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WTW 134 Study Guide 2023

Chemistry (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg)

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University of Pretoria
Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics
MATHEMATICS - WTW 134

Contents
1 COURSE INFORMATION 3
1.1 ADMITTANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 STAFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 TEXTBOOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 ANNOUNCEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 ATTENDANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.6 CALCULATORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.7 CONSULTING HOURS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.8 CONTACT TIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.9 PRACTICAL CLASS ALLOCATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.10 PRACTICAL CLASSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.11 STUDY HOURS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.12 EMAILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.13 THE WTW 134 SCHEDULE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.14 CONDUCT DURING CONTACT TIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2 ASSESSMENT 7
2.1 SOLUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 INSTRUCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 SEMESTER TESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 TIME CONCESSION STUDENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.5 SPECIAL TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.6 WEEKLY ASSESSMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.7 TECHNICAL ISSUES WITH ASSESSMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.8 CLICKUP TESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.9 TURNITIN ASSIGNMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.10 ABSENCE FROM ASSESSMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.11 QUERIES CONCERNING MARKING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.12 DISCIPLINARY CASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.13 DECLARATION OF AUTHENTICITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

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3 MARKS AND EXAMINATIONS 11

3.1 CHECK YOUR MARKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2 SEMESTER MARK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.3 ADDITIONAL ASSESSMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.4 ADMISSION TO THE EXAMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.5 FINAL MARK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.6 SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.7 SUMMER SCHOOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.8 REGULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4 MODULE CONTENT 13

THEME 1 - FUNCTIONS AND CHANGE 13

THEME 2 - DIFFERENTIATION 20

THEME 3 - EXPONENTIAL, LOGARITHMIC, ABSOLUTE VALUEAND TRIGONOME

THEME 4 - USING THE DERIVATIVE 30

THEME 5 - INTEGRATION 32

THEME 6 - USING THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 34

THEME 7 - FUNCTION AND ECONOMICS 36

LINEAR ALGEBRA 38

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1 COURSE INFORMATION
1.1 ADMITTANCE
You can only register for the module if you can attend all four of the weekly lectures with
the same lecture group as well as one weekly practical class. See the yearbook of the
faculty for information about admittance to the module WTW 134.

1.2 STAFF
Module coordinator: Dr L Mabitsela.
Course administrator: Ms S Mdayi.
NAME OFFICE E-MAIL TEL
Dr NK Dukuza Maths 2-20 [email protected] 012 420 3994
Dr S Du Toit Maths 2-29 [email protected] 012 420 2331
Dr L Mabitsela Maths 2-32 [email protected] 012 420 2739
Ms S Mdayi Maths 1-22 [email protected] 012 420 2713
Dr BY Yizengwa Maths 1-21 [email protected] 012 420 5882
Use the following email address for all administrative matters, for example practical
group allocation, marks: [email protected].

1.3 TEXTBOOK
Calculus : APPLIED CALCULUS by Deborah Hughes-Hallett et al (SIXTH EDI-
TION). Please note that the study guide refers to page numbers and problem
numbers in the prescribed textbook, the sixth edition. Lecturers are under no
obligation to assist students with the problem numbers and page numbers in other
editions of the textbook.

Linear Algebra : Notes compiled by the Department of Mathematics and Applied

Mathematics of the university.

1.4 ANNOUNCEMENTS
All announcements are posted on ClickUP. It is the only mode of communication
for module related matters and it is your responsibility as student to remain informed by
checking the announcements daily.

1.5 ATTENDANCE
The lectures and practical classes will be held on campus. It is important that you
attend each lecture and the weekly practical class of your practical group. During lectures

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emphasis is placed on mathematical understanding and the lecturers demonstrate but also
facilitate problem solving and the exposition of mathematical problems. During practical
classes opportunities are created for students to resolve difficulties with the prescribed
problems.

1.6 CALCULATORS
You can use any non-programmable calculator, the calculator that you used in school is
sufficient for WTW 134.

1.7 CONSULTING HOURS

The consulting hours of the lecturers are displayed on ClickUP and on their o¢ ce doors.
Students may consult lecturers only during the consulting hours as indicated, or by ap-
pointment. This policy also holds before tests and examinations. This policy aims
at encouraging students to plan their work and to work continuously.
Content-related concepts/questions that you need help to grasp/understand. Don’t
hesitate to contact your preferred lecturer via email or post a message on the discussion
board, and one of the lecturers will respond.

1.8 CONTACT TIME

The course consists of the following per week:

* four (4) lectures,

* one (1) practical class.

In the case of more than one lecture group you have to attend all the weekly lectures
with the same lecturer.

1.9 PRACTICAL CLASS ALLOCATION

It is compulsory to attend one practical class per week during the same time slot. The
practical classes will commence in the second week of lectures and will be presented on
campus. An announcement about practical class allocation will be made during the first
week of lectures and must be finalised on Friday of the first week. You may not attend
another practical group without the permission of the course administrator.

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1.10 PRACTICAL CLASSES

Each practical class addresses material covered in the previous week. A selection of
practical problems based on each section of work and taken from the textbook, is provided
in the study guide. In the course of the semester, several short class tests will be written
during practicals. No extra time will be given for class tests. Note that there is only one
practical period per week. This is insufficient time in which to start and complete all the
relevant practical problems. For this reason, you should study the theory and attempt
the practical problems before the relevant practical. Practical time should be used to seek
help with practical problems that you have already attempted but are having difficulty
with, or problems that you might be having with material covered in the lectures.

1.11 STUDY HOURS

Mathematics is a skill that you acquire through study and practice. A student has to
devote about 11 hours study time per week to this module. The scheduled contact time is
5.5 hours per week, which means that another 5.5 hours of your weekly study time should
be devoted to this module.

1.12 EMAILS
Emails are an essential mode of communication. All emails about administrative issues
(practical group allocation, marks, failed submissions etc.) must be sent to [email protected]
and will be attended to within 48 hours during weekdays, because of a consistently high
load of emails. Do not send multiple emails about the same issue. The email address of
your lecturer must only be used for the purpose of consultation. Emails about adminis-
trative issues will not be attended to by lecturers.

