ntfcvjhfcc
Uploaded by
a0968914595ntfcvjhfcc
Uploaded by
a096891459516 VECTOR CALCULUS
16.1 Vector Fields
1. F( ) = i + 1
2 j
All vectors in this field are identical with length
2 √
12 + 12 = 54 = 25 and parallel to 1 12 , or,
equivalently, h2 1i.
2. F( ) = 2 i − j
All vectors in this field are identical with length
√
22 + (−1)2 = 5 and parallel to h2 −1i.
3. F( ) = i + 12 j
The length of the vector i + 12 j is 1 + 14 2 . Vectors
along the line = 0 are horizontal with length 1.
4. F( ) = i + 12 j
The length of the vector i + 12 j is 2 + 14 2 .
Vectors point roughly away from the origin and vectors
farther from the origin are longer.
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
° 1611
1612 ¤ CHAPTER 16 VECTOR CALCULUS
5. F( ) = − 12 i + ( − ) j
The length of the vector − 12 i + ( − ) j is
1
4
+ ( − )2 . Vectors along the line = are
horizontal with length 12 .
6. F( ) = i + ( + ) j
The length of the vector i + ( + ) j is
2 + ( + )2 . Vectors along the axis are vertical,
and vectors along the line = − are horizontal with
length ||.
i + j
7. F( ) =
2 + 2
i +j
The length of the vector is
2 + 2
2 2
2 2
+ 2 = 1.
+ + 2
Vectors along the axis are vertical, and vectors along the axis are horizontal. In general, vectors in Q1 and QIII point away
from the origin, whereas vectors in QII and QIV point toward the origin.
i − j
8. F( ) =
2 + 2
All the vectors F( ) are unit vectors tangent to circles
centered at the origin with radius 2 + 2 .
9. F( ) = i
All vectors in this field are identical, with length 1 and
pointing in the direction of the positive axis.
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
SECTION 16.1 VECTOR FIELDS ¤ 1613
10. F( ) = i
At each point ( ), F( ) is a vector of length ||.
For 0, all point in the direction of the positive axis,
while for 0, all are in the direction of the negative
axis. In each plane = , all the vectors are identical.
11. F( ) = − i
At each point ( ), F( ) is a vector of length ||.
For 0, all point in the direction of the negative axis,
while for 0, all are in the direction of the positive
axis. In each plane = , all the vectors are identical.
12. F( ) = i + k
√
All vectors in this field have length 2 and point in the
same direction, parallel to the plane.
13. F( ) = h −i corresponds to graph IV. In the first quadrant all the vectors have positive components and negative
components, in the second quadrant all vectors have negative and components, in the third quadrant all vectors have
negative components and positive components, and in the fourth quadrant all vectors have positive and components.
In addition, the vectors get shorter as we approach the origin.
14. F( ) = h − i corresponds to graph V. All vectors in quadrants I and II have positive components while all vectors in
quadrants III and IV have negative components. In addition, vectors along the line = are horizontal, and vectors get
shorter as we approach the origin.
15. F( ) = h + 2i corresponds to graph I. As in Exercise 14, all vectors in quadrants I and II have positive components
while all vectors in quadrants III and IV have negative components. Vectors along the line = −2 are horizontal, and the
vectors are independent of (vectors along horizontal lines are identical).
16. F( ) = h 2i corresponds to graph VI. In the first quadrant all the vectors have positive and components. In the
second quadrant all vectors have positive components and negative components. In the third quadrant all vectors have
negative and components. In the fourth quadrant all vectors have negative components and positive components.
17. F( ) = hsin cos i corresponds to graph III. Both the and components oscillate in all four quadrants.
18. F( ) = hcos( + ) i corresponds to graph II. All vectors in quadrants I and IV have positive components while all
vectors in quadrants II and III have negative components. Also, the components of vectors along any vertical line remain
constant while the component oscillates.
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
1614 ¤ CHAPTER 16 VECTOR CALCULUS
19. F( ) = i + 2 j + 3 k corresponds to graph IV, since all vectors have identical length and direction.
20. F( ) = i + 2 j + k corresponds to graph I, since the horizontal vector components remain constant, but the vectors
above the plane point generally upward while the vectors below the plane point generally downward.
21. F( ) = i + j + 3 k corresponds to graph III; the projection of each vector onto the plane is i + j, which points
away from the origin, and the vectors point generally upward because their components are all 3.
22. F( ) = i + j + k corresponds to graph II; each vector F( ) has the same length and direction as the position
vector of the point ( ), and therefore, the vectors all point directly away from the origin.
23. F( ) = ( 2 − 2) i + (3 − 62 ) j.
The vector field seems to have very short vectors near the line = 2.
For F( ) = h0 0i, we must have 2 − 2 = 0 and 3 − 62 = 0.
The first equation holds if = 0 or = 2, and the second holds if
= 0 or = 2. So both equations hold [and thus F( ) = 0] along
the line = 2.
24. F(x) = (2 − 2) x, where x = h i and = |x|.
From the graph, it appears that all of the vectors in the field lie on lines
through the origin, and that the vectors have very small magnitudes near
the circle |x| = 2 and near the origin. Note that F(x) = 0 ⇔
( − 2) = 0 ⇔ = 0 or 2, so as we suspected, F(x) = 0 for
|x| = 2 and for |x| = 0. Note that where 2 − 0, the vectors point
towards the origin, and where 2 − 0, they point away from the
origin.
