独立口语、学术写作

关键词 四象限 如何展开

想起哪个算哪个 根据关键词对照四象限看哪个更容易衍生想法 选一个象限展开每个关键词带来的论点，选取其中两三个组成小小型文章

Life

 内涵
 原因（根本原因，主观原因，客观原因，表面原因）
Health  问题（现实，假设，核心问题，衍生问题，无限放大或缩小）
 影响（宏观，微观，最大影响）
 对策（虚主体、实主体，关键措施）
脑子里马上蹦出来关键词，不想细
 背景（时代，国内外）
节
 态度
 自己（力所能及，单位）
Job  观点+分析问题（原因、背景。。。。）+解决问题（两个论据：一方面，另一方面；一般情况是，特
别要注意的是；先。。。后。。。最后。。。）

Learn

W1：阅读一句话→过渡句→听力 3~5 句话；每一句话都要是包含好几个信息的复杂句型。

W2：开头论点→理由①三句话→理由②三句话；每一句话都要是包含好几个信息的复杂句型。

phrase UN-examples N-examples

各
种
We found in all sorts of trouble when we The exhibition featured in all sorts of
各
tried to navigate without a map. artifacts from ancient civilizations.
样 in all sorts of
The lecture covered in all sorts of She has experience in all sorts of
的
information about the topic. digital marketing strategies.

a wide/diverse range of The professor has a wide range of The library offers a wide range of
knowledge in her field. books covering various subjects.

1
 This recipe allows for a wide range of Our company provides a wide range
adjustment to suit different tastes. of services to meet client needs.
The seminar covered various types of
The museum exhibited various types
information related to health and wellness.
of sculptures from around the world.
various types of He has experience working with various
She collects various types of coins
types of machinery in the manufacturing
from different historical periods.
industry.
The store offered different
different The shop features different varieties of olive
assortments of chocolates/flowers for
assortments/varieties of oil.
the holiday season.
There was all kinds of excitement at the
The festival featured all kinds of
surprise announcement.
crafts from local artisans.
all kinds of The job requires all kinds of expertise,
Children enjoy reading all kinds of
ranging from technical skills to interpersonal
stories before bedtime.
abilities.
a significant/
A significant number of
大 substantial/considerable/larg ×
people/students/studies/employees
量 e number of
A significant amount of
a significant/ attention/data/progress/pollution/support
substantial/considerable/larg /information/money/evidence/effort/ ×
e amount of water

A significant sum of money was

a significant/
donated to the charity.
substantial/considerable/larg typically used in reference to money
She invested a substantial sum of
e sum of
money into the new business venture.

TPO 9
Reading
P1: Colonizing America via the Northwest Coast
P2: Reflection in Teaching

Listening
C1: To get advice on the topic of a term paper
L1: A French painter's innovations in set design
L2: Factors involved in the increased growth of shrubs in Arctic Alaska
C2: A book that the man is using to write his senior thesis
L3: A hypothesis for how some ancient desert lakes formed

Speaking
T1: Family members are the most important influence on young adults.
T2: Required Work Experience
T3: The Establishing Shot
T4: How the passion plant and the potato plant defend themselves from

2
insects.

Writing
W1: Hydrogen-based fuel-cell engine cars
W2: To reduce pollution, improve and expand public transportation or
provide financial support to companies that make electric cars.

TPO 9
Reading
P1: Colonizing America via the Northwest Coast
P2: Reflection in Teaching

Listening
C1: To get advice on the topic of a term paper
L1: A French painter's innovations in set design
L2: Factors involved in the increased growth of shrubs in Arctic Alaska
C2: A book that the man is using to write his senior thesis
L3: A hypothesis for how some ancient desert lakes formed

Speaking
T1: Family members are the most important influence on young adults.
T2: Required Work Experience
T3: The Establishing Shot
T4: How the passion plant and the potato plant defend themselves from
insects.

Writing
W1: Hydrogen-based fuel-cell engine cars
W2: To reduce pollution, improve and expand public transportation or
provide financial support to companies that make electric cars.

TPO 9
Speaking Part
Task 1
Some people think that family members are the most important
influence on young adults. Others believe that friends are the most
important influence. Which do you agree with? Explain why.
Honestly, I strongly believe that family members have the most
significant influence on young adults. 15
First and foremost, whatever no matter what children want to achieve
in the futurelater in life, the first thing they need is to the most important
thing is that they need to grow up healthily. For example, my parents have
been taken taking good care of me since I was a babylittle. They made
sure I ate well and taught me fundamental skills, such as speaking and
3
walking. They fed me very well and taught me how to speak, how to walk
etc. All the hard work they've put in has helped me have a strong body
and mind. All these efforts they have put in on me allowed me to own a
healthy body and strong mind. 72
Furthermore, friends come and go, but family members are always
available whenever we need them. Since the day we were born, we have
spent/shared most of our free time with family members. Before we go
heading off to college, we celebrate our important ceremonies and
holidays together. We might be unconscious not be fully aware of how
much our family members have influenced affected us. 60
Last but not least, friends are can sometimes be immature, while some
elderly family members may have experienced the same dilemmas as we
are having now during their youth. when they were young. As a result,
they are able to provide valuable advices for us, which increases the
chances of making better decisions./ , increasing the likelihood of making
better decisions. 47

Task 2
The university requires students to attend one semester of work
experience in a local company with the aim of developing leadership and
organizational skills, and increasing the chances of securing permanent
employment after graduation.
building relationships with the exact company.
The woman in the listening passage disagrees with this proposal.
Firstly, she points out that students can't develop leadership and
organizational skills from this program. Her older brother once had such a
work experience. However, during this work, he was only in charge of
basic tasks, such as typing or filing stuff, which were not meaningful for
self-improvement. Besides, student will not learn anything new.
4
 Secondly, it's impossible to ensure the students’ employment
prospects with this that company. There are many other universities in this
area that have the same requirements, so The the job hunting market will
still be competitive for newly graduated students. The company has more
choice for their employees since as there are not enough job opportunities.
不能加很多内容，原本的文字就是极限了，我最开始有一个地方没听到，就是 requirement 这部分。

Task 3
Establishing shot is an image to that provides basicbackground
information at the beginning of a film, leading helping the viewers to have
a better understanding of the filmsetting.
The professor in the listening goes on to explain this in detail by
sharing stating his personal experience.
When he sawHe went to see a new movie the other day. Before the
real action started, and an establishing shot was shown, which that was an
image of a gloomy city with large, tall buildings and old-fashioned cars. In
the image, the light was dark dim, and it was a rainy and foggy day.
Therefore, it all of these details created a mysterious feeling on for the
viewers. These are hints for when and where this story will take place （链接
句）. Thanks to the establishing shot（链接句）Through this image, he could tell
that the scene happened in the 1940s in a big city. What's more, he also
knew that the events in this film might be dark and mysterious.
连接句，加上会顺畅很多，会有一种前后连贯的感觉

the other day : a few days ago.

He passed away the other day at the age of 94

Task 4
The professor introduces two ways in whichof how plants defend
themselves from insects.
The first method is physical features, which (are able to) prevent
insects from landing on the plants. For instance, the passion plant has
spiky hairs thorns all oversticking out its leaves. The spiky hairs are so
numerous and dense that there's no room for insects to land on the
leaves. Therefore, thothese little spiky hairs help to protect plants from
being eaten by insects.
The second method is generating chemical defense. taking Take
potato plant, for example, . whenever When insects eat its leaves, you it
will react and by release releasing a specific kind of chemical. Once the
insects have leaves, they will feel full. As a result they are discouraged
5
that discourages the insects to from eating more. This chemical makes the
insects feel full. Since the insects no longer feel hungry, they stop eating
more leaves.Because they're not feeling hungry. Hunger.

ways in which: ~how

 I had always been fascinated by the different ways in which artists
expressed themselves through their work.
 The teacher explained the ways in which water cycles through the
environment.
 The professor introduces two ways in which plants defend themselves
from insects.
 Researchers are studying the ways in which sleep affects mental
health.

react
react to something
 Local residents have reacted angrily to the news.
react by doing something
 The market reacted by falling a further two points.
 It will react by releasing a specific kind of chemical

discourage
discourage somebody from doing something
 His parents tried to discourage him from being an actor.
 A specific kind of chemical that discourages the insects from eating
more.

no longer +do something: not now as formerly.

 I can no longer afford the car.
 This building is no longer used.
 They no longer live here.
 They no longer make this model of blender.

Writing Part
Integrate Writing
The author introduces the advantages of hydrogen-based fuel-cell
engines over the internal-combustion engines, presenting three
corresponding reasons of support. However, the professor explains that
the arguments in the reading are too optimistic and challenges each of the
author’s pointsreasons.
The author begins by stating that the internal-combustion engine
consumes primarily petroleum, heavily which is a limited resource, while
fuel-cell engine only requires hydrogen which is an unlimited resource that
6
can be derived from natural gas and even water. The professor, though,
casts doubt on this perspective. Admittedly, oil is running out in this world.
However, he points out that hydrogen is not as easily available or directly
usable as described in the essay. Hydrogen must first be obtained in a
pure liquid state, which is a highly since it’s made out of water. Hydrogen
is an artificial substance., which requires extremely low temperature,
around -200celcius to store. It’s technologically /ˌteknəˈlɑː dʒɪkəli/ very
difficult to produce and store liquid hydrogen. Therefore, it is not a
practical and easily accessible alternative to oil. 记下了 technology, 没听全面，不知道
怎么组句子, 是不是具体的数字不需要记啊

alternative for/to
You don't have alternatives for your plan. - You don’t have choices within
your plan. 多种选择
You don't have alternatives to your plan. - You don’t have other plans. 替代
In addition, the writer also claims that hydrogen-based fuel-cells are
capable of addressing the world’s pollution problems in this world.
Contrary to this belief, the educator believes that there are flaws in the
author’s argument. He suggests that the production of hydrogen involves
burningin order to produce hydrogen, a considerable amount of coal and
oil. must utilized. As a result, He goes onto say that the amount of
pollution generated by producing hydrogen will outweigh the pollution
reduction achieved by usingbe much more than that of pollution
decreased by a hydrogen-based fuel-cells. 记下了 water 和 purification，也不知道怎么
组句子

outweigh /aʊtˈweɪ/: to be more important or valuable than something else

The benefits of the scheme outweigh the disadvantages.

Furthermore, the author also deems that driving a hydrogen-based fuel

car will be cost-effective and economically competitive, as it requires only
needs half of the fuel energy for the same distance compared to an
internal-combustion engine car. Not surprisingly, the speaker is skeptical
about the accuracy of this. He mentions notes that the author neglects
fails to take the price cost of the metal material used in the hydrogen-
based fuel-cell engine into consideration. Only this rare and expensive
metal is suitable with for this engine, and the hydrogen-based fuel-cell
engine will not succeed using cheaper materials.

be suitable for
This device is suitable for collecting information

In conclusion, the professor holds the view that although the author’s
opinions about the problems of internal-combustion engines are correct.
Nowadays, it’s nearly impossible to replace it them with hydrogen-based
fuel-cell engines based on the reasons mentioned above.

7
 Academic Writing 9
Your professor is teaching a class on environmental science. Write a post
responding to the professor's question.
Doctor Diaz
This week, we've discussed how carbon dioxide released by gasoline-
powered (petrol-powered) cars pollutes the air and contributes to climate
change. Let's focus now on two proposals that governments can consider
as they try to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from cars. One proposal is
to improve and expand public transportation. The other is to provide
financial support to companies that make electric cars and to consumers
who buy them. Which proposal do you think is the best?
Claire: I think improving public transportation would be more beneficial
overall than giving tax breaks or rebates to particular companies and
consumers. If taking a train or a bus is significantly easier, cheaper, and
faster than driving a car, more people will want to use public
transportation. With fewer cars on the road, there will be less air pollution.
Paul: I believe that providing financial support to electric-car
manufacturers and consumers is the better innovative long- term strategy.
Many people live in rural areas, and they need their own vehicles to get
around. These people would not benefit from, say, more train lines being
built in a far-off city.