Please adhere to the principles of email etiquette and remain respectful in your commu-
nication with any staff member of the University of Pretoria. Emails that are disrespectful
or motivated by an attempt to haggle for marks, will not be attended to. Also note that
an email can constitute a legally binding document.

1.13 THE WTW 134 SCHEDULE

The WTW 134 Schedule contains the dates and scope of all the weekly assessments. It is
the responsibility of the student to frequently check the WTW 134 Schedule, because it
is subject to change due to various factors for example clashes with other modules.

1.14 CONDUCT DURING CONTACT TIME

All students of the University of Pretoria are required to adhere to the highest standards
of excellence and morality in all their activities. You can be excluded from a lecture or

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practical class if you do not adhere to the code of conduct of the university.

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2 ASSESSMENT
2.1 SOLUTIONS
When answering a question in a class test, semester test or exam you must show all steps
and use the correct mathematical notation to explain your answer by means of a coherent
and mathematically precise solution. Since this is an applied mathematics module most
problems constitute ‘word problems’ of which the final answer is a sentence with units
included.

2.2 INSTRUCTIONS
The examination and test instructions of the University of Pretoria must always be ad-
hered to for all assessments.

2.3 SEMESTER TESTS

Assessment of this module includes two semester tests, of which further information will
be published on ClickUP. Note that there are no sick tests but only one special
test that must be written if one of the semester tests was missed. If you miss
both semester tests, you do not have admission to the final exam scheduled
during the examination period of the university.

2.4 TIME CONCESSION STUDENTS

A student with special assessment needs (e.g. extra time) must contact the UP disability
centre for a letter confirming this need. Please follow all guidelines in this regard meticu-
lously. It is important to inform Ms Mdayi via email [email protected] about any special
needs, by showing her the relevant documentation (together with a copy thereof). You
need the original documentation at all assessment opportunities. Time concession will
not be allowed for the weekly assessments.

2.5 SPECIAL TEST

If you missed one of the semester tests (with a valid reason for your absence, indicated
by the code ”999”), then you must write the special test.

No student will be allowed to write the special test to improve his/her marks. The
test is scheduled near the end of the semester and the date is only made available after the
second semester test. The scope is the combined scopes of the first and second semester
tests. Please note that the special test is the last opportunity for a student that had
already missed one of the semester tests.

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2.6 WEEKLY ASSESSMENT

An assessment is scheduled every week on the same day of the week. The scope is avail-
able in the WTW 134 Schedule. The WTW 134 team will consider moving a weekly
assessment if sufficient proof of a clash is provided by 9:00 on the Monday of the relevant
week.

An assessment can take the form of a

* Class test,

* Worksheet,

* ClickUP test,

* Turnitin assignment and

* Homework - where students can be requested to submit the relevant practical class
problems for marks. The WTW 134 team reserves the right not to mark the home-
work but use it as an attendance register.

2.7 TECHNICAL ISSUES WITH ASSESSMENTS

It is the responsibility of the student to ensure that your immediate environment, com-
puter and computer settings allow for the successful completion of a ClickUP test or
assignment. Technical issues (for example connectivity or electricity issues i.e. loadshed-
ding or a power failure) might impede the process of completing a ClickUP test or Turnitin
assignment, but a test or assignment will not be reopened in the case of technical prob-
lems. The formula used for calculating the weekly assessment marks at the end of the
semester will make provision for technical problems with one of the weekly assessments.

2.8 CLICKUP TESTS

You cannot use a cellular phone or a tablet to complete a ClickUP test. With a ClickUP
test there is a time limit, you are allowed only one opportunity and you cannot backtrack
to a question once you have answered it.

2.9 TURNITIN ASSIGNMENTS

You have to use a PDF scanner e.g. CamScanner to submit your assignments. All the
pages must be upright and in focus. Pages that are not upright and in focus cannot
be marked. Your pages must be submitted in the correct order and your student card
displayed in the top right corner of every page. Assignments must be submitted as one

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PDF file and the submitted assignments must be directly accessible and cannot be sub-
mitted via online platforms for which the student’s permission is required. If you are not
successful at submitting an assignment via Turnitin then you can submit the assignment,
as one PDF file, via Google form of which the link will be provided, but the assignment
must be submitted on time, as indicated by the instructions.

Assignments mailed to the course coordinator, lecturer or any other member of the
WTW 134 team will not be accepted. If you submit an assignment via Google form you
have to provide proof of your submission via Turnitin not being successful. The WTW
134 team will submit the Google form submission (one PDF file) to Turnitin, but will not
be held accountable for pages not included or a file being overwritten.

2.10 ABSENCE FROM ASSESSMENTS

Absence from a test, assignment or semester test must be reported to Ms
Mdayi, via email on [email protected], within three days of the date of the
assessment. Failure to send the email within three days will result in a zero
mark. You are granted an absence with valid reason (code ”999”) if you submit a sick
note or affidavit within three days of missing the test or assignment, given that the date
on the sick note or affidavit matches the date of the assessment.

The following sick notes are accepted :

Sick notes issued by a medical doctor registered at the Health Professions Council
of South Africa (HPCSA) or by an advanced practice nurse (a registered nurse with a
postgraduate qualification) as determined by the South African Nursing Council who has
a BHCF practice number, provided that the diagnosis falls only within their specific field
of specialisation.

An affidavit will only be accepted if supported by substantiating documentation, e.g.

case report or criminal charge with case number obtained from a police station, valid
medical certificate for injuries, a death certificate for a funeral, etc.

Please note that submission of fraudulent sick notes and affidavits is a criminal offence,
which will lead to disciplinary action and may result in dismissal. The same regulation
holds for fraudulent emails.