25. ( ) = sin() ⇒
∇( ) = ( ) i + ( ) j = ( cos() · ) i + [ · cos() + sin() · 1] j
= 2 cos() i + [ cos() + sin()] j
√
26. ( ) = 2 + 3 ⇒
1 3
∇ ( ) = ( ) i + ( ) j = 1
2
(2 + 3)−12 · 2 i + 12 (2 + 3)−12 · 3 j = √ i+ √ j
2 + 3 2 2 + 3
27. ( ) = 2 + 2 + 2 ⇒
∇( ) = ( ) i + ( ) j + ( ) k
= 12 (2 + 2 + 2 )−12 (2) i + 12 (2 + 2 + 2 )−12 (2) j + 12 (2 + 2 + 2 )−12 (2) k
= i+ j+ k
2 2
+ + 2 2 2
+ + 2 + 2 + 2
2
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
SECTION 16.1 VECTOR FIELDS ¤ 1615
28. ( ) = 2 ⇒
∇( ) = ( ) i + ( ) j + ( ) k
= 2 i + 2 · (1) + · 1 j + 2 (− 2 ) k
2 2
= 2 i + 2 + 1 j − 2 k
29. ( ) = 1
2
( − )2 ⇒
∇ ( ) = ( − )(1) i + ( − )(−1) j = ( − ) i + ( − ) j.
√
The length of ∇( ) is ( − )2 + ( − )2 = 2 | − |. The vectors
are 0 along the line = . Elsewhere, the vectors point away from the line
= with length that increases as the distance from the line increases.
30. ( ) = 1
2
(2 − 2 ) ⇒ ∇ ( ) = i − j.
The length of ∇( ) is 2 + 2 . The lengths of the vectors increase
as the distance from the origin increases, and the terminal point of each
vector lies on the axis.
31. ( ) = 2 + 2 ⇒ ∇ ( ) = 2 i + 2 j. Thus, each vector ∇ ( ) has the same direction and twice the length of
the position vector of the point ( ), so the vectors all point directly away from the origin and their lengths increase as we
move away from the origin. Hence, ∇ is graph III.
32. ( ) = ( + ) = 2 + ⇒ ∇ ( ) = (2 + ) i + j. The component of each vector is , so the vectors
point upward in quadrants I and IV and downward in quadrants II and III. Also, the component of each vector is 0 along the
line = −2 so the vectors are vertical there. Thus, ∇ is graph IV.
33. ( ) = ( + )2 ⇒ ∇ ( ) = 2( + ) i + 2( + ) j. The and components of each vector are equal, so all
vectors are parallel to the line = . The vectors are 0 along the line = − and their length increases as the distance from
this line increases. Thus, ∇ is graph II.
34. ( ) = sin 2 + 2 ⇒
∇ ( ) = cos 2 + 2 · 12 (2 + 2 )−12 (2) i + cos 2 + 2 · 12 (2 + 2 )−12 (2) j
cos 2 + 2 cos 2 + 2 cos 2 + 2
= i + j or ( i + j)
2 + 2 2 + 2 2 + 2
Thus, each vector is a scalar multiple of its position vector, so the vectors point toward or away from the origin with length that
changes in a periodic fashion as we move away from the origin. ∇ is graph I.
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
1616 ¤ CHAPTER 16 VECTOR CALCULUS
35. ( ) = ln(1 + 2 + 2 2 ). We graph
2 4
∇ ( ) = i+ j along with a contour map
1 + 2 + 2 2 1 + 2 + 2 2
of . The graph shows that the gradient vectors are perpendicular to the
level curves. Also, the gradient vectors point in the direction in which is
increasing and are longer where the level curves are closer together.
36. ( ) = cos − 2 sin .
We graph ∇ ( ) = − sin i − 2 cos j along with a contour map of .
The graph shows that the gradient vectors are perpendicular to the level
curves. Also, the gradient vectors point in the direction in which is
increasing and are longer where the level curves are closer together.
37. V( ) = 2 + 2 . At = 3, the particle is at (2 1) so its velocity is V(2 1) = h4 3i. After 001 units of time, the
particle’s change in location should be approximately 001 V(2 1) = 001 h4 3i = h004 003i, so the particle should be
approximately at the point (204 103).
38. F( ) = − 2 2 − 10 . At = 1, the particle is at (1 3) so its velocity is F(1 3) = h1 −1i. After 005 units of time,
the particle’s change in location should be approximately 005 F(1 3) = 005 h1 −1i = h005 −005i, so the particle should
be approximately at the point (105 295).
39. (a) We sketch the vector field F( ) = i − j along with several
approximate flow lines. The flow lines appear to be hyperbolas with
shape similar to the graph of = ±1, so we might guess that the
flow lines have equations = .
(b) If = () and = () are parametric equations of a flow line, then the velocity vector of the flow line at the
point ( ) is 0 () i + 0 () j. Since the velocity vectors coincide with the vectors in the vector field, we have
0 () i + 0 () j = i − j ⇒ = , = −. To solve these differential equations, we know
= ⇒ = ⇒ ln || = + ⇒ = ± + = for some constant , and
= − ⇒ = − ⇒ ln || = − + ⇒ = ±− + = − for some constant . Therefore,
= − = = constant. If the flow line passes through (1 1), then (1) (1) = constant = 1 ⇒ = 1 ⇒
= 1, 0.
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
SECTION 16.2 LINE INTEGRALS ¤ 1617
40. (a) We sketch the vector field F( ) = i + j along with several
approximate flow lines. The flow lines appear to be parabolas.
(b) If = () and = () are parametric equations of a flow line, then
the velocity vector of the flow line at the point ( ) is 0 () i + 0 () j.