关键词 四象限 如何展开

想起哪个算哪个 根据关键词对照四象限看哪个更容易衍生想法 选一个象限展开每个关键词带来的论点，选取其中两三个组成小小型文章

cheap/ expensive Life save money, high-pressure in life and work,

not optimistic economy; get laid off; increase
living standards;

8
 car insurance; 停车费；high-tech-not affordable;
charge every day
Health ×
Job ×
Learn ×
Life ×
Health ×
convenient work day; peak hour; traffic congestion; read
Job
book; self-improvement; fast; road anger
Learn ×
Life
coal/oil → electricity→more pollution---more
produce Health
money to invest in health centers
electricity
Job
Learn

When considering the effective strategies of for reducing air pollution,

I strongly believe that improving transportation with priority prioritizing the
improvement of transportation is beneficial and worthwhile for both
individuals and the environment.
First and foremost, improved public transportation helps to save
money, since the price of as it is more cost-effective affordable （为了和后面的不重
复）than private cars. BesidesWhat’s more, many countries in this the world
are currently facing a serious decline in economic growth rates. Therefore,
a more advanced and efficient public transport system better public
transportation tends to encourage a significant number of citizens to take
buses and metro trains ， thereby contributing to protecting the
environment and save saving money.
In addition, while driving a private car, whether drivingit's a gasoline-
powered car or an electric car, it can be extremely challenging to drive
during peak hours on weekdays. As a result, taking public transportation
allows individuals to avoid traffic congestion and save time on commute.
The time saved can be utilized for relaxation or self-improvement.
"whether + V-ing" 是正确且常用的结构，用于表达两种或两种以上的可能性。这种结构经常用于讨论不同的选择或可能
发生的情况。以下是一些例句：

 Whether eating at home or dining out, she always prefers vegan

options.
 Whether traveling by train or by plane, it's important to arrive early
for your departure.
 Whether working late or finishing early, he manages to maintain a
balanced lifestyle.
Furthermore, since electric cars is are a high-tech innovation, it is not
as affordable and accessible as we may think, even with the financial
9
assistance. Consequently, an electric car it might not be everyone's first
choice when they intend to acquire a private vehicle car. Additionally, it
may sound plausible at first that electric cars will produce less pollution.
However, electric carsthey may ， in fact ， generate cause the same
amount of pollution as the gasoline cars, as electricity is primarily mainly
generated from coal and oil in many places.

TPO 50
Speaking Part
Task 1
Some people like having a wide variety of friends and acquaintances
they can spend time with. Others like to spend most of their free time with
the same small group of close friends. Which do you prefer? Explain why.
Honestly, I strongly believe that it is essential and worthwhile if for
individuals to keep meeting and making new friends.
First and foremost, I think believe it will help us to broaden our
perspectives. In my opinion, communicating with new friends from all
walks of life is the most cost-effective and convenient way to gain a broad
overview of this world.
In addition, in order to encourage ourselves to step out of our comfort
zones, we need to try out the new things with new friends. Life can
become monotonous if we always spend time with the same old friends all
the time.
Furthermore, constantly consistently making new friends can might
increase the odds of career advancement advancing our careers. Take my
experienceme, for instance. I received got an incredibly/ extremely well-
paid job offer through a friend who was a new member of my history
seminar. I really deeply appreciated that opportunity.

10
Task 2
The man agrees with the author’s opinions.
First and foremost, he points out that it will could be a waste of money
to invest in something unnecessaryfor something they don’t need. The
universe should spend money on something important projects, like such
as the library renovation project. It has been ongoing doing for several
months, but hasn’t been is not finished yet.
Secondly, he mentions that manylots of students, including himself,
attend the astronomy class because they can use the astronomy
equipment to observe the comet (that 后跟完整句子，引导词可以省略) they have been
tracking for almost a semesters.（ 没听 到他们 一只 记录一 个彗 星，不 是任 意的星 星） They are
extremely excited about thethis experience of observing comets. If
However, the new lighting system (强调一下更改的事物主体) will make the night is too
bright, they will not preventing them from seeing the comet through
telescope. If this happens, they can will only be able to see pictures of
comets in the textbook.
答案用 64 个词介绍了阅读的建议，我实在是说不过来，既然阅读与听力意见一致，那只能舍弃掉阅读部分的复述了。答案对听力说
的太少了。
改完之后，确实有很大的进步空间，该出来的也很简单，咋就是想不到人家这些词汇，句型用法呢。同样的意思，不同的语言真是千差
万别。除了自己学了记住这些表达，是不是每天早上练习的时候尽量用上，而不是想着赶快完事儿就行了。（底部已可能先做到把任务完成就
不错了，尽量在此基础上尝试着把句子说的更好，语言组织的更高效）

Task 3
State-dependent memory means that learning environment influences
individuals’ memory. People are more likely to recall certain information if
the environment is the same or similar. （没加后面一句可能是因为读的太慢，没记下来）
一定是 the same
The professor goes on to explain this in detail by stating his personal
experience.
When he was in middle school, he needed to complete a group
presentation on topical plans with his group members. InitiallyAt first, they
studied in the classroom during school day, with a teacher and several
other students present.. There was teacher and several kids too. Later, he
invited his group members to study at his house. It ， which was a
completely different environment. It was after dark, hisHis parents and
brother were watching TV in the living room. They started worrying about
their presentation because their study session didn’t go very well in at his
house. However, when they get got back to in the classroom the next
morning, the presentation actually went really smoothly. This
demonstrates howIn conclusion, the environment influences influenced
their memory.
我认为答案跑偏了。
study session 学习会
get back to
go smoothly: to happen without any problems or difficulties
Elections don't always go smoothly in developing countries.
11
Task 4
The professor talks about two differentintroduces to protective
adaptations of animals：, defensive adaptation and offensive adaptation.
Defensive adaptation is a body structure that the animals use to
protect themselves from predators. For example, a turtle has a hard shell
covering its back and vital organs, which can be difficult to for predators to
break or open.be broken or opened by predators. If it feels threatened, The
the turtle’s soft neck and legs can also be hidden under the shell so that
they are all protected from its predators..
The offensive adaption is the a body structure that threatens the
predators with the physical harm (harm 不能加 s， UN). For instance, there is
an animal with thousands of a longshot kills a porcupine /ˈpɔːkjəpaɪn $ ˈpɔːr-/
has lots of sharp needle-like quills on its’ skin ,. whenever Whenever the
predators approach, it will expose those quills to scare the predatorsthem
away. Predators avoid porcupines because they have seen other predators
get hurt by the quills and don't want to risk it. 我少的这些信息就让这个答案逊色不少，主要是这个生
物类的例子太不常见了，相当陌生, quill 这个词从未听说过。生物、化学、植物、商业…
 see sb do sth: you saw the whole action from start to finish.
I saw Mary eat that box of chocolates. It means that you know that
she ate all the chocolates.
 see sb doing sth: you saw this action in progress.
I saw Mary eating that box of chocolates. It means that you only know
that she ate some of them but she might not have finished the entire box.

Writing Part
The article introduces the raises several problems with of sending
astronauts humans to Mars, presenting three corresponding reasons of
support. However, the professor suggests that the arguments in the
reading are not persuasive at all and challenges each point made by the
writer.
The author begins by stating that a Mars mission seems to be
impossible since it is technologically difficult to bring sufficient supplies of
water, air and food within the space vehicles. The speaker, though, casts
doubt on this perspective. She points out that the essay fails to take the
hydroponics technique into consideration. Hydroponics The ( 加 the 是 为 了 后 面
which 代指的时候准确点) hydroponics technique is a useful method to grow plants
only in water instead of soil, taking which takes up little space in the
spacecraft sapce vehicle. Therefore, astronauts are capable of cultivating
their own food plants in the space vehicle, which can helps generate
produce fresh air from carbon dioxide as well. She goes on to say that
recycling the wasted water generated by growing crops from growing
plants is an effective alternative for drinking water. 答案都没有点名这个“水培法”，到时候考
试是在记不下来，只知道原理也可以的，答案里的句型没有我用的复杂，但人家也把事情说清楚了，风格不一样，但是要保证句型没用错。
produce=generate=create=cause=originate
the space vehicle= spacecraft= rocket ship= spaceship= space rocket
The writer also claims that the decreased muscle mass and lower
bone density caused by the zero-gravity environment in the space are
12
inevitable health problems for astronauts. Contrary to this belief, the
educator notes that considering the fact that over the last few decades,
we have successfully sent several missions orbittingorbiting the earth with
astronauts spending many months in the spacecraft. As a consequence,
we scientists have come up with helpful solutions to address these two
problems, which aresuch as developing a habit of regular exercise and
eating food containing vitemine a significant amount of vitamins and
minerals to address these two problems.
Considering the fact that…+整句
Considering the fact that the weather is unpredictable, we should bring an
umbrella.
答案确实很简洁，我的句子要在好好看看，关键是句型别组合错了。
The essay mentions that building a shiled shield for the ship to
protect it from the radiation generated emitted (不要为了词汇的多样化而舍弃更合适的词汇，主要
是增加词汇量) by the sun is undoable since the shield is too heavy to carry for
the ship. Not surprisingly, the professor is skeptical about the accuracy of
this opinion. She makes an the argument that the radiation is not active
and severe all the time. To avoid the radiation threat, we can build a small
shield, which will add only a reasonable amount of weight to the ship.
What’s more, the spacecraft should be equipped with some instruments
capable of monitoring the radiation levels. When the dangerous radiation
is active, astronauts can spend time in the shield area. When the radiation
is not strong, they don't need additional protection. When radiation levels
become dangerously high, astronauts can stay at the small shielded area.
During periods of lower radiation, additional protection will not be
necessary. 这个改的更好

 add sth to sth

You can add a link to your own website.
 such as + v-ing
Effective study habits, such as organizing notes systematically and
practicing active recall techniques, can significantly enhance academic
performance.

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle involves various activities, such as eating a

balanced diet and exercising regularly.

 include+ v-ing
The benefits of a balanced diet include boosting energy levels and
improving mental clarity.
The responsibilities of a project manager include overseeing the project's
progress and ensuring timely delivery of milestones.
 include+ n
A healthy breakfast can include oatmeal, fresh fruit, and a glass of orange
juice.
 including+v-ing
Achieving financial stability involves several key steps, including creating a
13
budget and consistently saving a portion of income.
 including+n
The festival offers many activities, including live music and dance
performances.
听着听着有些重要的细节没有听到，比如第三点带着设备监控 radiation，这是个很重要的点。整体感觉写完之后自己还可以稍
加润色，不要写完就拉倒了。飞船的名词多来几个，产生 这个动词词汇也多来几个。

Academic Writing 10
Your professor is teaching a class on economics. Write a post responding to
the professor's question.
Doctor Diaz
Our current unit looks at tourism and the benefit it has on a country's
economy. Many argue that while tourism can indeed be a money-making
endeavor, it can do more harm than good, especially tourism to small,
remote places that are not heavily populated. What is your opinion?
Should local or national governments promote tourism to remote regions
not typically visited by tourists before? Why?
Andrew: Tourism has always been a lucrative business. Improving the
economies of these rural regions, especially if those regions
are poor, can only have a positive effect. People can have a better quality
of life by showcasing their food and traditions to the outside world. It's a
chance the people might not get without promotion from the government.
Claire: I don't think governments should promote tourism to remote
regions. The people are likely not asking for this kind of industry or for this
kind of attention. Instead, governments should develop other means of
improving a region's economic situation, like expanding agriculture or
other industries. These efforts will have a stronger, more permanent
14
impact on the region than bringing in groups of tourists.