You can only be granted an absence with valid reason for a maximum of
two assessments. A sick note, affidavit or email cannot exempt you from
another assessment if you have already been granted an absence with valid
reason for two assessments. Missing more than two assessments will result in
a zero mark for all the other missed assessments. Note that this regulation
does not apply to semester tests.

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2.11 QUERIES CONCERNING MARKING

Semester tests: All queries concerning the marking of tests must be done within three
days after the graded test has been handed back. Find the memo on ClickUP and make
sure that your query is valid. Remember that the entire test could be remarked. Please
write the number of the question you have a problem with on the outside of your script
and hand it to Lecturer. Queries submitted outside the allowed time period of three days
will not be attended to.
Class tests, worksheets: Queries related to the marking of the class tests and work-
sheets must be raised during the practical class in which the test / worksheet was handed
out. No changes will be made there-after. The WTW 134 Schedule available on ClickUP,
must be checked on a weekly basis to inform students of the dates and scope of assess-
ments.

2.12 DISCIPLINARY CASES

It is the policy of the department to refer every incident in which there is a suspicion of
dishonesty or other irregularity to the Disciplinary Committee of the University.

2.13 DECLARATION OF AUTHENTICITY

You will have to complete a declaration of authenticity for every online test and/or assign-
ment. The declaration will be made available before the test, in order to allow students
to complete it beforehand.

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3 MARKS AND EXAMINATIONS

3.1 CHECK YOUR MARKS

The marks of class tests, assignments and semester tests are published on ClickUP after
the marking process has been completed for all students. You have three days after
publication of the marks to report mistakes or omissions of marks by sending an email to
Ms Mdayi. No alterations or additions will be made after three days. Preserve
all class and semester tests. It is your only proof that you did indeed write the test.

3.2 SEMESTER MARK

The semester mark is calculated as follows:
Semester tests 70%
Weekly assessments 30%
Total 100%

3.3 ADDITIONAL ASSESSMENTS

No student will be allowed to improve their semester marks by completing an additional
assessment, or so-called make-up test or assignment.

3.4 ADMISSION TO THE EXAMINATION

You must have a semester mark of at least 40% to write the exam and you have
 completed all the weekly assessments and
 completed two semester tests or a semester test and the special test.

3.5 FINAL MARK

The final mark is calculated as follows:
Semester mark 60%
Examination mark 40%
Total 100%
To pass the course a minimum of 50% is required for the final mark, as well as a
submininum of 40% in the exam.

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3.6 SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION

A supplementary exam will only be awarded in one of the following cases:

(a) The student has a final mark of between 40% and 49%;

(b) The student has obtained a final mark of at least 50%, but has not met the sub-
minimum of 40% for the exam.

Please note that the final mark for a supplementary exam does not take into account
the semester mark and the maximum mark awarded is 50%. Special supplementary
examinations are not arranged for students who are unable to write the examination at
the times scheduled for supplementary examinations.

3.7 SUMMER SCHOOL

In cases where a final mark between 40% and 49% has been obtained, a student will
qualify to attend a summer school, scheduled in January of 2024. It is the responsibility
of the student to contact the course coordinator of WTW 134 in December of 2023 for
information about the summer school.

3.8 REGULATIONS
A regulation is an official rule, designed to protect the parties involved. The regulations of
WTW 134 are an extension of the regulations of the university, regulated by the qualified
staff members of the WTW 134 team, proclaimed by means of the WTW 134 study guide
and/or announcements on ClickUP and adapted, if necessary, within the boundaries of the
regulations of the university. Student attempts to negotiate or debate regulations detract
valuable resources from providing the professional teaching the WTW 134 team strive for
and will not be attended to. A student will be expected to acknowledge adherence to
the published regulations by signing a declaration of compliance at the beginning of the
semester.

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4 MODULE CONTENT
THEME 1 - FUNCTIONS AND CHANGE
Unit 1.1 What is a function?
Source Textbook, pp 2 - 5 and pp 21 and 25
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to

1. describe a function, the domain and range of a function.

2. interpret function values.

3. calculate or estimate function values (using a formula, a table or a graph).

4. calculate the vertical and horizontal intercept(s) of a function.

5. describe an increasing function on a interval and a decreasing function on an interval.

6. describe a function that is concave up on an interval and a function that is concave

down on an interval.
(Definitions are given on p 21 in the textbook, but we use the definitions given
here.)

7. use a graph to find the interval(s) on which a function is increasing or decreasing or

concave up or concave down.

Definitions (Concavity)

1. A function f is concave up on an interval if all its tangent line lies below the graph
on the interval.

2. A function f is concave down on an interval if all its tangent line lies above the
graph on the interval.

3. A linear function is neither concave up or concave down.

Problems for the practical class

Problems for Section 1.1 (p 5), numbers 10 to 14, 16 to 20 and 25.
Problems for Section 1.3 (p 25), numbers 1 to 5 and 7.

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Unit 1.2 Types of functions

Source Lecture notes
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to

1. name and give the general formula of each of the six types of functions.

2. sketch the graphs of the functions without calculating function values.

3. represent the domain and range of the functions.

Problems for the practical class

1. Give the name of the function and sketch the function without using a table of
values. Label the axes and indicate the horizontal and vertical intercepts, if any.
Use the graph to represent the domain and range of each function using interval
notation.
i b = 3a + 6 ii a = −4b + 12 iii P = (0.21)t iv m = (2.1)n
6
v y = e−x vi v = log0.5 (z) vii P = ln(t) viii b = a√
ix a = −b4 x w = v5 xi v = −w 7 xii m= 4n
√ 1
xiii P = 7t xiv x= 4 xv l = m−5 xvi y=7
y

2. Use a graph to solve the inequality. Hint: If you have to solve the inequality x5 > 1,
graph y = x5 and y = 1, solve the equality x5 = 1 and then use the graph to
determine the final answer.
i x5 > 1 ii x3 ≤ −8 iii x2 + x − 6 > 0
iv x2 − 2x − 8 ≤ 0 v 2x > 0 vi 0.5x ≤ 0

3. Use graphs to solve the inequality below. Hint: Find the point(s) of intersection of
the two graphs and sketch both graphs.

i x2 > x ii x3 ≤ x

4. Consider the graphs given below. In each graph the polynomial

f (x) = an xn + an−1 xn−1 + ... + a1 x + a0 , is represented on a large viewing window
so that you cannot see the turning points, horizontal intercepts or vertical intercepts.