Since the velocity vectors coincide with the vectors in the vector field,
we have 0 () i + 0 () j = i + j ⇒ = 1, = . Thus,
= = = .
1
(c) From part (b), = . Integrating, we have = 12 2 + . Since the particle starts at the origin, we know (0 0) is on
the curve, so 0 = 0 + ⇒ = 0 and the path the particle follows is = 12 2 .
16.2 Line Integrals
1. = 2 and = 2, 0 ≤ ≤ 3, so by Formula 3,
2 2
3 3 3
= 2 + = 2 (2)2 + (2)2 = 2 42 + 4
0 0 0
3 √ 3
= 0 4 2 + 1 = 2 · 23 (2 + 1)32 = 43 (1032 − 1)
0
2. = and = , 1 ≤ ≤ 2, so by Formula 3,
3 4
2 2 √ 2 √
() = (3 4 ) (32 )2 + (43 )2 = 1 (1) · 2 9 + 162 = 1 9 + 162
1
2 √
1
= 32 · 23 (9 + 162 )32 = 481
(7332 − 2532 ) or 48
1
(73 73 − 125)
1
3. Parametric equations for are = 4 cos , = 4 sin , − 2 ≤ ≤
2
. Then
2 2
4 = −2 (4 cos )(4 sin )4 (−4 sin )2 + (4 cos )2 = −2 45 cos sin4 16(sin2 + cos2 )
2 2
= 45 −2 (sin4 cos )(4) = (4)6 15 sin5 −2 = 46 · 25 = 16384
4. Parametric equations for are = 2 + 3, = 4, 0 ≤ ≤ 1. Then
1 √ 1
= 0
(2 + 3) 4 32 + 42 = 5 0 (2 + 3) 4
Integrating by parts with = 2 + 3 ⇒ = 3 , = 4 ⇒ = 14 4 gives
3 4 1
= 5 14 (2 + 3)4 − 16
0 = 5 54 4 − 3 4
16
− 1
2
+ 3
16
= 85 4
16
− 25
16
5. If we choose as the parameter, parametric equations for are = , = 2 for 0 ≤ ≤ and by Equations 7,
2
+ sin = 0 2 (2 ) + sin · 2 = 2 0 5 + sin
where we integrated by parts
= 2 16 6 − cos + sin 0
in the second term
= 2 16 6 + + 0 − 0 = 13 6 + 2
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
1618 ¤ CHAPTER 16 VECTOR CALCULUS
6. Choosing as the parameter, we have = 3 , = , −1 ≤ ≤ 1. Then
1 3 3
1
= −1
· 3 2 = = 1 − −1 = − 1 .
−1
7. = 1 + 2
On 1 : = , = 12 ⇒ = 1
2
, 0 ≤ ≤ 2.
On 2 : = , = 3 − ⇒ = −, 2 ≤ ≤ 3.
Then
( + 2) + 2 = 1
( + 2) + 2 + 2
( + 2) + 2
2 3
= 0
+ 2 12 + 2 12 + 2 + 2(3 − ) + 2 (−1)
2 3
= 0 2 + 12 2 + 2 6 − − 2
2 3
= 2 + 16 3 0 + 6 − 12 2 − 13 3 2 = 16
3
−0+ 9
2
− 22
3
= 5
2
8. = 1 + 2
On 1 : = 2 cos ⇒ = −2 sin ,
= 2 sin ⇒ = 2 cos , 0 ≤ ≤
2
.
On 2 : = − ⇒ = −,
= 2 − ⇒ = −, 0 ≤ ≤ 1.
Then
2 + 2 = 1
2 + 2 + 2
2 + 2
2 1
= 0
(2 cos )2 (−2 sin ) + (2 sin )2 (2 cos ) + 0 (−)2 (−) + (2 − )2 (−)
2 1
= 0 (−8 cos2 sin + 8 sin2 cos ) − 2 0 (2 − 2 + 2)
2 1
= 8 13 cos3 + 1
3
sin3 0 − 2 13 3 − 2 + 2 0 = 8 13 − 13 − 2 13 − 1 + 2 = − 83
9. = cos , = sin , = , 0 ≤ ≤ 2. Then by Formula 9,
2 2 2
2
2 = 0
(cos )2 (sin ) +
+
2 2
= 0
cos2 sin
(− sin )2 + (cos )2 + (1)2 = 0 cos2 sin sin2 + cos2 + 1
√ 2 √ 2 √ √
= 2 0 cos2 sin = 2 − 13 cos3 0 = 2 0 + 13 = 32
10. Parametric equations for the line segment from (3 1 2) to (1 2 5) are = 3 − 2, = 1 + , = 2 + 3, 0 ≤ ≤ 1.
Then by Formula 9,
1 √ 1
2 = (1 + )2 (2 + 3) (−2)2 + 12 + 32 = 14 0 (33 + 82 + 7 + 2)
0
√ 1 √ √
= 14 34 4 + 83 3 + 72 2 + 2 0 = 14 34 + 83 + 72 + 2 = 107
12 14
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
SECTION 16.2 LINE INTEGRALS ¤ 1619
11. Parametric equations for the line segment from (0 0 0) to (1 2 3) are = , = 2, = 3, 0 ≤ ≤ 1. Then by
1 √ √ 1 2 √ 1 62 1 √
Formula 9,
= 0
(2)(3) 12 + 22 + 32 = 14 0 6 = 14 12 = 14
12
(6 − 1).
0
12. : = , = cos 2, = sin 2, 0 ≤ ≤ 2.
√
()2 + ()2 + ()2 = 12 + (−2 sin 2)2 + (2 cos 2)2 = 1 + 4(sin2 2 + cos2 2) = 5.
