120 440.9586 L 40.8934 V 1 240 16666672600

440.9586 279 1066 V 166.66672 60

c FindingTotalPhaseVoltage

Va VatV'a V8 Ot 440.9586 L 40.8934 166 6667 260 440.95862 19.10661

Vb V VbtV Ot 440.9586L 1608934 166 6667 600.9253L 166.10210

Vc V9 V V2 Ot 440.9586 279 1066 166.6667 2 60 333 333 2600