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Give the sign of the leading term of each polynomial.

Unit 1.3 New functions from old functions

Source Textbook, pp 66 - 69
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to

1. identify and use a composite function.

2. sketch the graph of a function obtained from an old function through a vertical shift
(y = f (x) + c) or through a horizontal shift (y = f (x − c)).

3. sketch the graph of a function obtained from an old function by multiplying the
function with a constant (y = cf (x)).

4. sketch the graph of a function obtained from an old function by reflecting the graph
about the x−axis (y = −f (x)) or by reflecting the graph about the y−axis (y =
f (−x)).

5. determine the domain of a composite function and represent the domain using set
notation and interval notation.

Remarks

1. Omit Example 5 on p 68.

2. Use a graph when you have to solve a quadratic inequality.

3. To find the√roots of the quadratic polynomial f (x) = ax2 + bx + c use the formula
−b ± b2 − 4ac
x= .
2a

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Problems for the practical class

Problems for Section 1.8 (p 69), numbers 3, 9, 11, 31, 53, 55 and 56.
Extra problems for the practical class

1. Write down the functions f (x) and g(x) if

√ √
i f (g(x)) = ln x ii f (g(x)) = ln x
Your answer cannot be a composite function or the function y = x.

1
2. Write down functions f (t), g(t) and h(t) if h(g(f (t))) = .
(1 + t)2
Your answer cannot be a composite function or the function y = x.

3. Consider the functions f1 (x) = ln x, f2 (x) = (ln x) − 1, f3 (x) = ln(x − 1),

f4 (x) = − ln x and f5 (x) = ln(−x). Sketch the functions and give the domain and
range of each function. You do not have to indicate the horizontal and/or vertical
intercepts but use a dotted line to indicate horizontal and vertical shifts.

4. If f (x) = ex sketch the following graphs and write down the domain and range
of the function. You do not have to write down the horizontal and/or vertical
intercepts but use a dotted line to indicate horizontal and vertical shifts.
i y = f (x − 2) ii y = f (x) − 2 iii y = −f (x) iv y = f (−x)

5. Give the domain of the function in set notation:

1 1 √
i f (x) = 2 ii f (t) = 2 iii g(x) = 5 − x
x −4 t +4
√ 1 √
2
iv g(t) = t − 9 v f (x) = √ vi f (t) = t3 − 9t
2
√ √ √ x − 16 √
vii f (t) = t − 1 + t + 1 viii f (x) = 1 − x + x + 2
3

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Unit 1.4 Linear functions

Source Textbook, pp 9 - 13
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to

1. describe a linear function, the slope of a linear function and the rate of change of a
linear function.

2. describe the meaning of the symbol “∆”.

3. find the equation of a linear function.

4. sketch a linear function.

5. recognize from a table of values if the function is linear.

6. use linear functions to solve problems.

Problems for the practical class

Problems for Section 1.2 (p 14), numbers 3, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17 and 30.

Unit 1.5 Rates of change

Source Textbook, pp 18 - 25
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to

1. describe, calculate and interpret the change in a quantity, the average rate of change
of a quantity and the relative change of a quantity.

2. visualize the average rate of change of a quantity. When you visualize something,
you must be able to represent it graphically.

3. calculate velocity / speed if distance is given.

Problems for the practical class

Problems for Section 1.3 (p 25), numbers 9, 11, 13, 17, 36, 37, 41, 45 and 50.

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Unit 1.6 Continuity, rate of change and the derivative

Source Textbook, pp 88 - 93 and 128 - 133
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to

1. explain what is meant by a function that is continuous on an interval.

2. describe the (instantaneous) rate of change of a function at a point.

3. describe the derivative of a function at a point.

4. estimate the rate of change/derivative of a function at a given point using a given

“small” interval around the point.

5. estimate the rate of change/derivative of a function at a given point using a table

of values.

6. visualize the rate of change/derivative at a point as the slope of the tangent line to
the graph at the point.

7. find the equation of the tangent line to a function at a given point.

Remarks

1. If the formula of the function y = f (x) is given we will ask you to estimate the
rate of change at the point (a, f (a)) by calculating the average rate of change of the
function over one “small” interval. We will specify the length of the interval.

2. If you have to estimate the rate of change of a function at the point (a, f (a)) and a
table of values is given, take the average rate of change over intervals “near”x = a.
If possible, take the average rate of change over an interval to the right of x = a
and the average rate of change over an interval to the left of x = a and then take
the average of your two answers.

3. When we say the rate of change of a function, we mean the instantaneous rate of change.

4. If you have to write down the equation of the tangent line to the graph of function
f (x) at the point(a, f (a)), remember that (a, f (a)) is a point on the graph of the
function and on the tangent line and that the slope of the tangent line is m = f ′ (a).
y − f (a)
Use f ′ (a) = =⇒ y − f (a) = f ′ (a)(x − a).
x−a

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Problems for the practical class

Problems for Section 2.1 (p 93), numbers 3 to 6, 11, 17 (use interval of length 0.0001
for 17(c)) and 22.
Extra problems for the practical class

1. Write down the interval(s) on which the function is continuous:

2 √
i f (x) = ii f (x) = ln(x + 2) iii f (x) = 16 − x2
x−3
2. The function y = f (x) is continuous on its domain and some function values are
given in a table below.
Estimate f ′ (4).

x 1 2 4 6
y 0.1 2.4 2.8 3.1

Unit 1.7 The derivative function

Source Textbook, pp 97 - 100 and p 128
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to

1. describe the derivative function.

2. give a rough sketch of the derivative function if the graph of the function is given.