Then by Formula 9,
2 √ √ 2
(2 + 2 + 2 ) = (2 + cos2 2 + sin2 2) 5 = 5 0 (2 + 1)
0
√ 2 √ √
= 5 13 3 + 0 = 5 13 (83 ) + 2 = 5 83 3 + 2
13. : = , = 2 , = 3 , 0 ≤ ≤ 1.
1 2 )(3 ) 1 5
1
2 5
= 0
()(2 )( · 2 = 0
24 = 5 = 25 (1 − 0 ) = 25 ( − 1)
0
14. : = , = 2, = ln , 1 ≤ ≤ 2.
2 2
+ ln − = 1
2ln
+ ln · 2 − 2 =
1
1
2 + 2 − 2
2 2
= 1 2 = 2 1 = 4 − 1 = 3
15. : = sin , = cos , = tan , −4 ≤ ≤ 4.
4
+ + 2 = −4
(tan )(cos ) + (sin )(cos )(− sin ) + (cos2 )(sec2 )
4 4
= (sin − sin2 cos + 1) = − cos − 13 sin3 + −4
−4
√ √ 3 √ √ 3 √
2 1 2 2 1 2 2
= − − + − − − − − = −
2 3 2 4 2 3 2 4 2 6
√
16. : = , = , = 2 , 1 ≤ ≤ 4.
4 √ 4
+ + = 1 · 12 −12 + 2 · + · 2 = 1 12 12 + 2 + 232
4
1 32
= 3 + 13 3 + 45 52 = 8
3 + 64
3 + 128
5 − 1
3 − 1
3 − 4
5 = 722
15
1
17. Parametric equations for the line segment from (1 0 0) to (4 1 2) are = 1 + 3, = , = 2, 0 ≤ ≤ 1. Then
1 1 2
2 + 2 + 2 = (2)2 · 3 + (1 + 3)2 + 2 · 2 =
0 0
23 + 6 + 1
3 1
= 23
3
+ 32 + 0 = 23 3
+ 3 + 1 = 35 3
18. = 1 + 2
On 1 from (0 0 0) to (1 0 1): = ⇒ = ,
= 0 ⇒ = 0 ,
= ⇒ = , 0 ≤ ≤ 1.
On 2 from (1 0 1) to (0 1 2): = 1 − ⇒ = −,
= ⇒ = ,
= 1 + ⇒ = , 0 ≤ ≤ 1. [continued]
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
1620 ¤ CHAPTER 16 VECTOR CALCULUS
Then
( + ) + ( + ) + ( + )
= 1 ( + ) + ( + ) + ( + ) + 2 ( + ) + ( + ) + ( + )
1 1
= 0
(0 + ) + ( + ) · 0 + ( + 0) + 0
( + 1 + )(−) + (1 − + 1 + ) + (1 − + )
1 1 1 1
= 0
2 + 0 (−2 + 2) = 2 0 + −2 + 2 0 = 1 + 1 = 2
19. (a) Along the line = −3, the vectors of F have positive components, so since the path goes upward, the integrand F · T is
always positive. Therefore, 1
F · r = 1
F · T is positive.
(b) All of the (nonzero) field vectors along the circle with radius 3 are pointed in the clockwise direction, that is, opposite the
direction to the path. So F · T is negative; therefore 2 F · r = 2 F · T is negative.
20. Vectors starting on 1 point in roughly the same direction as 1 , so the tangential component F · T is positive. Then
1
F · r = 1
F · T is positive. On the other hand, no vectors starting on 2 point in the same direction as 2 , while
some vectors point in roughly the opposite direction, so we would expect 2
F · r = 2
F · T to be negative.
21. F( ) = 2 i − 2 j and r() = 3 i + 2 j, 0 ≤ ≤ 1 ⇒
F(r()) = (3 )(2 )2 i − (3 )2 j = 7 i − 6 j and r0 () = 32 i + 2 j. Then
1 1 1 1
F · r = 0
F(r()) · r0 () = 0
(7 · 32 − 6 · 2) = 0
(39 − 27 ) = 3 10
10 − 14 8 0
= 3
10 − 1
4 = 20 .
1
22. F( ) = ( + 2 ) i + j + ( + ) k and r() = 2 i + 3 j − 2 k, 0 ≤ ≤ 2 ⇒
2
F(r()) = + (3 )2 i + (2 )(−2) j + (3 − 2) k = (2 + 6 ) i − 23 j + (3 − 2) k and r0 () = 2 i + 32 j − 2 k.