When it comes to economic growth in a society, I strongly believe

that it is worthwhile and essential that for governments to implement all
sorts of (a variety of ) effective strategies, including tourism, to develop
the local economy.
First and foremost, since most remote areas are in poor financial
condition, encouraging a substantial number of tourists to take a vacation
in these areas helps increase income for local residents, which will be able
to significantly improve people's their standards of living.
What's more, nowadays, people from urban areas are facing
unprecedented pressure at the workplace, so there is an excellent chance
that they need a remote place away from the city to energize their body
and refresh their mind. (body 啥的也没用复数)
take a vacation: We usually take a vacation once a year.
vacation in/at： I am vacationing in Europe.
In addition, money is the foundation of many thingseverything else.
The revenue generated by the tourism can be utilized to improve the
transportation infrastructure in remote areas, contributing to the future
development advancements of these regions. Coupled with the increased
income, the rural living can will become more enjoyable and less
challenging. In conclusion, tourism is beneficial for both local residents and
tourists.
As far as I am concerned… - 就我而言……看看怎么用上这个
As far as I am concerned, education is the key to personal and societal
growth.
好像修改的时候，基本不用 will,都用 can 呢，咋整？
用了 25 分钟，前面一看到题目就想好要写什么了，但是在这构思逻辑顺序，构思了太久。为了节省时间，下次想出了哪些句子就写
哪些句子，在写的过程中说不定逻辑顺序自然而然就通顺了。
虽然这两道写作题做的很慢，但是我能感觉到我在进步，在有意识的造句子，尽量替换高级词汇，继续努力，做得很好，会越来越熟练
的。

TPO 51
Speaking Part
Task 1
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Eighteen-year-olds
are not mature enough to vote. Use specific examples and details to
support your opinion.
Honestly, I strongly believe that 18-year-olds are mature enough to
vote.
First and foremost, most of young people enjoy like discussing the pros
15
and cons of the local policies. It’s reasonable to believe that when they go
to vote, they will be well-prepared and responsible for their choices .
In addition, young adults are not going to be influenced affected by
experienced politicians. They can simply just vote based on their
preferences. As a result, there is a significant chance that they will make
fair and objective decisions for the region.
Furthermore, a large percentage of politicians are elderly individuals.
Hence, it can be challenging for them to acknowledge understand the
needs of young people. Encouraging 18-year-olds to vote is an effective
and convenient way to solve this problem.
我到时候能说出这样的来就烧高香了，不要再用复杂的词汇了，用中等或者简单的词汇，但要保证无语法错误，再加上一点语音语调就
很不错了。不用当莎士比亚。

Task2
The writer of the letter suggests that the university should build more
parking lots near the for humanities building because students currently
have to park their cars on the street and a wooded area on campus is a
perfect site for the new parking lot.
The woman in the listening passage thinks that it is a bad a proposal.
Firstly, she points out that there are other parking lots on campus near
the library and dinning Hall. They only need to walk a few steps, so There’s
there’s no need to build a new parking lot.
Secondly, she mentions that clearing the wooded area to build the
parking lots is not worth it because the campus doesn’t have much
wooded area. They should preserve what they have now. Besides, students
love enjoy spending time there on studying and reading under the tree.
There is no need to destroy the green space for something
unnecessary.they don’t need.
 spend time doing sth
I spend much time finishing the work.
 spend time on sth
I spend much time on the work.
我的答案快点说 47s 就说完了，还可以加点信息，阅读里面的理由可以加。
造句子造的慢就容易说的信息少，即使是抓住并记下了用用的信息也白搭，要是组织句子组织得特别满的话，要多加练习，加快造句进
程。

Task3
The image advertising means that companies use visual figures to
positively influence the consumers, leading to an increase in sales even
though the images have nothing to do with the product. 第一句概括的有点过于简单了，最
好两句话的内容。这套题信息抓得都不够好，咋稀里糊涂的
The professor goes on to explain this by stating an example.
A cookie company uses an animal, the big bear, to represent their its
products. The big bear is printed on cookie boxes. It is and shown on TV
16
commercials, . Children find it funny and entertaining when it dances and
sings on TV. even Even the cookie itself is shaped likein the shape of the
big bear. Children enjoy eating them. They may feel fun and entertaining
when eating them. Over time, this character stays in people’s mind and
Whenever whenever there’s people see a big bear figure, they think of
cookies and they might want to get it . there There is a strong connection
between the big bear and the cookies. This connection makes it difficult
for people to forget this image and this cookie. Therefore, a As a result,
the big bear company sells more cookies than any other companies
company by using image advertising.
Task4
The lecture introduces two types of display behaviors in order to
maintain unity in the group: threatening display behaviors and friendly
display behaviors.
The threatening display behavior is usually a warning message sent to
the competitor to avoid harming. Take baboons， for example.For example,
If two monkeys find fruit and both of them want itare fighting for fruit（这时候
还 没 让 他 们 打 起 来 呢 ） . If , one a monkey might stares at the other monkey and
makes threatening noises., the The other monkey might understand and
give up the fruit without fighting each other. Thus, the group unity is
maintained. （最后一句强调主题）
（ Still back to baboon example. ） However, when there’s the two monkeys
getting into a physical fight, in order to solve the conflict they might show
some friendly display behaviors to restore the unity within the group
again., such as they might These behaviors could include approaching
each other, and make making friendly noises, or hugging each other. in
This indicates that they have reconciled /ˈrekənsaɪl/, allowing the group to
return to normal. this way it means that they make up and the group can
go back to normal again. Therefore, by giving out these two examples, the
professor explains two ways to maintain group unity. （最后一句估计也没有什么时间说）

Integrate Writing-TPO51
The article introduces several explainations explanations about for the
unexpected elephant behaviors of elephants, presenting three
corresponding reasons of for support. However, the professor contends
holds that the arguments in the article are not persuasive at all and
challenges each point made by the author.
The writer begins by stating that going to the "elephant graveyards"
near the water illustrates that elderly elephants are aware of the end of
their lives. However, The the speaker, though, casts doubt on this
perspective. She notes that as elephants age, when getting old, the
elephants' their teeth are merely capable of chewing soft vegetation (UN).
She goes on to say that these elephants have no choice but to break away
from the herds and go to places near the water that have sufficient soft
vegetation. Over time, they eventually die there.
答案直接抄袭的阅读原文，应该是不太好
17
 The author also claims that elephants have the artistic ability to paint
ceratain certain items, such as flowers and self-portraits, which is unique
among for an animals. Contrary to this belief, the educator mentions that
instead of natural talents, humans can train elephants to do certain tricks,
including memorizing certain patterns of paintbrush strokes. painting The
educator explains that this training involves touching their extremely
sensitive ears.by touching their ears which are extremely sensitive body
parts for elephants. Even though it seems like they have the natural
talents to paint, in reality, they are simply programmed to draw these lines
and have no idea what these lines represent. Therefore, elephants are able
to remember how to use the brushstrokes to paint flowers or animals.这个对我
来说比较陌生，所以总结的也不好，总之是训练大象的事情。对这个过程有些陌生。是不是应该加快学习进程，这样才能多做几套题还不会落
下之前的，做新题的前提是熟练掌握旧的题目。
involve something
Many of the crimes involved drugs.
involve doing something
The test will involve answering questions about a photograph.
involve somebody/something doing something
The job involves me traveling all over the country.
The reading passage deems that the elephants have a fear of mice
based on an antient ancient record and a recent experiment. Not
surprisingly, the professor is skeptical about the accuracy of this opinion.
She suggests that the author fails to take the animal's natural instincts
when encountering unfamiliar creatures into consideration. Considering
the fact that wild elephantsthe elephants in the wild area are not familiar
with mice, they perceive see them it as a threat when confronting the
mice, so they back away from itthem. On the contrary, the elephants living
in the zoos do not purposefully avoid mice on purpose, as mice are always
around them. In conclusion, the tendency for some wild elephants to shy
away from mice does not necessarily indicate a fear of them.some wild
elephants shying away from the mice is not resulted from the fear of it.
tendency (for somebody/something) (to do something)
The tendency for me to talk too much when I'm nervous is difficult to correct.
There is a tendency for this disease to run in families.

Academic Writing 11
Your professor is teaching a class on public policy. Write a post responding
to the professor's question.
Doctor Gupta
This week, we will be discussing a shortage of affordable housing that
exists in many countries. In these places, housing-both apartments (flats)
and houses-are expensive, because populations are growing faster than
new housing is being built. Now, think about places in your country that
have a housing shortage. In your post, I would like you to indicate the
most effective way for the government to address a housing shortage in
18
your country. Please explain why you think so.
Claire: In my country, there is a lack of affordable housing in the big cities.
Low-cost housing exists in areas outside of the cities, but that means
workers have long commutes to reach their jobs in the cities. I recommend
that my government create initiatives to encourage the construction of
large buildings with many affordable apartments in cities.
Paul: Claire's recommendation is fine, but many people prefer to live in a
house rather than an apartment, even if they have longer commutes.
Living in a house can be quieter and more private. So, I believe my
government should give subsidies or tax relief to construction companies
to build small, affordable single- family houses on unused land that
surrounds many cities.

When considering the lack of accessible housing in some countries, I

srongly strongly believe that the government can implement several
effective strategies to solve this problem, such as building constructing
more high-rise tall apartments in urban areas and promoting residency in
rural regions (encouraging people to reside in rural areas).
high-rise= high-rise buildings are tall buildings with many levels
solve this problem =tackle this issue=resolve this challenge=confront
this dilemma
First and foremost, erecting taller buildings is a cost-effective and
efficient helpful way to make the most of utilize the limited urban space,
as the same amount of land is capable of accomadating accommodating
more residentials residential units (residential 是 adj). Not only does it this
make lower the cost of rent lower, but it also alleviates (relieve; reduce)
significant significantly relieves the housing pressure in the city center.
make the most of: use to the best advantage.
"he was eager to make the most of his visit"
alleviate /əˈliːvieɪt/ : to make something less painful or difficult to deal
with
In addition, nowadays, poor job opportunities opportunity are is the
critical factor driving people away from the countryside. If governments
can provide finantialfinancial assistance for on land use for business
owners, there is a significant chance that they will consider relocating their
factories in to rural areas to reduce costs. Coupled with the lower cost of
living in villages, plentiful job opportunities certainly will attract more
individuals to reside in rural areas instead of city centers. As a result, the
housing stress in urban area will drastically decrease.
Furthermore, in some my region, the housing shortage is not solely
caused by really resulted from the a lack of housing since some affluent
individualswealthy people purchase more houses than they need, aiming
to profit from to make high profits by renting them out. This behavior
drives up housing prices, making them unaffordable for many., leading to
an increased and unaffordable price in housing. Consequently, limiting the
number of houses wealthy people can purchase will provide more
19
opportunities for others to own a home. Therefore, restricting well-to-do
individuals to buying fewer houses will provide others the chances to own
a home.
我倒是想到了用伴随状语从句啥的，但是用的不太好，有点驴唇不对马嘴。
drive up: cause a price, rate, quantity, etc. to increase; increase the
amount or value of something.
"the crisis is driving up oil prices"

这篇文章前一天写的时候一点都不知道写啥，今天再写就好很多，虽然还是需要时间组织语言，但是并不是无话可说的状态了，感觉昨
天好像被榨干了。2024.06.09
这个眼睛干涩的不行了，真是服了，这一天对着屏幕对命

写作、口语通用知识点
在写作的时候应该怎么变化句型以便把信息组织的有逻辑有条理呢？是只能多练习嘛？技巧熟练了是不是就做的好点了？大的框架能否固定下
来？
每道题能找出可以反复利用的优点/亮点吗？怎么能以现有的知识量拼凑出一份比较好的答案？
以后把这个做成视频的时候，前面就放纯的这些资料，后面一段放带例句的。这样两种需求都能满足。

转接词 First and foremost

in addition
additionally
furthermore
what’s more
To be more specific
sb goes on to say that
Admittedly
consequently
As a result
thereby
hence
therefore
thus
As a consequent
in other words
collectively contributing to sth
in a nutshell
deep down
otherwise
however
after all
moreover
not surprisingly