3. use the sign of the derivative function on an interval to decide whether the function
is increasing, decreasing or constant on the interval.

Remarks

1. If the function in not continuous at x = a (the graph has a “hole” or a “jump” at

x = a), then f ′ (a) does not exists.

2. If the graph has a “corner” at x = a, then f ′ (a) does not exists.

Problems for the practical class

Problems for Section 2.2 (p 101), numbers 2, 9, 11 (use intervals of length 0.001), 18
to 21 and 30.

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THEME 2 - DIFFERENTIATION
Unit 2.1 Differentiation formulas and rules
Source Lecture notes
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to

1. use the seven formulas to find the derivative function.

2. use the five rules to find the derivative function.

Remark
When you have to find the (instantaneous) rate of change or derivative and you have
the formula of the function, always use these rules and formulas unless we ask you to
estimate the rate of change by using one small interval.

Problems for the practical class

Problems for Section 3.1 (p 141), numbers 1 to 39 and 41.
Problems for Section 3.2 (p 148), numbers 1 to 28.
Extra problems for the practical class

1. Use a number line to find the interval(s) on which the polynomial f (x) = x3 + x2 is
increasing.

2. Use a number line to find the interval(s) on which the polynomial f (x) = 4x2 −3x+1
is decreasing.

3. Use a number line to find the interval(s) on which the function f (x) = 3x − 9x ln(3)
is increasing.

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Unit 2.2 The chain rule

Source Textbook, pp 150 - 153
Objective
On completing this unit you should be able to

1. use the chain rule to find the derivative of a composite function.

2. use the product rule to find the derivative of a product of functions.

3. use the quotient rule to find the derivative of a quotient of functions.

Problems for the practical class

Problems for Section 3.3 (p 155), all the numbers from 1 to 27, 45, 47 and 51.
Problems for Section 3.4 (p 160), all the numbers from 3 to 32, 35 (do not sketch the
function) and 38.
Extra problems for the practical class

1. Differentiate the following functions. Do not simplify your answer.

i f (x) = xπ + π x ii f (x) = (1 − 2x)π + π 1−2x
iii y = x3 iv f (t) = (5 − 2t)3
v f (z) = sin5 z + sin(z 5 ) vi f (t) = cos (e4t ) + ecos 4t
vii f (x) = 0.2−6x + (−6x)0.2 viii f (x) = (1 + ln x)2 + ln(1 + x2 )
√ √
2
ix y = x2p+ 2x x y = e x +2x
√
xi f (x) = sin (2x) xii f (t) = cos 1 − t
√
2. Use a number line to find the interval(s) on which the function f (x) = 9 − x2 is
increasing and the interval(s) on which the function is decreasing.

3. The level of nitrogen dioxide present in the atmosphere on a certain day in Los
Angeles can be approximated by the function

L(t) = 0.03t3 (t − 7)4 + 60.2, 0 ≤ t ≤ 7,

where L(t) is measured in terms of PSI∗ and t represents the hours since 7:00.
Use a number line to determine when the pollution is increasing.
(*PSI - pollutant standard index.)

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Unit 2.3 Interpretations of the derivative

Source Textbook, pp 103 - 109
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to

1. use Leibnitz’s notation for the derivative.

2. write down the units of the derivative.

3. interpret the derivative.

4. use tangent line approximation to estimate function values.

5. use the derivative to calculate the relative rate of change.

Remarks

1. Omit Example 8 on p 108.

2. When you are asked to interpret a derivative, it is not enough to describe it as a

rate of change. (Read Examples 3 on p. 105 and Example 4 on p. 106)

Problems for the practical class

Problems for Section 2.3 (p 109), numbers 5, 17, 18, 23, 43 and 51.
Problems for Section 3.3 (p 155), number 35.
Problems for Section 3.4, (p 160), number 45.
Extra problems for the practical class

1. The following formula can be use to calculate the dosage of a certain medicine for
children between
the ages of 1 and 12 years: If A denotes the adult dosage, in mg, and t the child’s
age, in years, then the child’s dosage is given by
At
D = f (t) = .
t + 12

Suppose that the adult dosage of a substance is 500 mg.

1.1 What is the dosage for a child of ten years?

1.2 Find f ′ (10) and interpret your answer.

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2. Suppose that the life expectancy of a male at birth is given by

f (t) = 46.9(1 + 1.09t)0.1 , 0 ≤ t ≤ 150,

with t in years since 1900.

2.1 What was the life expectancy of a male born in 1900?

2.2 What is the life expectancy of a male born in 1999?

2.3 What is the rate of change of the life expectancy if t = 81? Interpret your answer.

Unit 2.4 The second derivative

Source Textbook, pp 114 - 117
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to

1. use the sign of the second derivative on an interval to decide whether the function
is concave up or concave down on the interval.

2. use the second derivative when sketching functions.

Problems for the practical class

Problems for Section 2.4 (p 117), numbers 3 (more than one possible answer), 20, 23
and 26.
Extra problem for the practical class

1. Use a number line to find the interval(s) on which the polynomial f (x) = x3 + x2 is
concave down.
2
2. Use a number line to find the interval(s) on which the function f (x) = e−x is
concave up.

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THEME 3 - EXPONENTIAL, LOGARITHMIC, ABSOLUTE VALUE

AND TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Unit 3.1 Exponential functions of the form P = f (t) = at , a > 0
Source Textbook, pp 42 - 47
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to

1. describe and sketch the exponential function P = f (t) = at .

2. explain what is meant by exponential growth and by exponential decay.

3. calculate the growth rate or the decay rate if the formula of the exponential function
is given.

4. use the derivative of the function to solve problems.

Remarks

1. Omit the section on ”the number e” at the bottom of p 46.

Problems for the practical class

Problems for Section 1.5 (p 47), numbers 17, 26, 32 and 39.
Problems for Section 3.2 (p 148), numbers 45(a), 45(c), 50 and 55.

Unit 3.2 Compound interest and the number e

Source Online/Lecture notes
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to

1. explain what is meant by compound interest.