Then
2 2 2
F · r = F(r()) · r0 () = 0 (23 + 27 − 65 − 23 + 4) = 0 (27 − 65 + 4)
0
2
= 14 8 − 6 + 22 0 = 64 − 64 + 8 = 8
23. F( ) = sin i + cos j + k and r() = 3 i − 2 j + k, 0 ≤ ≤ 1 ⇒
F(r()) = sin 3 i + cos(−2 ) j + 3 · k and r0 () = 32 i − 2 j + 1 k. Then
1 1
F · r = 0
F(r()) · r0 () = 0
(32 sin 3 − 2 cos 2 + 4 )
1
= − cos 3 − sin 2 + 15 5 0 = 6
5
− cos 1 − sin 1
24. F( ) = i + 3 j + k and r() = i + 2 j + − k, −1 ≤ ≤ 1 ⇒
F(r()) = − i + (− )3 j + 2 k = i + −3 j + 2 k and r0 () = i + 22 j − − k. Then
1 1
F · r = −1
F(r()) · r0 () = −1
1 · + −3 · 22 − 2 −
1 1
= −1
2− = −2 − −1 = −2(−1 − )
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
SECTION 16.2 LINE INTEGRALS ¤ 1621
25. F(r()) = sin2 + sin cos i + (sin cos ) sin2 j = sin2 + sin cos i + cot j,
r0 () = 2 sin cos i + (cos2 − sin2 ) j. Then
3
F · r = F(r()) · r0 ()
6
3
= 6 2 sin cos sin2 + sin cos + (cot )(cos2 − sin2 ) ≈ 05424
26. F(r()) = (cos tan )sin i + (tan sin )cos j + (sin cos )tan k
= (sin )sin i + (tan sin )cos j + (sin cos )tan k,
r0 () = cos i − sin j + sec2 k. Then
4
F · r = 0
F(r()) · r0 ()
4
= 0
(sin cos )sin − (tan sin2 )cos + (tan )tan ≈ 08527
√
27. = 2 , = 3 , = so by Formula 9,
2 √ √ 2
arctan = 1
(2 )(3 ) arctan · (2)2 + (32 )2 + 1(2 )
2 √
= 1
5 42 + 94 + 1(4) arctan ≈ 948231
28. = 1 + 3, = 2 + 2 , = 4 so by Formula 9,
1
ln( + ) = −1
4 ln(1 + 3 + 2 + 2 ) · (3)2 + (2)2 + (43 )2
1 √
= −1
4 9 + 42 + 166 ln(3 + 3 + 2 ) ≈ 17260
29. We graph F( ) = ( − ) i + j and the curve . We see that most of the vectors starting on point in roughly the same
direction as , so for these portions of the tangential component F · T is positive. Although some vectors in the third
quadrant which start on point in roughly the opposite direction, and hence give negative tangential components, it seems
reasonable that the effect of these portions of is outweighed by the positive tangential components. Thus, we would expect
F · r = F · T to be positive.
To verify, we evaluate
F · r. The curve can be represented by r() = 2 cos i + 2 sin j, 0 ≤ ≤ 3
2
,
so F(r()) = (2 cos − 2 sin ) i + 4 cos sin j and r0 () = −2 sin i + 2 cos j. Then
32
F · r = 0
F(r()) · r0 ()
32
= 0
[−2 sin (2 cos − 2 sin ) + 2 cos (4 cos sin )]
32
=4 0
(sin2 − sin cos + 2 sin cos2 )
= 3 + 2
3
[using a CAS]
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
1622 ¤ CHAPTER 16 VECTOR CALCULUS
30. We graph F( ) = i+ j and the curve . In the
2 + 2 + 2
2
first quadrant, each vector starting on points in roughly the same direction
as , so the tangential component F · T is positive. In the second quadrant,
each vector starting on points in roughly the direction opposite to , so
F · T is negative. Here, it appears that the tangential components in the first
and second quadrants counteract each other, so it seems reasonable to guess
that F · r = F · T is zero. To verify, we evaluate F · r. The curve can be represented by
1 + 2
r() = i + (1 + 2 ) j, −1 ≤ ≤ 1, so F(r()) = i+ j and r0 () = i + 2 j. Then
2 2 2 2 2 2
+ (1 + ) + (1 + )
1 1
2(1 + 2 )
F · r = 0
F(r()) · r () = +
−1
−1 2 + (1 + 2 )2 2 + (1 + 2 )2
1
(3 + 22 )
√ = = 0 [since the integrand is an odd function]
−1 4 + 32 + 1
1 2 1 2
2 1
31. (a) F · r = 0 −1 (2 )(3 ) · 2 32 = 0 2 −1 + 37 = −1 + 38 8 = 11
8
− 1
0
(b) r(0) = 0, F(r(0)) = −1 0 ;
r √12 = 12 2√
1
2
, F r √1
2
= −12
1
√
4 2
;
r(1) = h1 1i, F(r(1)) = h1 1i.
In order to generate the graph with Maple, we use the line command in
the plottools package to define each of the vectors. For example,
v1:=line([0,0],[exp(-1),0]):
generates the vector from the vector field at the point (0 0) (but without an arrowhead) and gives it the name v1. To show
everything on the same screen, we use the display command. In Mathematica, we use ListPlot (with the
PlotJoined - True option) to generate the vectors, and then Show to show everything on the same screen.
1 1 1
32. (a)
F · r = −1
2 2 3 · h2 3 −2i = −1 (4 + 32 − 62 ) = 22 − 3 −1 = −2
(b) Now F(r()) = 2 2 3 , so F(r(−1)) = h−2 1 −3i, F r − 12 = −1 14 − 32 , F r 12 = 1 14 32 ,
and F(r(1)) = h2 1 3i.
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
SECTION 16.2 LINE INTEGRALS ¤ 1623
33. = − cos 4, = − sin 4, = − , 0 ≤ ≤ 2 .
Then = − (− sin 4)(4) − − cos 4 = −− (4 sin 4 + cos 4),
= − (cos 4)(4) − − sin 4 = −− (−4 cos 4 + sin 4), and = −− , so
2 2
2
+ + = (−− )2 [(4 sin 4 + cos 4)2 + (−4 cos 4 + sin 4)2 + 1]
√
= − 16(sin2 4 + cos2 4) + sin2 4 + cos2 4 + 1 = 3 2 −
2 √
So by Formula 9, 3 2 = (− cos 4)3 (− sin 4)2 (− ) (3 2 − )
0
2 √ √
= 0 3 2 −7 cos3 4 sin2 4 = 5,632,705
172,704
2 (1 − −14 )
34. (a) We parametrize the circle as r() = 2 cos i + 2 sin j, 0 ≤ ≤ 2. So F(r()) = 4 cos2 4 cos sin ,
2
r0 () = h−2 sin 2 cos i, and =
F · r = 0
(−8 cos2 sin + 8 cos2 sin ) = 0.