20
 once again
under such circumstances
As mentioned earlier, …整句
speaker、professor、lecturer、educator
author、writer、the reading passage
人物代指 the writer of the letter
for both A and B (mental health and physical well-being; groups and individuals;
companies and employees)
sb holds the view that
sb notes that
sb suggests that
sb points out that
sb mentions that
sb contends that
sb makes the argument that
sb also claims that
sb deems that
sb argues that
sb strongly believes that
as far as I’m concerned
sb opposes sb’s plan
sb supports the idea.
sb thinks it’s a bad proposal
sb disagrees with these unconvincing opinions
主张 sb fails to take sth into consideration
contrary to this belief~ on the contrary (in contrast 不常用，可以省略掉)
as a matter of fact~ in fact~ in reality
The professor goes on to explain this in detail by stating/giving two examples.
sth doesn’t necessarily determine sth/that…
the professor mainly talks about sth
sb is convinced that..整句
sth seems to be an excellent idea
sb is in favor of this idea
maybe that’s the reason why…整句
this plan may not work out as the university expects.
it’s quite reasonable to believe that…整句
there is no need to do sth
even though sb sounds plausible at first,…整句
The most plausible explanation is that 整句
might feel as if…整句
整句 for the reasons stated/mentioned above
原因 due to sth
thanks to sth
by doing sth
result from sth

21
 because of
be caused by sth
the consequences of sth
result in sth
lead sb to do sth
as a result of sth
导致
As a consequence of
this approach/policy/action/process/behavior ensures that….
sth cause a severe consequence
aim to do sth
have a willingness to do sth
目的
with the aim of sth/doing sth
attempt to~ pant to~ want to~ try to~ intend to
such as sth/doing sth ; including sth/doing sth ； include sth/doing sth; take sth, for
举例
example/instance; an example of sth
表明 illustrate/ demonstrate/ determine/ reveal/ indicate/imply
the advantages of
take advantages of
benefit from
获益 profit from sth/doing sth
sth be worthwhile/beneficial/advantageous/ rewarding/valuable/profitable/suitable for
sth/doing sth
one of its biggest advantages
take on/handle/present/encounter/face/struggle with unique
挑战
challenges/problems/adversities
因素 significant (contributing)/determining/crucial/critical/deciding factors
策略/措施 develop/implement several effective strategies/policies/measures/approaches/actions
put sb’s/their heart(s) and soul(s) into sth/doing sth
make your best effort to do sth (UN)
努力
devote your time/energy/attention to sth （不太熟悉就别用被动形式）
dedicate yourself/your life to something
be better equipped to do sth
have the ability to do sth
be able to do
be capable of
be competent to do sth
enable sb to do sth
能力 allow sb to do sth
encourage/motivate/inspire/persuade sb to do sth
sth aims to foster/promote sth
lead sb to do sth
have the option to do sth
have the opportunity to do something
be permitted to do something
最后 eventually~finnaly~ ultimately~ in the long run~in the upcoming future~ in the end

22
 逐渐 gradually~over time~ As time passes~ little by little
exclusively~merely~simply~only~purely~solely~entirely~particularly~hardly~totally~u
仅仅
niquely
便利 convenient~suitable~practical
provide sth for/to sb; 两者皆可，但固定下来用 for
provide sb with sth
提供
offer sth to sb
offer sb sth
affordable~ cost-effective~ economically competitive~ inexpensive~ reasonable~
实惠
accessible~ budget-friendly~ acceptable
有用 helpful~ advantageous~ beneficial~worthwhile~favorable
unprecedented/incredible/excellent/remarkable/numerous/immeasurable opportunities
机会
increase/ jeopardize the chance/chances of; the likelihood of; the odds of
解决 solve this problem~ tackle this issue~ resolve this challenge~ confront this dillemma
意识到 be aware of ~ be conscious of~ realize~ recognize~ be familiar with
all sorts/kinds of + CN/UN
various types of+ CN/UN
各种各样
a wide/diverse range of+ CN/UN
a variety of + CN
a significant/ substantial/considerable/large/reasonable number of + CN
大量的 a significant/ substantial/considerable/large/reasonable amount of + UN
a significant/ substantial/considerable/large/reasonable sum of+＄
a large percentage of cn+un
meet/ satisfy sb’s needs/desires/demands
fulfill someone's requirements
find personal fulfilment
achieve self-fulfilment
满足
continuous self-Improvement
personal growth
fit anyone’s interest
the needs of
subsequently
following this
随后
later on
afterwards
be required to do sth
应该 be expected to do sth
be obligated to do sth
tend to
sb have a tendency to do sth
the tendency for sb to do sth
趋势
there is a growing trend of doing sth
be willing to do sth
be likely to
如此 in this way

23
 In this manner
by this means
engage in some activities
参加 participate in some activities
take part in
prevent/prohibit sb form doing sth
forbid sb to do sth
阻止
protect sb from sth
restrict sb to sth/doing sth (n 形式比较多)
initially
originally
起先
at/in the beginning
at first
sth be associated with sb/sth 要比主动形式更常见
相关
be related to sb/sth 要比主动形式更常见
it’s unlikely/impossible/technologically difficult that….整句
不可能 There's little chance that….整句
It's not expected that….整句
look forward to doing sth
broaden our perspectives
struggle to do sth
after graduation
become accustomed to
during my/their education(un)
acquire a wide range of new knowledge and skill
enjoy doing sth
try out
heavily rely on
an accessible/excellent way to do sth (achieve this goal)
increase public awareness
have a positive/negative influence/effect on sth
sth occurs when 整句
make sth more enjoyable/appealing/pleasant/attractive/fascinating and less
challenging/monotonous
the availability of
play an important/significant/crucial/essential role in sth/ doing sth
carry out/conduct
have access to sth
leave/make a bad impression on sb
an experiment on sth
gain a broad overview of the world/ gain a global perspective by doing sth
save time on sth
it might be necessary to do sth
when it comes to doing sth
end up doing sth

24
sth contradicts with sth
involve sth/doing sth
involve sb/sth doing sth
to a certain extent/ To some degree
sth align with sth
be extremely interested in doing sth
out of interest
increasingly/ progressively
long-lasting
stay engaged(这个短语可以当形容词来用 )/ pay attention to/ Concentrate on/ focus on/ a heightened
focus on
make practical and beneficial/ fair and objective decisions
the advancement of the region
sth is an effective strategy used by sb to do sth
spend time/money on sth/doing sth
before heading off to college
have a better/broad understanding of
a waste of time/money
in today’s rapidly changing world
in today’s busy world where we are consumed by schoolwork or job
all of these factors/ all of these details
regard sth as sth
a lack of un+cn
the reasons of
the presence of sth
either… or…/ neither… or…
the pros and cons of sth
the main function/purpose of sth is to do sth
be used/utilized for sth
prioritize sth over sth
V-ing has become the popular way to do sth
generate/produce/originate
prefer to do sth
in a consistent/effective manner
a temporary/permanent shortage of sth
have no choice but to do sth
sth is as adj as described in the essay.
sth is as adj as we may think
sth outweigh sth
raise several problems with doing sth
come up with sth
people’s standards of living
several explanations for sth
among sb/sth
perceive sth as sth

25
 relieve/alleviate/reduce stress
关于正在面临困难挑战类的句子
关于重要程度的句子
关于意识提高的句子

关于紧迫程度类的句子
Nowadays, the world is facing significant and complex global
environmental challenges, including energy scarcity, air pollution, and
climate change.
One pressing global environmental problem that I find particularly urgent
is the issue of plastic pollution in our oceans.
关于措施的句子
As far as I’m concerned, the most pressing concern is the need to find
alternatives to traditional energy sources.
关于对个人发展有很大好处的橘子
关于对国家/地区发展大有裨益的句子
关于对地球环境大有裨益的句子
其余相关的专业名词或者短语需要积累。

TPO 52
Speaking Part
Task1
State whether you agree or disagree with the following statement.
Then explain your reasons, using specific details in your explanation.
People are more likely to enjoy themselves at concerts or films if they go
with a group of friends.
Honestly, I strongly believe that it is essential and worthwhile if for
individuals go to a concert or see a movie with friends.
First and foremost, when going to a concert or film with friends, we are
able to exchange our opinions after finishing the filmthe event. It is always
interesting to share different views on the same Subject topic.
In addition, in today's busy world where we are consumed by
nowadays, We are busy at schoolwork or job, . Wewe often don’t have
much time to spend with friends. Going to see a movie together is the a

26
cost-effective and convenient way to hang out with them.
(整体评价：Terrible) 就这个还是花了很长时间才想个出来的呢，这才 96 个词，哎呀
Furthermore, being with friends can increase feelings of comfort and
security in crowded settings, like a concert or busy movie theater. Not
surprisingly, it will make the experience more enjoyable and less
challenging. (从网上搜一个自己比较容易记住的答案)
be consumed by/with something
Are you too consumed by your career?

Task2
The writer of the letter suggests that the university should invite
business leaders to speak at the graduation ceremony because they are
role models for students and it will benefit the university’s business
program will benefit from it.
The woman in the listening passage disagrees with these unconvincing
opinions.
Firstly, she points out that the university already invites business
leaders every year to give the speech. However, the university should
provide other professionals, such as influential teachers who play an
essential role in the community, and an opportunity to speak.
Secondly, she mentions that the business program is already well
known and big enough, so it doesn’t need extra attention. If teachers gave
give a speech at the graduation ceremony, they will certainly draw
people’s attention to the great teacher education program.
我这少的一两句话要是其他句子都通顺了，少了也就少了，但是其他说得通顺就意味着可以说更多信息，真是相辅相成。
造句能力强了→组句子就快了→说更多信息→要求笔记能力提高
 professional: n. 专 业 人 士 ; someone who works in a job that needs
special education and training, such as a doctor, lawyer, or
architect.
 profession: n. 业 内 人 士 ; all the people who work in a particular
profession.

Task 3
Individuals try to control the impressions that they make on people.
The professor goes on to explain this in detail by stating giving two
examples.
Firstly, if a student is going to give a presentation in front of the whole
class. ,There there is a significant chance that he will dress up a little bit
(~dress more formally). He may wear nicer pants or sweaters. By doing so,
he aims to make the impression that he takes the presentation seriously.
He is responsible, well prepared and ready to give a high-quality good
presentation for everybody.
Secondly, the professor shares a personal experience. The day before
he was supposed to give the president of the university a ride to a
meeting across town. , he He took the trash out of his car in the car out
and even had his the car washed to make it neat and tidy /ˈtaɪdi/ . In this
27
way, he intended to show the president that he was respectful and
responsible. When the president got into his car, he even changed his the
radio to classical music, which seems more sophisticated.
By listening the lecture, now I have a better understanding of what
Impression Management is. (有时间就说，没时间算了，大概率如果想多说点干货，这种套话是没时间说的)

Task4
In the lecture, the professor talks about the moral suasion, which
means (that 定语从句引导词的省略后面是完整的句子) taking some measures to get prevent
people from voluntarily stop polluting the environment by invoking their
moral duties.
The professor goes onto to explain this by stating giving two
examples.
The first is the classic case of “the Smokey the Bear”, which is a
cartoon character (that is 含 be 动词的省略) dressed up like a forest ranger.of the
forest bear. This is used to prevent people from smoking in the forest, the
The bear might say please don’t start a forest fire in my home or please
don’t hurt my animal friends. This is used to prevent people from smoking
in the forest. It actually works because it makes people more sensitive.
Therefore ， they will raise awareness of people’s moral duty that they
shouldn’t smoke in the forest and should do the right thing to protect the
environment.
The second example is recycling. The communityWe encourages
people to voluntarily put effort in recycling materials such as glass or
newspapers by providing containers for people. At first, just a few of
people start doing this. Little by little, others follow suit.If some people do
it, others will follow peoples actions 信息少的可怜。
Little by little: gradually.
follow suit: to do the same thing.
When one airline reduces its ticket prices, the rest usually follow suit.
appeal to 这个用法不咋常见，有点困难，找找有没有其他的类似的意思的 invoke