2. calculate the amount in an account if the interest is compounded n times a year.

3. explain what is meant when interest is compounded continuously.

4. calculate the amount in an account if the interest is compounded continuously.

5. calculate the effective annual rate if interest is compounded n times a year or com-
pounded continuously.

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Remark
The irrational number e is a very important number, e ≈ 2.7183...
You do not have to memorise this, but one way of defining e is that
e = lim (1 + n1 )n and ea = lim (1 + na )n .
n→∞ n→∞

Problems for the practical class

1. A department store issues its own credit card, with an interest rate of 2 % per
month. Explain why this is not the same as an annual rate of 24%. What is the
effective annual rate?

2. A deposit of R100 000 is made into an account paying a nominal interest rate of
8%. Determine the amount in the account in 10 years if interest is compounded:
(a) Annually (b) Monthly (c) Weekly
(d) Daily (e) Continuously

3. In 1989, US inflation was 4.6% a year. In 1989 Argentina had an inflation rate of
about 33% a month.

(a) What is the yearly equivalent of Argentina’s 33% monthly rate?

(b) What is the monthly equivalent of the 4.6% yearly rate of the US?

Unit 3.3 The natural logarithm

Source Textbook, pp 51 - 54
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to

1. describe the natural logarithm function.

2. use the properties of the natural logarithm to solve equations and inequalities.

3. use the properties of the exponential function with base e to solve equations and
inequalities.

4. write down the formula for an exponential function with base e if the continuous
growth rate or decay rate is given.

5. calculate the growth rate or the decay rate if the formula of an exponential function
P = P0 ekt is given.

6. write the function P = P0 at in the form P = P0 ekt and write the function P = P0 ekt
in the form P = P0 at .

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Problems for the practical class

Problems for Section 1.6 (p 54), numbers 15, 16, 37, 38, 45(a), 45(b), 45(c) and 50.
Extra problems for the practical class

1. Simplify the expression and write down the possible values of a and/or b :
(i) ln (ea ) (ii) eln a (iii) ln(ea eb ) (iv) eln a−ln b

2. Use the properties of the ln-function to write the expression as the ln of a single
quantity:
(i) ln a + 3 ln b (ii) 4 ln(a + b) − 3 ln a

3. Write down the domain of the function in set notation:

(i) f (x) = ln(x + 4) (ii) f (x) = ln(x2 + 4) (iii) f (x) = ln(−x)
√ √
x
(iv) f (x) = ex (v) f (x) = e

4. Solve the following equations:

(i) 5 + e−0.1x = 10 (ii) 10 + e−0.1x = 5 (iii) ln(4x) = 16

5. Solve the following equations:

(i) 4e2x = 5e−3x (ii) ln x4 − ln x2 = 4 (iii) ln x5 − ln x3 = 4

6. Use graphs to solve the following inequalities.:

Hint: If you have to solve e2x < 4, first solve the equality e2x = 4
and then use the graph to solve the inequality e2x < 4.
(i) e2x < 4 (ii) e−3x < 5 (iii) e3x > 8e−x (iv) ln x ≤ 4

Unit 3.4 Exponential growth and decay

Source Textbook, pp 56 - 61
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to

1. describe the doubling time of an exponentially increasing function and the half-life
of an exponentially decaying function.

2. find the doubling time of an exponentially increasing function and the half-life of
an exponentially decaying function.

3. use exponential functions to solve problems.

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4. use the derivatives of exponential and logarithmic functions to solve problems.

Remarks
1. Omit the section on ”Present and Future value” (p 60).
2. If we do not give you the initial value, you have to write down the formula in the
form: P = P0 ekt or P = P0 at . Substituting the initial quantity with 100 will not be
accepted.

Problems for the practical class

Problems for Section 1.7 (p 62), numbers 30, 33 and 35.
Problems for Section 3.2 (p 148), number 40 and 46.
Problems for section 3.3 (p 155), numbers 38 and 40.
Problems for Section 3.4 (p 160), number 41(b).
Extra problems for the practical class
1. Consider the function y = f (x) = ln(x2 + 9).
1.1 Represent the domain of the function.
1.2 Find the interval(s) on which the function is decreasing.
1.3 Find the interval(s) on which the function is concave up.

2. The number of polio cases in the USA is approximated by the function

2 +0.85t
P (t) = 5.3e−0.095t ,
with t in years since the beginning of 1959 and P in millions.

2.1 How many cases of polio were there in 1960?

2.2 How many cases of polio were there in 2000?
2.3 When did the number of polio cases start to decrease?

3. The population, P , of a country is given by

40
P = f (t) = ,
1 + 11e−0.08t

with t in years since 1990 and P in millions.

3.1 Find the initial population.

3.2 In what year will the population be equal to 20 million people?
3.3 The population grows the fastest when there are 20 million people. What is
the maximum rate of change of the population?

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Unit 3.5 Absolute value functions

Source Lecture Notes
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to

1. write down the definition of the absolute value of a real number.

2. write down the definition of the absolute value function.

3. write down and use some of the properties of the absolute value function.

4. use the properties of the absolute value function to solve equations and inequalities.

5. sketch the function y = |f (x)| by using the graph of the function y = f (x).

Problems for the practical class

1. Solve the following equations:

(i) |x| = 0 (ii) |x + 1| = 0 (iii) |x| = 2 (iv) |x| = |−3|
(v) |x| = −3 (vi) |x + 1| = 2 (vii) |2x − 6| = 5 (viii) |2x + 1| = −1

2. Solve the following inequalities by using the graph of y = |x|:

(i) |x| < 4 (ii) |x| ≥ 5 (iii) |x| > −1 (iv) |x| < −1 (v) |x − 1| > 2

3. Sketch the following functions and write down the intercepts (if any):
(i) f (x) = x + 3 and g(x) = |x + 3| (ii) f (x) = 16 − x2 and g(x) = |16 − x2 |
(iii) f (x) = ln(x) and g(x) = |ln(x)| (iv) f (x) = ex − 2 and g(x) = |ex − 2|
(v) f (x) = −x5 and g(x) = |−x5 | (vi) f (x) = 2x − 4 and g(x) = |2x − 4|
(vii) f (x) = e−3x and g(x) = |e−3x | (viii) f (x) = ln(x − 1) and g(x) = |ln(x − 1)|

Unit 3.6 Periodic functions

Source Textbook, pp 78 - 83
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to

1. describe a periodic function.