(b) From the graph, we see that all of the vectors in the field are
perpendicular to the path. This indicates that the field does no work
on the particle, since the field never pulls the particle in the direction
in which it is going. In other words, at any point along , F · T = 0,
and so certainly F · r = 0 .
35. We use the parametrization = 2 cos , = 2 sin , − 2 ≤ ≤ 2.
Then
2 2
2
=
+
= (−2 sin )2 + (2 cos )2 = 2 , so = = 2 −2 = 2(),
2 2 2
= 1
2
= 1
2 −2
(2 cos )2 = 1
2
4 sin −2 = 4
, = 1
2
= 1
2 −2
(2 sin )2 = 0.
4
Hence ( ) =
0 .
36. We use the parametrization = cos , = sin , 0 ≤ ≤
2
. Then
2
2
=
+
= (− sin )2 + ( cos )2 = , so
2 2 1 2
=
( ) =
= 0
( cos )( sin ) = 3 0
cos sin = 3 2
sin2 0 = 12 3 ,
2 2
1 2 2 2 4
= () = ( cos ) ( sin ) = · cos2 sin
3 2 3 0 3 0
2
= 2 − 13 cos3 0 = 2 0 + 13 = 23 , and
2 2
1 2 2 2 4
= () = ( cos )( sin ) = · sin2 cos
3 2 3 0 3 0
2
= 2 13 sin3 0 = 2 13 − 0 = 23 .
2
Therefore, the mass is 12 3 and the center of mass is ( ) = 2
3 3 .
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
1624 ¤ CHAPTER 16 VECTOR CALCULUS
1 1 1
37. (a) = ( ) , = ( ) , = ( ) , where =
( ) .
2 2 √
2
(b) =
+
+
= (2 cos )2 + (−2 sin )2 + 32 = 4(cos2 + sin2 ) + 9 = 13 .
2 √ √ 2 √
=
= 0
13 = 13 0 = 2 13,
2 √
1 1
= ( ) = √ 2 13 sin = 0,
2 13 0
2 √
1 1
= ( ) = √ 2 13 cos = 0,
2 13 0
√
1 1 2
3 2
= ( ) = √ 13 (3) = 2 = 3. Hence, ( ) = (0 0 3).
2 13 0 2
2
38. = (2 + 2 + 2 ) = 0 (2 + cos2 + sin2 ) (1)2 + (− sin )2 + (cos )2
2 √ √ 2 √
= 0 (2 + 1) 2 = 2 13 3 + 0 = 2 83 3 + 2 ,
√ 3
1 2
1 1 4 1 2 2 44 + 22 3(2)
= √ 8 2 ( + ) = 8 3 + = 8 3 ·
2 3 3 + 2 0 3
+ 2 4 2 0
3
+ 2 3(2)
3 2 2 + 1
= ,
42 + 3
2 √
1
= √ 8 2 cos (2 + 1) = 0, and
2 3 3 + 2 0
2 √
1 3(2 2 + 1)
= √ 8 2 sin (2 + 1) = 0. Hence, ( ) = 0 0 .
2 3 3 + 2 0 4 2 + 3
39. From Example 3, ( ) = (1 − ), = cos , = sin , and = , 0 ≤ ≤ ⇒
=
2 ( ) = 0
sin2 [(1 − sin )] = 0
(sin2 − sin3 )
1
2 Let = cos , = − sin
= 2 (1 − cos 2) − (1 − cos ) sin
0 0 in the second integral
−1
=
2
+ 1 (1 − 2 ) = 2 − 43
= 2 ( ) = 0 cos2 (1 − sin ) = 2 0 (1 + cos 2) − 0 cos2 sin
= 2 − 23 , using the same substitution as above.
40. The wire is given as = 2 sin , = 2 cos , = 3, 0 ≤ ≤ 2 with ( ) = . Then
√
= (2 cos )2 + (−2 sin )2 + 32 = 4(cos2 + sin2 ) + 9 = 13 and
2 √ √ 2
= ( 2 + 2 )( ) = 0 (4 cos2 + 92 )() 13 = 13 4 12 +
1
4 sin 2 + 33 0
√ √
= 13 (4 + 243 ) = 4 13 (1 + 62 )
[continued]
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
SECTION 16.2 LINE INTEGRALS ¤ 1625
2 √ √ 2
= (2 + 2 )( ) = 0 4 sin2 + 92 () 13 = 13 4 12 −
1
4 sin 2 + 33 0
√ √
= 13 (4 + 243 ) = 4 13 (1 + 62 )
2 √ √ 2 √
=
(2 + 2 )( ) = 0
(4 sin2 + 4 cos2 )() 13 = 4 13 0 = 8 13
2
41. =
F · r = 0
h − sin (1 − cos ) + 2i · h1 − cos sin i
2
= 0
( − cos − sin + sin cos + 3 sin − sin cos )
2 1 2
2 integrate by parts
= ( − cos + 2 sin ) = 2 − ( sin + cos ) − 2 cos 0
0 in the second term
= 22
42. Choosing as the parameter, the curve is parametrized by = 2 + 1, = , 0 ≤ ≤ 1. Then
1 2 2 2
1 2 2
=
+ 1 +1 · h2 1i = 0 2 2 + 1 + +1
F · r =
0
3 2
1
= 13 2 + 1 + 12 +1 = 83 + 12 2 − 13 − 12 = 12 2 − 12 + 73
0
43. r() = h2 1 − i, 0 ≤ ≤ 1.