28
TPO 52
Integrated Writing
The article introduces the advantages of asteroids colonization,
presenting three corresponding supporting reasons for support. However,
the professor contends that the arguments in the reading passage are not
persuasive at all and challenges each point made by the author.
The writer begins by stating that landing and taking off a spacecraft on
asteroids is way moremuch easier than on the Moon or Mars due to the
low gravity, allowing the spaceship to carry reasonably noticeably less fuel
and more utalitarianutilitarian equipment. （答案中的阅读说的没有这么多，我光组织这句话花了好长时
间 ） The educator, though, casts doubt on this perspective. He points out
that even though the landing becomes less difficult, there are other
inevitable risks （ 不 确 定 可 数 还 是 不 可 数 就 用 单 数 ） . He goes on to say that astronauts
spending only several months on the a spaceship have experienced severe
health problems, such as the loss of muscle mass and the decreased in
bone density. It This demonstrates that long-term colonization might
present even more terrible/awful problems for colonists. 不确定任务的身份的话就用
people 代替
The author also claims that the significant amount of worthy valuable (当
时的脑子连这个都想不出来了吗) metals on some asteroids makes the colonization more
benefcialbeneficial and worthwhile. Not surprisingly, the speaker thinks
that there are flaws in the writer's opinion. While itIt might sound
plausible at first, however, the additional cost caused by theof minning
mining and transportation can reduce the profits generated from the sales.
(把后置定语删掉了，可能是觉得太啰嗦了) What's more, if the increased supply of rare metals
increaseswill lead to a decrease in their prices, the price of them will go
down, since the market is saturated with these metals. As a result, the
business may not be as profitable and lucrative as the reading passage
suggests. making them unprofitable.
The reading notes that, compared to Moon or Mars, getting to and
getting back returning from some asteroids can be much more accessible
and cost-effective. Contrary to this belief, the lecturer mentions that the
orbits of some asteroids changes, which means thatmeaning they
sometimes they get close at to Earth while and sometimes they move
away from earthEarth. As a result, an easier landing does not necessarily
guarantee determine an easier effortless return. In other words, getting
back returning from the asteroids with unpredictable orbital paths might
29
be challenging, as there is a significant chance that they willthe asteroid
does not stay close to Earth.
其实光听听力的话是可以听懂的，就是记笔记记得慢会漏掉一些信息，所以要养成以听为主的的习惯啊。还有组织语言太慢了，主要的句型都
还挺好，有些句型进行了改进，就是遇到专业词汇或者短语的时候有点睁眼瞎，这时候就得用另一种语言表达一样的意思。

Academic Writing
Doctor Gupta
Let's discuss how teachers' job performance is assessed or evaluated.
Regular evaluations of teachers help to ensure that students receive high-
quality instruction, that good teachers are rewarded, and that struggling
teachers receive help to improve. But what is the best way to evaluate
teachers? Should teachers be evaluated based on their students' test
scores? Should more-experienced teachers evaluate less- experienced
teachers? Should students' feedback be considered? Which approach is
best, and why?
Andrew: I think experienced senior teachers are the best source of
information for teacher evaluations. School leaders can assign
experienced teachers to observe their fellow teachers periodically during
class, and these senior teachers can then provide feedback on their
colleagues' performance. An experienced teacher has the knowledge to
determine what other teachers are doing well and what needs
improvement.
Kelly: I'm not convinced that any one person's occasional visits to a
classroom would provide accurate information. I'd like a more objective,
fairer source of data, so I'd prefer to rely on test scores to inform teacher
evaluations. If all students take the same test, and some classes perform
better than others, then we know which teachers have been most
successful.

When it comes to making fair and impartial (objective~

unbiased )objective teacher evaluations for teachers, I strongly believe
that it is essential and necessary to judge their work solely based on the
students' grades.
First and foremost, since educating students with about academic
knowledge plays a significant role in teachers' job, students' level of
understanding of the study material becomes an critical criterion criteria
when judging rating teachers. For example, if students achieve excellent
tests grades on tests, it clearly demonstrates that the teachers have put
their hearts and souls into their work job(避免重复).
educate somebody about/in/on something
a campaign to educate teenagers about HIV
test grades=test scores
30
criterion： /kraɪˈtɪəriən $ -ˈtɪr-/ plural criteria /-riə/)

What's more, awarding extraordinary teachers who have helped

students improve their grades tends to encourage both these teachers
them and others teacher to dedicate themselves into their school work. In
addition, teachers are likely to pay more attention to students'
performance, creating leading to a positive loop cycle that benefits for the
advancement of both teachers and students.
Furthermore, individuals, such as students and more -experienced
teachers, can be emotional and biased at timessometimes. Therefore,
grading teachers extensively based on students’ scores is a more
convenient and accessible approach. Not only is the grading system
reliable, but it also provides objective assessment( 有 复 数 形 式 ， 但 一 般 单 数 用 ) /
(objective feedbacks UN) on teachers’ performance.
from time to time=sometimes=every now and then

TPO 53
Speaking Part
Task1
When some people have a little extra money, they like to spend it right
away on something they enjoy. Others prefer to save the extra money.
Which do you like to do? Explain why.
Honestly, I strongly believe that it is essential and worthwhile if
individuals try to save up their disposable income.
First and foremost, the money saved can be utilized for things that we
truly feel passionate about. For example, when I was in university, I was
extremely interested in gaining a global perspective by traveling
abroadbroad overview of the world by traveling. Whenever my parents
gave me extra money, I would save it up tofor future travel later. As a
result, I have been able to visit many exotic countries.
Furthermore, we can spend the money on self-improvement, which is
essential for the future. For instance, we can use the money to start our
own small business. Therefore, there is a significant chance that we don’t
have to work a 9 to 5 corporate job after graduation.
In addition, even though I’m still in school now and don’t make earn
my own money, I still want to treat give my parents little gifts on their
birthdays. Saving a small portion of my allowance is an excellent way to
achieve this goal.
31
Task2
In order to save energy, the university intends to take implement
several measures on associated with the lighting and temperature in the
library.
The woman in the listening passage thinks it is a bad proposal.
Firstly, she points out that the new lighting in the reference room is not
bright enough. Since the lighting is dimmer, students have to turn on the
reading lamps that were are not needed before. Therefore, this doesn’t
help save energy.
Secondly, she mentions that library will be less comfortable during hot
days. It should be the quietest, most comfortable, and the best place to
study. Even though the temperature in the dorm room is more appropriate,
it is too loud and busy. All of these factors things cause a severe
consequence: that students don’t have a good place to study. In
conclusion, the woman believes that this plan will not work out as the
university expects.
事情有没有发生？这一点？刚开始没有听明白，导致大致意思虽然对，但是可能时态上有些问题。

Task3
Chaining behavior means that parents break one complex behavior
down into several simpler ones in order to teach their children certain
thingsskills.
The professor goes onto to explain this in detail by stating his personal
experience.
The other day, he used this method to teachtaught his daughter how
to wash her hands independentlyby herself. He broke this action down into
several 5 simpler steps. : Firstly, tap turn on the water, . Secondly, get the
hands wet, put on add some soupsoap, rinse hands and finally, turn off the
water. Each time, hHe required his daughter to practice one step at a time
for a few days. Once she had mastered this actionThen, he introduced add
the next one step and added it to previous steps ones. Then she practiced
them in the correct order until mastered them all. By practicing these this
sequence of actions in a consistent manner, his daughter successfully
learned how to wash her hands successfully by herself.
in a consistent manner: to describe how something is done in an
exact, reliable way. For example, "He completed the task in a consistent
manner, remaining focused throughout."
The analysis is carried out in a consistent manner using the finite
element method.
32
哎呀我的妈呀，一直改还真是会让人心烦，一点不想改了，但还没改完就得继续。晚饭之前，把这套改完，胜利在望了，加油。

Task4
The professor points out that two factors—temperature and moisture—
have a significant influenceinfluences on food spoilage due to the growth
of bacteria.
The first factor is temperature. Low temperatures slow down the
growth of bacteria.When the temperature is low, the bacteria in the food
grows slowly. Take fish, for example. If the fish is exposed in to the sun, it
goes spoiledspoils quickly, possibly maybe in just a few hours. On the
contrary, However, when is frozenfreezed, it can last for a few months.
Because the low temperature drastically slows down the bacteria growth.
说明因果关系的句子
The second factor is moisture. The bBacteria in the food with more
higher water content grows grow ( Bacteria 是 复 数 形 式 ) quickly and thriving.
Take milk, for instance. Regular milk goes spoiled spoils quickly since it has
more moisture. In contrastContrary to this, the dry powdered milk can last
for a longer period of time, probably even years, since bacteria grow
slowly in this such condition. In other words, fresh food goes becomes
inedible faster than dry food.
 In contrast :不同事物,客观表达不同想法
Harold likes cats. In contrast, Simon likes dogs.
Most people prefer to study in groups. In contrast, I like to study alone.

 On the contrary：actually, here’s what is true.针对性反对

I’m not tired. On the contrary, I’m full of energy.
Thor isn’t weak. On the contrary, he is extremely strong.

 contrary to this belief ： introduce a statement that is the opposite of the one mentioned
earlier.

TPO 54
Task 1
Some people say that childhood is the best time in a person's life. Other
people disagree. What is your opinion? Explain why.
Honestly, I strongly believe that adulthoodthe adult’s life is the most
enjoyable time throughout in individual’s life.
First and foremost, kids are confined to specific locations due to their
young age, so they really rarely meet new people. However, when we
grow older and head off to college, we are able to make friends with
people from various/diverse backgrounds. Therefore itThis helps broaden
33
our perspectives.
Secondly, as adultswhen we are adults, we are capable of making
gain the capability to earn our own money and support
ourselvessupporting our own life. This provides us with the ability to
pursue rewarding activities, like traveling the world independently or
helping others with our own money. We have more ability to do many
rewarding things, such as travel the world by ourselves or help other
people with our own money.
By adulthood, individuals have usually experienced and learned from
various life challenges, making them more resilient and better equipped to
handle future difficulties.

Task2
The writer of the letter suggests that the university should encourage
students to engage in do community service with the aim of strengthening
the relationship between school and town and helping students develop
the habit of doing volunteer work in the future.
The man in the listening passage thinks it is a bad proposal.
Firstly, he points out that since students don’t like doing volunteer
work, they might feel as if they are beingthat they are forced to do the
chores and regard it as a nuisance /ˈnjuːsəns $ ˈnuː-/（a nuisance 指代志愿工作这整件事）.
They’re not enthusiastic enough to put their hearts in the work.
Eventually, this lack of enthusiasmthey will make the university look bad.
Secondly, he mentions that if students experience negative feelings
while doing it, there’s no way for them to develop such a habit in the
future. In addition, students don’t have enough extra time to undertake do
the volunteer work before graduation. In conclusion, the plan might not
achieve the goals that the writer expects.
111111

undertake ： /ˌʌndəˈteɪk $ -dər-/ ●●○ W3 AWL verb (past tense undertook /-ˈtʊk/, past

participle undertaken /-ˈteɪkən/) [transitive]

to accept that you are responsible for a piece of work, and start to do it
这一下子修改好几套题，还怪累的

Task3
System thinking means that a company solves the problems by
considering the big picture in order to benefit the company in the long run.
The professor goes on to explain this in detail by giving one example.
the company where he used to work work at
A corporation needed to find out the reasons of the absence of
34
workersworker absent , they so it hired a consultant to do interviews with
the workers. It turned out that the reason was not a lack of motivation. The
real reason was the health problems, which resulted from poor eating
habits and lack of exercise. Therefore, in order to address these problems,
the company built a gym for employees to exercise and revised the
cafeteria menu to includemenu with more nutritious meals in the cafeteria.
After a year or so, the attendance had obviously been improved and
continuing continued improving.

lack of 和 a lack of 混用吧，区别实在是不大，到时候按照感觉选用任意一个。

Despite his lack of experience, he got the job.
Her only problem is a lack of confidence.