2. determine the period of a periodic function if a table of values is given.

3. determine the amplitude and the period of a periodic function if a sketch is given.

4. determine the amplitude and the period and sketch the graphs of y = A sin(Bt) + C
and y = A cos(Bt) + C.

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5. write down the formula if the graph or a description of a sine or cosine function is
given.

6. use periodic functions to solve problems.

7. use the derivative of a periodic function to solve problems.

Remark We only use functions with the domain and range consisting of real numbers.
When we use the functions y = sin x and y = cos x, x is a real number. Therefore your
calculator must be in “radian”mode.
Problems for the practical class
Problems for Section 1.10 (p 83), numbers 11, 12, 18, 26, 34 (multiple answers) and
35.
Problems for Section 3.5 (p 164), numbers 24, 25(a), 25(c) and 33(b).
Extra problems for the practical class

1. The periodic function, T = f (t), gives the temperature in degrees Celsius of the
water in a pool, t in hours since 3 o’clock in the morning. The lowest temperature
of 180 C is measured at 3 o’clock in the morning and the highest temperature of
300 C at 3 o’clock in the afternoon.

1.1 Represent the formula of the function T = f (t).

1.2 Use the formula to calculate the temperature at 12:00 on the second day.

2. Find the equation of the line tangent to the graph of f (x) = cos(x2 ) in the point
where x = π.

3. In a city in the USA the number of minutes of daylight can be approximated by the
function  
(t − 79.5)π
D = 720 + 200 sin ,
183

with t = 1 giving the number of daylight hours on January 1.

3.1 What is the maximum daylight-length?

dD
3.2 Show that |t = 100 ≈ 3.22. What does this mean?
dt

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THEME 4 - USING THE DERIVATIVE

Unit 4.1 Local extremes of a function
Source Textbook, pp 174 - 179
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to

1. describe local extremes (i.e. minima and maxima) of a function.

2. find the critical points of a function.

3. use the First Derivative Test with a number line to find the local extremes of a
function.

4. use the Second Derivative Test to find the local extremes of a function.

Remarks

1. If the domain of the function is a closed interval, the function has a critical point
at the endpoint(s).

2. If a function has a critical point at x = c it DOES NOT mean that the function has
a local extreme at the point. See the warning on p 178.

Problems for the practical class

Problems for Section 4.1 (p 179), numbers 21 (use the Second Derivative Test), 25
(use the First Derivative Test with a number line and do not graph the function), 36, 42
and 51.
Extra problems for the practical class

1. Use the First Derivative Test with a number line to find the local extremes of the
polynomial f (x) = f (x) = 12x − 6x2 + 4x3 − 3x4 .

2. Use the First Derivative Test with a number line to find the local extremes of the
function f (x) = −x2 ln x.

Unit 4.2 Inflection points

Source Textbook, pp 181 - 185
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to

1. describe an inflection point of a function.

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2. find the inflection points of a function.

3. sketch polynomials.

Remark
Not every point where f ′′ (x) = 0 is an inflection point. See the warning on p 184.
Problems for the practical class
Problems for Section 4.2 (p 185) number 23.
Extra problems for the practical class
1. Consider the polynomial f (x) = 3x5 − 5x3 . Use number lines to find the local
extremes and inflection points of the polynomial. Use the information to sketch the
polynomial.

2. A polynomial, y = P (x), has the following properties:

P ′ (x) < 0 on (− ∞, −1), P ′ (x) > 0 on (− 1, 2) and P ′ (x) < 0 on (2, ∞)
P ′′ (x) > 0 on (− ∞, 0) and P ′′ (x) < 0 on (0, ∞)

2.1 Sketch a possible graph of the polynomial if P (−2) = P (0) = P (3) = 0.

2.2 What is the possible degree of the polynomial and the sign of the leading
coefficient?

3. Use number lines to find the local extremes and inflection point(s) of the function
g(x) = xe−0.1x

Unit 4.3 Global extremes of a function

Source Textbook, p 187-190
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to
1. describe global extremes (i.e. global minima and global maxima) of a function.
2. find the global extremes of a continuous function on a closed interval.

Remark
We will only ask you to find the global extremes of a function on an open interval if
enough information is available to sketch the graph of the function.
Problems for the practical class
Problems for Section 4.3 (p 190), numbers 25 and 54.
Hint for number 25: use graphs to solve the equations f ′ (x) = 0 and f ′′ (x) = 0
Extra problem for the practical class

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1. You have a piece of wire of 10 cm. You use the wire to form either a square or a
circle, or you cut the wire and form a square and a circle .If you cut and use a wire
of length a to form the square and the wire of length 10 − a to form the circle, the
area of the square and/or circle is given by the function

1 2 1
f (a) = a + (10 − a)2 = 0.142a2 − 1.592a + 7.958, 0 ≤ a ≤ 10.
16 4π
For what value of a will the area be a maximum?
√
2. The function P = f (t) = 300 − t 100 − 2t gives the weight (in mg) of a population
of bacteria t hours after the start of an experiment. The domain of the function is
[0, 40].

3t − 100
2.1 Find the critical points of the function if f ′ (t) = √ .
100 − 2t
2.2 Use a number line to find and describe the local extremes of the function.

THEME 5 - INTEGRATION
Unit 5.1 Accumulated change
Source Textbook, pp 234-238
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to
1. visualize total change as the area between a graph of the rate of change function
and the horizontal axis on a closed interval.
2. estimate total change if the rate of change is given by using the average of a left-
hand sum and a right-hand sum.