1
=
F · r =
0
2 − 2 − (1 − )2 1 − − (2)2 · h2 1 −1i
1 1 1
= 0 (4 − 22 + − 1 + 2 − 2 − 1 + + 42 ) = 0 (2 + 8 − 2) = 13 3 + 42 − 2 0 = 7
3
44. r() = 2 i + j + 5 k, 0 ≤ ≤ 1. Therefore,
1
1
h2 5i 1
26 2 −12
=
F · r = · h0 1 5i = = −(4 + 26 ) = 1
2
− √1 .
0 (4 + 262 )32 0 (4 + 262 )32 0 30
45. (a) r() = 2 i + 3 j ⇒ v() = r0 () = 2 i + 32 j ⇒ a() = v0 () = 2 i + 6 j, and force is mass times
acceleration: F() = a() = 2 i + 6 j, 0 ≤ ≤ 1.
1 1
(b) =
(2 i + 6 j) · (2 i + 32 j) =
F · r = 0 0
(42 + 182 3 )
1
= 22 2 + 92 2 4 0 = 22 + 92 2
46. r() = sin i + cos j + k ⇒ v() = r0 () = cos i − sin j + k ⇒ a() = v0 () = − sin i − cos j
and F() = a() = − sin i − cos j. Thus,
2
=
F · r = 0
(− sin i − cos j) · ( cos i − sin j + k)
2 1 2
= 0
(−2 sin cos + 2 sin cos ) = (2 − 2 ) 2 sin2 0 = 12 (2 − 2 )
47. The combined weight of the man and the paint is 83.5 kg, so the force exerted (equal and opposite to that exerted by gravity) is
F = 83.5 k. To parametrize the staircase, let = 6cos , = 6 sin , = 27
6
= 9
2 , 0 ≤ ≤ 6. Then the work done
is
6 9
6 9
=
F · r = 0
h0 0 83.5i · −6sin 6cos 2 = (83.5)29 0
= (835) 2 (6) ≈ 2255 m kg
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
1626 ¤ CHAPTER 16 VECTOR CALCULUS
48. This time is a function of : = 83.5 − 6
4
= 83.5 − 32 . So let F = 83.5 − 2
3 k. To parametrize the staircase,
let = 6 cos , = 6 sin , = 6 27
= 29 , 0 ≤ ≤ 6. Therefore,
6 6
= F · r = 0 0 0 83.5 − 32 · −6sin 6cos 9
2
= 9
2 0
83.5 − 32
6
= 29 83.5 − 31 2 0 ≈ 2201 mkg
49. (a) r() = hcos sin i, 0 ≤ ≤ 2, and let F = h i. Then
2 2 2
=
F · r = 0
h i · h− sin cos i = 0
(− sin + cos ) = cos + sin 0
=+0−+0=0
(b) Yes. F ( ) = x = h i and
2 2 2
= F · r = 0 h cos sin i · h− sin cos i = 0 (− sin cos + sin cos ) = 0 0 = 0.
50. Consider the base of the fence in the plane, centered at the origin, with the height given by
= ( ) = 4 + 001(2 − 2 ). To graph the fence, observe that the fence is highest when = 0 (where the height is 5 m)
and lowest when = 0 (a height of 3 m). When = ±, the height is 4 m.
Also, the fence can be graphed using parametric equations (see Section 16.6): = 10 cos , = 10 sin ,
= 4 + 001((10 cos )2 − (10 sin )2 ) = (4 + cos2 − sin2 )
= (4 + cos 2), 0 ≤ ≤ 2, 0 ≤ ≤ 1.
The surface area of one side of the fence is
( ) , where the base of the fence is given by
= 10 cos , = 10 sin , 0 ≤ ≤ 2. Then
2
( ) = 0
4 + 001((10 cos )2 − (10 sin )2 ) (−10 sin )2 + (10 cos )2
2 √ 2
= 0 (4 + cos 2) 100 = 10 4 + 12 sin 2 0 = 10(8) = 80 m2
If we paint both sides of the fence, the total surface area to cover is 160 m2 , and since 1 L of paint covers 100 m2 , we require
160
100 = 16 ≈ 503 L of paint.
51. Let r() = h() () ()i and v = h1 2 3 i. Then
v · r = h1 2 3 i · h0 () 0 () 0 ()i = [1 0 () + 2 0 () + 3 0 ()]
= 1 () + 2 () + 3 () = [1 () + 2 () + 3 ()] − [1 () + 2 () + 3 ()]
= 1 [() − ()] + 2 [() − ()] + 3 [() − ()]
= h1 2 3 i · h() − () () − () () − ()i
= h1 2 3 i · [h() () ()i − h() () ()i] = v · [r() − r()]
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
SECTION 16.3 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM FOR LINE INTEGRALS ¤ 1627
52. If r() = h() () ()i then
r · r =
h() () ()i · h0 () 0 () 0 ()i = [() 0 () + () 0 () + () 0 ()]
= 12 [()]2 + 12 [()]2 + 12 [()]2
= 12 [()]2 + [()]2 + [()]2 − [()]2 + [()]2 + [()]2
= 12 |r()|2 − |r()|2
53. The work done in moving the object is
F · r =
F · T . We can approximate this integral by dividing into
7 segments of equal length ∆ = 2 and approximating F · T, that is, the tangential component of force, at a point (∗ ∗ ) on
each segment. Since is composed of straight line segments, F · T is the scalar projection of each force vector onto .