Task4
According to the lecture, the external daylight cues and internal clock
have influences on animals’ 24 hour cycles.
Take flying squirrels, for example. They usually sleep during the day
and are active at night.do activities during the night. If they are put kept
in complete darkness a completely dark situation for 24 hours per day for
a month, they are still able to maintain usually can do their regular cycle
due to their internal clock. However, the cycle is not precisely 24 hours
long. It’s about 30 minutes shorter than the normal length of time.
When they are exposed to daylight sunlight again after a month of
darkness, their cycle shifts, which doesn’t match the regular cycle. They
will wake up during the day. And then, the external cues, which are the
cycle of light and darkness, begin to adjust the squirrels’ internal clocks.
Finally, their biological cycles return to normal again. however, the cycle
will eventually get back to normal. 这一篇很难完全不知所云。记下来的信息也寥寥无几，主要是不知道该记什
么，没有抓手
终于改完了，下次别积累那么多了。

35
Academic Writing 11
Your professor is teaching a class on public policy. Write a post responding
to the professor's question.
Doctor Gupta
This week, we will be discussing a shortage of affordable housing that
exists in many countries. In these places, housing-both apartments (flats)
and houses-are expensive, because populations are growing faster than
new housing is being built. Now, think about places in your country that
have a housing shortage. In your post, I would like you to indicate the
most effective way for the government to address a housing shortage in
your country. Please explain why you think so.
Claire: In my country, there is a lack of affordable housing in the big cities.
Low-cost housing exists in areas outside of the cities, but that means
workers have long commutes to reach their jobs in the cities. I recommend
that my government create initiatives to encourage the construction of
large buildings with many affordable apartments in cities.
Paul: Claire's recommendation is fine, but many people prefer to live in a
house rather than an apartment, even if they have longer commutes.
Living in a house can be quieter and more private. So, I believe my
government should give subsidies or tax relief to construction companies
to build small, affordable single- family houses on unused land that
surrounds many cities.

Academic Writing 12
write a post responding to the professor's question.
Doctor Gupta
Let's discuss how teachers' job performance is assessed or evaluated.
Regular evaluations of teachers help to ensure that students receive high-
quality instruction, that good teachers are rewarded, and that struggling
teachers receive help to improve. But what is the best way to evaluate
teachers? Should teachers be evaluated based on their students' test
scores? Should more-experienced teachers evaluate less- experienced
teachers? Should students' feedback be considered? Which approach is
best, and why?
Andrew: I think experienced senior teachers are the best source of
information for teacher evaluations. School leaders can assign
experienced teachers to observe their fellow teachers periodically during
class, and these senior teachers can then provide feedback on their
colleagues' performance. An experienced teacher has the knowledge to
determine what other teachers are doing well and what needs
improvement.
Kelly: I'm not convinced that any one person's occasional visits to a
classroom would provide accurate information. I'd like a more objective,
fairer source of data, so I'd prefer to rely on test scores to inform teacher
36
evaluations. If all students take the same test, and some classes perform
better than others, then we know which teachers have been most
successful.

Academic Writing 13
Your professor is teaching a class on educational administration. Write a
post responding to the professor's question.
Doctor Diaz
Teachers often ask school administrators for permission to take their
students on field trips (for example, to museums or historical buildings).
Some school administrators provide funding and encouragement for
teachers to organize educational trips for the entire class. Many believe
that going on field trips is an important part of a child's education; others
think that a child's time is better spent learning in a classroom at school.
Which view do you agree with? Why?
Kelly: Field trips are so demanding of a teacher's time; I can understand
why some people aren't in favor of them. Teachers can't just decide that it
might be fun to take their class to an art museum. They must plan
carefully to help children get the most out of that trip while not losing too
much instructional time.
Paul: Field trips can affect kids' futures in important ways. One time I went
on a field trip to a space museum when I was young. I even got to try on a
space suit. That experience made me want to be an astronomer. I might
not have developed my interest in astronomy without that field trip
experience.

Field trips offer invaluable educational benefits that cannot be

replicated within the confines of a classroom. Personally, I strongly support
the idea that taking students on educational outings enhances their
learning experiences. Visiting museums or historical sites provides
students with real-world context that enriches their understanding of
subjects like history, science, and art. Experiencing these places firsthand
37
sparks curiosity and deepens comprehension in ways that textbooks and
lectures cannot.
Moreover, field trips promote active learning and engagement among
students. Being in a new environment stimulates their senses and
encourages exploration. They can ask questions, interact with exhibits,
and participate in activities that make learning more tangible and
memorable. This hands-on experience fosters critical thinking and
problem-solving skills, which are essential for their academic growth and
personal development.
Additionally, field trips contribute to students' social and emotional
growth. These outings often require teamwork, communication, and
respect for others, all of which are vital skills in today's interconnected
world. Students learn to appreciate diversity and different perspectives as
they interact with peers and professionals outside of their usual academic
settings.
In conclusion, while classroom learning is essential, integrating field
trips into the curriculum enhances the educational experience by providing
practical, immersive learning opportunities. Therefore, supporting and
encouraging educational field trips is crucial for fostering well-rounded and
engaged learners.

Academic Writing 14
Doctor Gupta
When students are preparing to graduate from university, they need to
make decisions about what kind of company they want to work for. They
might consider large, older companies with an established reputation, or
possibly new start-up companies, which tend to be small but very focused
on the future. Consider the advantages of each. Would it generally be
better for a new university graduate to begin working for a large,
established company, or for a small start-up company? Why?
Kelly: I think in general, the established company is the better choice.
Because they're already well-known, these companies have a certain
amount of respect in the business community, so it would look good to
have that job experience on your résumé. That advantage alone would be
a great start for a recent graduate.
Andrew: I see your point, Kelly, but taking a position at a start-up company
would offer so much excitement. They often have an energy that older
companies can't match-everyone can be focused on new, innovative
business practices and they would be more aggressive about getting new
clients. That would be a much better experience for someone fresh out of
university!

38
 When contemplating post-graduation career choices, the decision
between joining a large, established company versus a small start-up
hinges on several factors. Personally, starting at a large company offers
stability and structured career paths. These organizations often provide
extensive resources, mentorship programs, and established brand
recognition, which can accelerate professional growth and credibility in the
industry.
Conversely, opting for a small start-up can be highly rewarding. In a
start-up environment, new graduates have the opportunity to take on
multiple roles, gaining diverse experience in various positions. This
dynamic setting fosters innovation, entrepreneurial spirit, and the chance
to make a significant impact early on. Moreover, start-ups often offer a
more flexible work culture and the potential for rapid career advancement
based on performance and initiative.
In my view, the choice should align with one's career aspirations and
preferred work environment. If seeking stability, professional development
frameworks, and a proven career trajectory, a large company might be the
preferable choice. Conversely, if one thrives in an agile, creative
atmosphere where autonomy and innovation are valued, a start-up could
provide the ideal launchpad for a dynamic career journey.
In conclusion, the decision between a large, established company and
a small start-up ultimately boils down to personal career goals and work
preferences. Each offers distinct advantages that can shape a graduate's
professional trajectory differently. Understanding one's priorities and
assessing the cultural fit and growth opportunities of each option is crucial
in making an informed career decision post-graduation.

Academic Writing 15
Your professor is teaching a class on human resources management. Write
a post responding to the professor's question.
Doctor Diaz
Our next class will focus on how companies maintain their staffing levels.
While it is important for a company to look for new employees to fill open
positions, many believe it is equally important for a company to retain the
workers it already has on staff. In your opinion, what is the best way for a
company to encourage its employees to stay at the company instead of
seeking a different job elsewhere?
I think the best thing a company could do to keep its employees is to
create a work environment that employees look forward to going to five
days a week. Cramped office spaces or disorderly factory floors are not
places I would want to spend a third of my life.
I see Paul's point. But even more important than a nice workspace is
making sure the employees don't feel stuck in their jobs. Companies
should offer opportunities for employees to advance their skills so they
can get new positions within the company if they want. Employees should
39
feel like they have a goal to work toward.

Employee retention is a critical aspect of maintaining a stable and

productive workforce. In my view, offering competitive compensation and
benefits package is crucial in convincing employees to stay with the
company. When employees feel adequately compensated for their skills
and contributions, they are more likely to stay committed and motivated
to excel in their roles.
Moreover, creating a positive work environment plays a significant role
in employee retention rates. Companies that cultivate a supportive and
inclusive culture, where employees feel valued and respected, tend to
have higher retention rates. This can be achieved through effective
leadership, transparent communication, and opportunities for career
growth and development.
Additionally, providing work-life balance initiatives is essential in
retaining employees. Offering flexible work schedules, remote work
options, and wellness programs demonstrates that the company cares
about the well-being and satisfaction of its employees. When employees
can maintain a healthy balance between work and personal life, they are
more likely to remain loyal to the organization.
In contributing to the discussion, it is evident that while attracting new
talent is important, retaining existing employees is equally if not more
crucial for long-term organizational success. By focusing on competitive
compensation, a positive workplace culture, and work-life balance
initiatives, companies can foster an environment where employees are
motivated to stay and contribute positively to the company's growth and
stability.

Academic Writing 16
Your professor is teaching a class on education. Write a post responding to
the professor's question.
Doctor Diaz
This week, we'll look at practices and activities used by primary and
secondary school teachers. Let's begin by discussing journal writing
activities. Some teachers ask students to keep a journal and to regularly
write down their thoughts about a recent lesson or respond to a question
presented by the teacher. There are also many teachers who never assign
journal writing. Now, I'd like your opinion: Is journal writing a worthwhile
activity to support learning? Why or why not?

I think getting students into the habit of writing reflectively can be very
beneficial. Journal writing gives students an opportunity to develop their
own ideas about what they're learning whether it's for a math class or a
literature class. It could also give the teacher an informal way to gauge
how well students are comprehending the lessons.
40
I'm not convinced journal writing is worthwhile in classes. Teachers have a
lot of material to cover, and students have much to learn. Unless a student
is particularly interested in journal keeping, the student might view
journaling as just more busy work. For there to be a benefit, students
would need to take it seriously. I don't think all would.
Journal writing can significantly enhance learning by encouraging
students to reflect deeply on classes. It allows them to process and
internalize lessons in a personal way, fostering critical thinking and self-
awareness. Through journaling, students can clarify their thoughts and
feelings about what they've learned, which can lead to greater
understanding of the material.
Moreover, journal writing promotes language proficiency and
communication skills. By regularly expressing their thoughts and ideas in
writing, students improve their ability to articulate complex concepts and
develop a richer vocabulary. This practice not only enhances their
academic writing but also strengthens their overall communication
abilities, which are essential for success in both academic and professional
settings.
Additionally, journal writing supports emotional and psychological
development. It provides students with a private space to explore their
emotions, aspirations, and challenges related to their learning journey.
This reflective practice can build self-confidence and resilience, as
students learn to navigate their thoughts and feelings in a constructive
manner.
In conclusion, journal writing is indeed a valuable activity to support
learning. It fosters critical thinking, enhances language and
communication skills, and promotes emotional and psychological well-
being. Incorporating journaling into educational practices encourages
students to engage more deeply with their learning process and can have
long-lasting benefits beyond the classroom.

Academic Writing 17
Doctor Achebe
Next, we'll be discussing the future of higher education, focusing on
proposals for making postsecondary education (education after high
school) more efficient and more accessible. One such proposal is to make
class attendance optional. For instance, under an optional- attendance
policy, university students could choose not to attend classes but instead
study the course materials and acquire the knowledge on their own time.
Their grade would then be based entirely on exams or papers. What are
your thoughts on this approach?
I like the idea of optional attendance. University students have a lot going
on, and sometimes it's difficult to make it to class. As long as students are
held accountable for the information they're supposed to learn, I don't see
why they should have to attend every class session, especially for classes
that meet multiple times a week.
41
I have to disagree with Claire. I think that class attendance policies foster
another important kind of accountability. They teach discipline and
responsibility. Many of the jobs that university or trade school students will
pursue after graduation have their own attendance policies, so students
should see class attendance as good preparation for entering the
workforce.

The proposal to make class attendance optional in higher education is

intriguing and warrants careful consideration. Personally, I believe such a
policy could benefit self-motivated students who learn better through
independent study. For instance, students with disciplined study habits
may thrive without the constraints of rigid attendance requirements,
allowing them to manage their time more efficiently and delve deeper into
course materials at their own pace.
Furthermore, optional attendance could foster a more flexible learning
environment that accommodates diverse learning styles and personal
commitments. Some students may have external responsibilities or
schedules that make attending every class challenging. Allowing them to
access course materials independently could ensure they still receive a
quality education without compromising other obligations.
However, while optional attendance offers flexibility, it also carries
risks. Without regular attendance, students might miss out on valuable
interactions with professors and peers, which are crucial for collaborative
learning and personal development. Moreover, some courses may require
hands-on activities or discussions that cannot be fully replicated through
independent study alone, potentially limiting the depth of understanding
for students who choose not to attend.
In conclusion, while optional attendance has its merits in promoting
flexibility and autonomy in learning, careful implementation and
consideration of course-specific requirements are essential. It could be a
viable option for motivated and self-disciplined students but may not be
suitable for all courses or learning environments. Ultimately, striking a
balance between flexibility and ensuring comprehensive learning
experiences remains pivotal in shaping the future of higher education.