If we choose (∗ ∗ ) to be the point on the segment closest to the origin, then the work done is
7
F · T ≈ [F(∗ ∗ ) · T(∗ ∗ )] ∆ = [2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 1](2) = 22
=1
Thus, we estimate the work done to be approximately 22 J.
54. Use the orientation pictured in the figure. Then since B is tangent to any circle that lies in the plane perpendicular to the wire,
B = |B| T where T is the unit tangent to the circle : = cos , = sin . Thus, B = |B| h− sin cos i. Then
2 2
B · r = 0 |B| h− sin cos i · h− sin cos i = 0 |B| = 2 |B|. (Note that |B| here is the magnitude
of the field at a distance from the wire’s center.) But by Ampere’s Law, B · r = 0 . Hence |B| = 0 (2).
16.3 The Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
1. appears to be a smooth curve, and since ∇ is continuous, we know is differentiable. Then Theorem 2 says that the value
of
∇ · r is simply the difference of the values of at the terminal and initial points of . From the graph, this is
50 − 10 = 40.
2. is represented by the vector function r() = (2 + 1) i + (3 + ) j, 0 ≤ ≤ 1, so r0 () = 2 i + (32 + 1) j. Since
32 + 1 6= 0, we have r0 () 6= 0, thus is a smooth curve. ∇ is continuous, and hence is differentiable, so by Theorem 2
we have ∇ · r = (r(1)) − (r(0)) = (2 2) − (1 0) = 9 − 3 = 6.
3. Let ( ) = + 2 and ( ) = 2 + 2. Then = + 2 and = 2 + 2. Since 6= ,
F( ) = i + j is not conservative by Theorem 5.
4. ( 2 − 2) = 2 = (2) and the domain of F is 2 which is open and simplyconnected, so F is conservative by
Theorem 6. Thus, there exists a function such that ∇ = F, that is, ( ) = 2 − 2 and ( ) = 2. But
( ) = 2 − 2 implies ( ) = 2 − 2 + () and differentiating both sides of this equation with respect to gives
( ) = 2 + 0 (). Thus, 2 = 2 + 0() so 0() = 0 and () = where is a constant. Hence
( ) = 2 − 2 + is a potential function for F.
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
You might also like
- Divergence and Curl: Intermediate MathematicsNo ratings yetDivergence and Curl: Intermediate Mathematics29 pages
- Divergence and Curl: Intermediate MathematicsNo ratings yetDivergence and Curl: Intermediate Mathematics29 pages
- Chapter 1, Part 2: Vector Analysis: 2x X +X 2x X +X 2 X X 1 2No ratings yetChapter 1, Part 2: Vector Analysis: 2x X +X 2x X +X 2 X X 1 25 pages
- Foundations of Vector Calculus CompleteNo ratings yetFoundations of Vector Calculus Complete18 pages
- Math54ExercisesExam3Lec1 (R3IntroVectors)No ratings yetMath54ExercisesExam3Lec1 (R3IntroVectors)1 page
- CP2K - Quickstep, Efficient and Accurate Electronic Structure CalculationsNo ratings yetCP2K - Quickstep, Efficient and Accurate Electronic Structure Calculations48 pages
- Lecture 1.5 - Week 3 Wednesday - Kinetics Work EnergyNo ratings yetLecture 1.5 - Week 3 Wednesday - Kinetics Work Energy37 pages
- PDF The Painlevé Handbook 1st Edition Robert Conte download100% (2)PDF The Painlevé Handbook 1st Edition Robert Conte download72 pages
- To Estimate The Charge Induced On Each One of The Two Identical Styrofoam (Or Pith)No ratings yetTo Estimate The Charge Induced On Each One of The Two Identical Styrofoam (Or Pith)7 pages
- Modulus-Suction-Moisture Relationship For Compacted Soils in Postcompaction StateNo ratings yetModulus-Suction-Moisture Relationship For Compacted Soils in Postcompaction State14 pages
- Utilizing Electron Beams and Orgonite in Radionics - Amplifying Energy and Precision in Metaphysical OperationsNo ratings yetUtilizing Electron Beams and Orgonite in Radionics - Amplifying Energy and Precision in Metaphysical Operations4 pages
- Chiral Magnetic Order at Surfaces Driven by InversionNo ratings yetChiral Magnetic Order at Surfaces Driven by Inversion4 pages
- Material Science in Engineering - Dr. K. M. Gupta0% (3)Material Science in Engineering - Dr. K. M. Gupta72 pages
- Mark Richard Dennis - Topological Singularities in Wave FieldsNo ratings yetMark Richard Dennis - Topological Singularities in Wave Fields246 pages
- Basics of Thermal Field Theory: A Tutorial On Perturbative ComputationsNo ratings yetBasics of Thermal Field Theory: A Tutorial On Perturbative Computations237 pages
- Duality Between (2 + 1) D Quantum Critical PointsNo ratings yetDuality Between (2 + 1) D Quantum Critical Points55 pages
- 4 The Shape of Molecules: (A) Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion TheoryNo ratings yet4 The Shape of Molecules: (A) Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory14 pages
- B. Sc. Examination by Course Unit 2011: Duration: 2 Hours Date and Time: 3rd May 2011, 10:00 AmNo ratings yetB. Sc. Examination by Course Unit 2011: Duration: 2 Hours Date and Time: 3rd May 2011, 10:00 Am6 pages
- CBSE - Magnetic Effects of Electric CurrentNo ratings yetCBSE - Magnetic Effects of Electric Current5 pages