Academic Writing 18
Your professor is teaching a class on child development. Write a post
responding to the professor's question.
Doctor Diaz
We've been discussing ways that parents can help prepare their teenage
children for adulthood. One line of thinking is that parents should
encourage their teenagers to take part-time jobs to help them learn to be
responsible, even if it is not an economic necessity for the teenagers to
work. What are your thoughts on the issue? Should parents urge teenage
children to get a job? Why or why not?
Teenagers should work part-time. When I was 16, I washed dishes at a
restaurant, and I'm glad I did. I learned a lot about time management. I
42
had to use my free time wisely to make sure I could complete homework
despite spending time working at a job. This is a valuable life skill.
I would have to disagree. A teenager is still just a kid, and in my opinion, a
kid needs to focus on going to school and learning. A job would be an
unnecessary distraction. If it's all about learning responsibility, I think
there are a lot of other ways to do that without the commitment required
by a job.

Encouraging teenage children to take part-time jobs can be highly

beneficial for their development. Firstly, such experiences instill a sense of
responsibility and independence from an early age. By managing
schedules, fulfilling work duties, and earning income, teens learn
invaluable life skills that prepare them for adulthood. Secondly, working
allows teenagers to interact with diverse people and situations, fostering
social skills crucial for future professional and personal relationships.
Lastly, part-time jobs teach financial management, imparting the
importance of budgeting and saving from a young age.
In my view, parents should indeed encourage their teenage children to
pursue part-time jobs, provided it doesn't interfere with their academic
responsibilities. These jobs offer practical lessons that cannot be fully
grasped through classroom education alone. They teach the value of hard
work, punctuality, and perseverance in a real-world context, which are
indispensable qualities for success in any career. Moreover, earning their
own money can boost teenagers' confidence and self-esteem, empowering
them to make responsible decisions about their finances and future.
Overall, while urging teenagers to take part-time jobs is beneficial, it's
crucial for parents to strike a balance. They should ensure that work
commitments do not overwhelm academic pursuits or extracurricular
activities essential for holistic development. By supporting their children's
early entry into the workforce, parents can equip them with essential life
skills and instill a strong work ethic that will serve them well into
adulthood.

Academic Writing 19
Doctor Achebe
In our discussion on the importance of workplace mentoring, we learned
that mentoring (training or guiding someone) is typically associated with
senior employees—that is, workers who have been at a company for a
long time and mentor younger colleagues. However, at some companies,
especially those that use innovative technology, younger employees
sometimes train or guide senior colleagues. Do you think that it is a good
43
idea for companies to encourage younger employees to mentor senior
coworkers? Why or why not?
I support the idea of having younger employees mentor senior ones.
Technology is developing so rapidly these days, and young people are
much more skilled in dealing with technology than older employees are.
It's the ideal way for senior employees to learn new digital skills.
Claire makes a good point, but technology aside, I do not think that
younger employees make good mentors right away. When younger
employees join companies, they often lack the experience needed to be
fully effective in their roles. They should be mentored by senior coworkers
who have achieved a high level of expertise.
In the evolving landscape of workplace dynamics, the idea of younger
employees mentoring senior colleagues can be a beneficial practice.
Firstly, younger employees often bring fresh perspectives and proficiency
in new technologies or methodologies that can rejuvenate senior
colleagues' approaches. This interchange fosters a culture of mutual
learning and innovation within the organization.
Secondly, encouraging younger employees to mentor seniors
promotes a sense of empowerment and inclusivity. It acknowledges the
valuable contributions of younger generations and cultivates a supportive
environment where diverse skills and experiences are valued. This can
boost morale and engagement across all levels of the company.
However, there are considerations to weigh. Seniority often comes
with deep industry knowledge and wisdom accumulated over years of
experience. While younger employees may offer technical proficiency,
they may lack the nuanced insights and decision-making skills honed
through extensive tenure. Thus, a balanced approach that combines the
energy of youth with the wisdom of experience is crucial for effective
mentorship.
In conclusion, while it is indeed beneficial for companies to encourage
younger employees to mentor seniors, a thoughtful integration of both
perspectives is ideal. This approach not only enriches the learning
experience but also enhances organizational agility and adaptability in
today's rapidly changing business environment.

Academic Writing 20
Doctor Achebe
This week, we'll be discussing how technological advances are
transforming the job market, making some jobs unnecessary. Let's focus
on government actions. Suppose the government had to choose between
two ways in which to support people whose jobs are no longer needed. The
government could either give them enough money to live on until they
find new jobs or offer them free job training without giving them money
directly. Which of these two solutions do you think is better? Why?
44
I believe that the government should prioritize providing free job training
opportunities. Modern/free training programs are usually costly, which
means that many people will not be able to afford them without the
government's funding. By participating in training programs, people will
develop new, in- demand skills and become more competitive in the job
market.

Although I agree that having access to free training programs sounds

promising, I think the government's first step should be to give people
enough money to live on until they find new jobs. This money will go
directly into people's pockets and allow them to make their own choices
concerning their future.

In the evolving landscape of job markets/social media/technology

shaped by technological advancements, the question of government
support for displaced workers becomes crucial. Personally, I believe
providing free job training without direct financial aid is more beneficial.
Job training equips individuals with new skills, enhancing their
employability and long-term career prospects. This proactive approach
empowers individuals to adapt to changing job demands and contribute
meaningfully to the economy.
Moreover, offering job training aligns with fostering sustainable
employment solutions. By investing in skills development, the government
not only addresses immediate job loss but also promotes resilience against
future technological shifts. This strategic investment in human capital
enhances overall workforce competitiveness and economic stability,
benefiting society as a whole.
Furthermore, job training fosters personal growth and empowerment.
It enables individuals to pursue careers aligned with their interests and
strengths, thereby promoting job satisfaction and professional fulfillment.
This approach not only supports economic recovery but also nurtures a
skilled workforce capable of driving innovation and sustainable
development.
In conclusion, while financial support can provide temporary relief, free
job training offers a more sustainable and empowering solution to address
the challenges posed by technological disruption in the job market. It
equips individuals with the skills needed to secure meaningful
employment and thrive in a rapidly changing economic landscape.
Therefore, prioritizing investment in job training programs can effectively
mitigate the negative impacts of technological advances on employment
opportunities.

45
Academic Writing 21
Your professor is teaching a class on education. Write a post responding to
the professor's question.
Doctor Achebe
Teachers have to study for a long time to earn teaching degrees before
they are ready to work in the classroom. Some people feel that in addition
to earning a university degree, teachers should be required to take
courses every few years to update their knowledge. Do you agree that
there should be a mandate for teachers to take courses every few years,
so they know the latest developments in their fields? Why or why not?

I support this policy of making teachers continue to take courses

throughout their careers. This is especially important for science teachers
because new scientific discoveries are made all the time. Teachers need to
be aware of any new developments in their content areas so they can
update their lesson plans as needed to make sure students are getting
current information.

I think this mandate sounds good in theory, but it might be hard to

implement. Teachers already have very busy schedules, as they spend a
lot of time preparing lessons, teaching, and grading. Teachers also often
participate in different professional development opportunities, so taking
mandatory courses on top of all this work might be burdensome for many
teachers.

In today's dynamic educational landscape, I strongly advocate for

mandating periodic courses for teachers to update their knowledge.
Education is constantly evolving with new methodologies, technologies,
and research findings. Requiring teachers to refresh their skills ensures
they remain effective in the classroom, equipped with the latest strategies
to engage and educate students effectively.
Furthermore, ongoing professional development fosters a culture of
lifelong learning among educators. Teaching is not a static profession;
continuous learning enhances teaching quality and student outcomes.
Updated knowledge empowers teachers to adapt to diverse student needs
and incorporate innovative teaching techniques, ultimately enriching the
learning experience.
Moreover, regular courses can address gaps in initial training and
provide specialized knowledge that wasn't covered in undergraduate
programs. This targeted learning equips teachers with advanced tools and
strategies to tackle modern educational challenges, ensuring they stay
relevant and competent in their fields.
In conclusion, requiring teachers to undertake courses periodically is
essential for maintaining high standards of education. It supports
professional growth, enriches teaching practices, and ensures educators
are well-prepared to meet the evolving demands of 21st-century
46
classrooms. This commitment to ongoing learning ultimately benefits both
teachers and students alike, fostering a dynamic and effective educational
environment.

Academic Writing 22
Your professor is teaching a class on sociology. Write a post responding to
the professor's question.
Doctor Gupta
This week, we'll be looking into family dynamics. One common concern in
our field is that due to busy schedules, many families have limited time to
spend together, so connections within families may grow weaker over
time. Let's begin by discussing the following viewpoint: the best way for a
family to strengthen family bonds is to work on something together, for
example, cooking, gardening, or working on a craft project. Do you agree
or disagree with this viewpoint? Why?

I agree. Families feel more connected while working together rather than
while doing passive activities, such as watching TV. While working
together, family members have an opportunity to engage in an in-depth
discussion and share their thoughts and feelings. Working toward a
common goal, such as planting a garden, helps families create happy/
meaningful memories and feel a sense of accomplishment.

I don't think working together is the best way for every family to
strengthen family bonds because every family is different and even within
one family, it is difficult to find tasks that are interesting to everyone.
While working together, family members may disagree about how to best
accomplish tasks, which may result in an argument.
In today's fast-paced world, family time is indeed precious and often
limited. Personally, I strongly agree that engaging in activities together is
crucial for strengthening family bonds. When families work on projects
such as cooking, gardening, or crafting, they not only share tasks but also
create meaningful memories. These activities foster teamwork,
communication, and a sense of accomplishment, all of which deepen
emotional connections and build lasting bonds.
Furthermore, collaborative projects provide opportunities for learning
and growth within the family unit. Whether it's trying new recipes together
in the kitchen, planting a garden and witnessing its growth over time, or
crafting handmade items, these activities encourage creativity and
problem-solving skills. Such shared experiences not only strengthen
familial relationships but also instill important values such as patience and
cooperation among family members.
Moreover, working on activities together allows families to unplug from
digital distractions and focus on each other. In today's digital age, where
screens often dominate individual leisure time, collaborative projects
provide a refreshing change. They promote face-to-face interactions and
meaningful conversations, fostering a sense of closeness and
47
understanding among family members.
In conclusion, while busy schedules may limit family time, engaging in
activities together remains a powerful method to strengthen family bonds.
These shared experiences create cherished memories, promote valuable
skills and values, and encourage meaningful interactions that nurture
strong, resilient family relationships. Therefore, making time for joint
activities is essential for maintaining and enhancing familial connections in
today's hectic world.

Academic Writing 23
Your professor is teaching a class on film studies. Write a post responding
to the professor's question.
Dr. Diaz
This week we looked at how the cinema-the physical building where we
watch films-has evolved over the years. Now, I want you to consider this
question: with so many internet streaming services available for viewing
films at home, do you think cinemas will cease to exist in the future? Will a
time come when people stop going to cinemas entirely? Why or why not?

In my opinion, cinemas are here to stay. For thousands of years, people

have been sharing the collective experience of watching a show, whether
it was a live performance at a theater in ancient Greece or a recorded film
in a cinema in today's society. And they will continue to want that shared
viewing experience.

I agree that cinemas are becoming obsolete, but I don't think it's because
of technology. Many of the best films these days are being produced as
ten- or twelve-part miniseries, with much more focus on character
development. These productions are meant to be watched on television.
You don't need a big screen to enjoy them.

The future of cinemas amid the rise of internet streaming services

sparks a contentious debate. Personally, I believe cinemas will not cease
to exist entirely. Despite the convenience of home viewing, cinemas offer a
unique social experience. Watching a film on the big screen enhances
immersion and allows for communal enjoyment, which cannot be
replicated at home. This communal aspect, coupled with the allure of
superior audiovisual quality, ensures cinemas will endure.
Moreover, cinemas serve as cultural hubs and venues for premieres
and events. They provide a platform for filmmakers to showcase their work
in a grand setting, fostering appreciation for cinema as an art form. This
cultural significance and the desire for a cinematic experience beyond
home settings will sustain the existence of cinemas, albeit possibly in a
48
transformed role.
In addition, cinemas have adapted to challenges before, such as the
advent of television. They continue to innovate with technologies like IMAX
and 3D, offering viewers experiences that exceed what home theaters can
provide. These technological advancements, combined with strategic
adaptations in business models and content offerings, will likely enable
cinemas to coexist alongside streaming services, catering to different
preferences and occasions.
In conclusion, while the landscape of film consumption evolves with
technological advancements, cinemas will likely persist due to their unique
social experience, cultural importance, and technological innovations.
Their future may involve adaptation and diversification, but they are
unlikely to disappear entirely as they fulfill human needs for communal
entertainment and immersive viewing experiences.

Academic Writing 24
Your professor is teaching a class on sociology. Write a post responding to
the professor's question.
Doctor Achebe
Next week, we'll be discussing the role of museums in society, and we'll
explore the various contexts, social and otherwise, in which museums
operate. Today, I'd like you to think about the benefits of museums. For a
city and its residents, what do you think is the most significant advantage
of having a museum located in that city? Explain why you think so.

Museums can inspire people in many ways. If a city has a museum, people
have access to extraordinary experiences. Whether in a room with
sixteenth-century paintings or some moon rocks, being near fascinating
objects from the past transports people out of their everyday lives. It can
offer them a new perspective or a sense of possibility in their lives.

Andrew makes a good point, but personally, I see greater benefit in the
social aspect of museum-going. I think the biggest advantage of having a
museum nearby is that people can come together for events like
exhibitions and lectures or to volunteer. Museums foster a sense of
community in a city. They can unite people in a common appreciation of
something.

Museums play a pivotal role in enriching the cultural fabric of cities

worldwide. Personally, I believe the most significant advantage of having a
museum in a city is its educational value. Museums serve as repositories
of knowledge and history, offering visitors a tangible connection to art,
science, and heritage. Through curated exhibits and interactive displays,
museums educate the public about diverse subjects, fostering lifelong
learning and intellectual curiosity.
Moreover, museums contribute significantly to tourism and local
49
economy. Tourists are drawn to cities with renowned museums, boosting
hospitality and retail sectors. This influx of visitors not only generates
revenue but also enhances the city's global reputation as a cultural hub.
Thus, museums serve as economic catalysts, attracting investments and
fostering urban development.
In addition, museums promote social cohesion by providing communal
spaces for dialogue and reflection. They serve as meeting points where
people from different backgrounds can engage with shared cultural
experiences. This interaction fosters understanding and appreciation of
diversity, strengthening social bonds and promoting a sense of belonging
within the community.
In conclusion, while museums offer numerous benefits to cities and
their residents, their educational value stands out as the most significant
advantage. By imparting knowledge and preserving cultural heritage,
museums play a vital role in shaping informed and engaged societies.
They contribute to economic growth, promote social harmony, and enrich
the lives of individuals by offering unparalleled opportunities for learning
and exploration. Therefore, investing in museums ensures that cities thrive
culturally, economically, and socially in the modern world.

Academic Writing 25
I’m preparing for TOEFL academic discussion writing question. I’ll submit
the professor’s question to you, please write an essay based on the TOEFL
academic discussion writing rules. In your response, you should：
① at least express and support 5 most common and popular opinions and
each opinion is a paragraph containing 45-60 words ;
② make a contribution to the discussion in your own words;
Doctor Achebe
This week, we will be discussing leadership; more specifically, we will be
examining the various qualities found in all successful business leaders. To
get you thinking about this topic, I'd like you to consider the following
question: What is more important for being an effective leader of a
business excellent communication skills or a strong technical background
in a particular industry?
student1: The best leaders are the ones who are good communicators. If
employees clearly understand what is expected of them-if their leader can
articulate clearly and concisely what they need to do to achieve their
goals-they will be more productive and efficient in their work.
student 2: It doesn't matter how well a company's leader communicates if
they don't have a deep understanding of the business itself. Employees
aren't going to be motivated by a company president who gives a great
speech if it's evident that the president doesn't know what they do in their
day-to-day work.

50
 In the realm of effective business leadership, the debate often revolves
around whether excellent communication skills or a strong technical
background holds greater significance. Personally, I believe that while
technical expertise is crucial for understanding industry intricacies,
excellent communication skills are indispensable for effective leadership.
Clear and persuasive communication fosters a shared vision among team
members, ensuring alignment towards organizational goals. Moreover, it
facilitates efficient decision-making by gathering diverse insights and
ensuring all stakeholders are well-informed.
In addition, from my perspective, a strong technical background
certainly enhances credibility and competence in industry-specific matters.
However, without the ability to communicate these technical insights
effectively, leaders may struggle to inspire and motivate their teams.
Effective leaders not only understand their field but also convey their
knowledge in a way that resonates with and engages their audience. This
capability builds trust and encourages collaboration, which are essential
for achieving sustainable business success.
Furthermore, based on my experiences, excellent communication skills
empower leaders to navigate complex interpersonal dynamics within their
teams. They enable leaders to resolve conflicts diplomatically, foster a
positive work environment, and promote inclusivity. In today's diverse and
interconnected business landscape, these interpersonal skills are critical
for building strong relationships with employees, clients, and stakeholders
alike.
In conclusion, while a strong technical background provides a solid
foundation, excellent communication skills are paramount for effective
business leadership. They facilitate alignment of vision, enhance decision-
making processes, and foster positive interpersonal relationships.
Ultimately, leaders who prioritize and cultivate strong communication
abilities are better equipped to steer their organizations towards long-term
success and growth.

Academic Writing 26
Your professor is teaching a class on economics. Write a post responding to
the professor's question.
Doctor Gupta
This week, we'll study an issue that is often debated by economists. There
are many large industries that, while providing significant economic
benefits, engage in practices that result in environmental harm. Some
would argue that economic success should never come at the cost of
damage to the environment. Do you agree with this view? Why or why
not?

I can't say I agree. Everyone talks about protecting natural resources, but
51
 what about protecting humans? Humans need the ability to work and
provide for their families, and sometimes this means creating jobs through
industries that might contribute to pollution. Those industries can just be
monitored by environmental agencies. That's a win-win solution.

I see your point, Paul, but I don't think there are many industries that are
so essential for the economy that their impact on the environment can be
ignored or merely "monitored." Continual environmental damage will one
day lead to the extinction of species that are essentials to agriculture. That
will endanger our food chain.

 The debate surrounding economic success and its impact on the

environment is complex and multifaceted. Personally, I believe that
while economic prosperity is crucial for societal progress, it should not
be pursued at the expense of environmental degradation [ˌdeɡrəˈdeɪʃn]
Preserving the environment is essential for the well-being of current
and future generations. Sustainable practices can harmonize economic
growth with environmental stewardship, ensuring a balanced approach
that meets both present and future needs.
Furthermore, it's undeniable that industries play a pivotal role in
driving economic growth and generating employment opportunities.
However, unchecked industrial practices can lead to severe environmental
consequences such as pollution, deforestation, and habitat destruction. As
stewards of the planet, we have a responsibility to mitigate these impacts
through stringent regulations, technological innovations, and sustainable
business practices.
In addition, a forward-thinking approach that integrates environmental
considerations into economic policies and business strategies can foster
long-term prosperity. Investing in clean technologies, promoting renewable
energy sources, and adopting circular economy principles not only protect
natural resources but also stimulate innovation and competitiveness in
global markets.
In conclusion, while economic success is vital for societal
advancement, it should not be pursued in isolation from environmental
considerations. Striking a balance between economic development and
environmental protection is imperative for sustainable growth and the
well-being of both current and future generations. Embracing responsible
practices and policies can pave the way towards a resilient and prosperous
future for all.

Academic Writing 27
Your professor is teaching a class on transportation. Write a post
responding to the professor's question.
Doctor Diaz
52
Starting this week, we will discuss how public transportation is funded.
Public transportation gives people from all social groups access to their
homes, workplaces, and shopping. Some argue that public transportation
should be supported by tax revenue so that all people could have free
access to it. What do you think? Should public transportation be free to all?
Why or why not?

People already pay so much in taxes for things like schools, roads, and law
enforcement. I don't think that adding one more tax-especially when some
people don't even use public transportation-would be a good idea. People
need money for other essentials for their families.

Free public transportation would result in having fewer cars on the roads.
Also, it would mean cleaner air for the cities, and there are many health
conditions that could be improved with cleaner air. I think the savings in
health-care costs and less pollution would make it worth it.

Public transportation is a crucial component of urban infrastructure,

providing essential mobility for residents regardless of their economic
status. Personally, I believe that making public transportation free for all
would significantly benefit society. Firstly, it would reduce traffic
congestion by encouraging more people to choose buses and trains over
private vehicles, thereby easing environmental pressures and improving
air quality in cities.
Secondly, free public transportation promotes social equity by
ensuring that low-income individuals can access jobs and essential
services without financial barriers. This initiative would enhance overall
quality of life by making urban areas more accessible and sustainable for
everyone.
However, from a practical standpoint, implementing free public
transportation presents financial challenges. It requires substantial funding
from tax revenues, which may strain government budgets initially.
Moreover, without proper management and planning, increased demand
could overwhelm existing transit systems, leading to overcrowding and
service disruptions. Therefore, while the idea is appealing in principle,
careful consideration of funding sources and operational logistics is
essential to ensure its feasibility and long-term sustainability.
In conclusion, while the concept of free public transportation has
compelling advantages in terms of equity and environmental benefits, its
implementation must be approached cautiously. Balancing the societal
benefits with the financial and logistical challenges is crucial to achieving a
transportation system that is accessible, efficient, and sustainable for all
residents.

53
Academic Writing 28
Your professor is teaching a class on consumer behavior. Write a post
responding to the professor's question.
Doctor Diaz
This week, we will be looking at how consumers feel about their purchases
of technology. Many people find that buying devices such as mobile
phones or personal computers can be very difficult. They feel like they're
not prepared to make the best decision to suit their needs. In your posts, I
want you to discuss the following question: What do you believe is the
biggest mistake that people make when buying tech products? Explain
what this mistake is.

I think one problem is that people don't match the product's capabilities to
their actual needs. My brother just got a new mobile phone, and he is very
excited about how highly rated the camera is. But he hardly ever takes
photos. So he paid for a feature that he doesn't really need.

When people buy a new piece of hardware, like a laptop, they often don't
consider the software they are purchasing along with the hardware. If the
software is not what you are used to or doesn't work with your existing
files, it can be frustrating to learn a new way of using your laptop.

When purchasing tech products, one common mistake people make is

prioritizing brand reputation over personal needs. Many consumers are
swayed by popular brands or trends without considering whether the
features of the product align with their specific requirements. For instance,
buying a top-of-the-line smartphone known for its camera quality might
not be beneficial for someone who primarily uses their phone for business
emails.
Another significant error is overlooking product reviews and user
feedback. In the excitement of acquiring new technology, individuals often
skip thorough research on user experiences and expert reviews. This
oversight can lead to dissatisfaction when the product fails to perform as
expected or encounters common issues reported by other users.
Lastly, a critical mistake is not considering long-term usability and
compatibility. Some consumers focus solely on immediate functionalities
without contemplating future needs or how the device integrates with their
existing tech ecosystem. This oversight can result in difficulties when
trying to sync devices or upgrade software down the line.
In conclusion, the biggest mistake people make when buying tech
products is failing to prioritize personal needs over brand allure, neglecting
comprehensive research on user feedback, and overlooking long-term
usability and compatibility. By addressing these aspects thoughtfully,
consumers can make informed decisions that better suit their
54
technological requirements and preferences.
informed : having or showing knowledge of a subject or situation.

四象限 小类 相关单词/短语
效率
广度
Learn
成绩
压力
容易/放松
困难/高压
Life
友情
家庭
Health 有利
有害
求职
工资
Job
压力
晋升

55
56