Remark
Omit Examples 2 and 3 (p 236).
Problems for the practical class
Problems for Section 5.1 (p 238), numbers 8, 13, 18 and 41(b).

Unit 5.2 The definite integral

Source Textbook, pp 243 - 247
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to

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1. describe a definite integral, the integrand and the limits of integration.

2. estimate a definite integral using a table of values, a graph or the formula of the
integrand.

Remark

1. If you estimate a definite integral, always use the average of a left-hand sum and a
right-hand sum.

2. Omit Examples 1 and 2 (p 244).

Problems for the practical class

Problems for Section 5.2 (p 247), numbers 6, 18 and 24.

Unit 5.3 Antiderivatives

Source Lecture Notes
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to

1. describe an antiderivative and an indefinite integral.

2. find the indefinite integrals of seven functions.

3. use the properties of indefinite integrals.

4. find indefinite integrals of composite functions.

Problems for the practical class

EvaluateR the following integrals:
x6 dx (1 − 4x)6 dx (3x) sin4 (3x) dx
R R
1. 2. 3. cos
√
R t R 0.3x R e t
4. e dt 5. e dx 6. √ dt
t
R 5 R 1 R x4
7. dx 8. dt 9. dx
R xt 12− t 1 − x5
sin (3x) 5cos(3x) dx
R R
10. R 5 dt 11. R x5x dx 12. R
13. R sin(3t) dt 14. R 3 sin x dx 15. R e−x sin(e−x ) dx
16. cos(2t) dt 17. 2t cos(2t ) dt 18. tan(2x) dx
R ln3 t R 5x2 R x2
19. dt 20. dx 21. dx
t 1 + x3 (1 + x3 )3
R 1 2ln x
(3 + 3x + x3 )dx
R R
22. dx 23. dx 24.
x ln x x

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Unit 5.4 The fundamental theorem

Source Textbook, pp 293 - 296
Objective
On completing this unit you should be able to use the Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus to calculate definite integrals.
Problems for the practical class
Evaluate
R 1 the xfollowing integrals:
Rπ Rπ
1. 0 (0.9) dx 2. −π sin t dt 3. 0
x2 cos (x3 ) dx
√
R 16 e x R3 x R2 √
4. 4
√ dx 5. 2
dx 6. x3 1 + x4 dx
x 3 + x2 −1

x3
 
R −1 1 1 R −1 R2
7. + dx 8. (3 − 4x + 5 × 6x ) dx 9. dx
−2
x2 x −2 −1
(2 + 5x4 )6

THEME 6 - USING THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

Unit 6.1 The definite integral as area
Source Textbook, pp 249 - 252
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to

1. use definite integrals to calculate the area of the region between the graph of a
continuous function y = f (x), the x−axis and the lines x = a and x = b.

2. use definite integrals to calculate the area between two continuous graphs.

3. use areas to calculate definite integrals.

Problems for the practical class

Problems for Section 5.3 (p 253), numbers 6, 13, 23, 27 and 35.
Extra problems for the practical class

1. Find the area between the graph of f (x) = −e2x , the x−axis and the lines x = 0
and x = 1.
R 2π
2. Calculate 0
2 sin x dx

(a) Find the area between the graph of f (x) = 2 sin x, the x−axis and the lines
x = 0 and x = 2π.

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3. Find the area between the graphs of f (x) = x2 , g(x) = x3 and the lines x = 0 and
x = 2.
1 √
4. Find the area between the graphs of f (x) = , g(x) = x and the lines x = 0.5
x
and x = 3.

Unit 6.2 Interpretations of the definite integral

Source Textbook, pp 255 - 258
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to

1. write down the units for a definite integral.

2. interpret a definite integral as total change.

3. use the Fundamental Theorem to calculate total change.

Remark
Omit the section on “Bioavalability of drug” on pp 257 and 258.
Problems for the practical class
Problems for Section 5.4 (p 259), numbers 17, 21 and 41.
Problems for Section 6.3 (p 296), numbers 31 and 32.

Unit 6.3 Average value

Source Textbook, pp 268 - 270
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to use an integral to calculate the average
value of a function on(over) an interval.
Problems for the practical class
Problems for Section 5.6 (p 271), numbers 11(a), 12, 19(a) (January has 31 days) and
20.

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THEME 7 - FUNCTION AND ECONOMICS

Unit 7.1 Applications of functions to economics
Source Textbook, pp 31 - 38
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to

1. describe a cost function, a revenue function, a profit function and a depreciation

function.

2. describe the fixed costs and variable costs of a cost function.

3. describe a supply curve and a demand curve.

4. calculate the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity and interpret your answers.

Remarks

1. Omit the section starting with “Effect of taxes...” (p. 36-38).

Problems for the practical class

Problems for Section 1.4 (p 35), numbers 19, 24 and 29.

Unit 7.2 Marginal cost and revenue

Source Textbook, pp 120 - 124
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to

1. explain what marginal cost and marginal revenue are.

2. use marginal analysis.

Problems for the practical class

Problems for Section 2.5 (p 124), numbers 13, 15 and 17.

Unit 7.3 Maximizing profit, cost and revenue

Source Textbook, pp 194 - 198
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to

1. find the maximum profit, cost and revenue.

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2. explain the relationship between maximum (or minimum) profit and marginal rev-
enue and marginal cost.

Problems for the practical class

Problems for Section 4.4 (p 198), numbers 13, 20 and 29.
Extra problems for the practical class
Consider a cost function C(q) = q 3 − 9q 2 + 27q + 8 and revenue function R(q) = 15q.
If C and R in thousands of rand and the number of units, q, in hundreds

i what are the fixed costs?

ii calculate the cost to increase the production from 300 to 500 items.

iii find the maximum profit.

Unit 7.4 Finding total cost

Source Textbook, p 264-265
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to

1. find the total cost if the fixed cost and the marginal cost function are given.

2. use the marginal revenue function to find the revenue.

Problems for the practical class

Problems for Section 5.5 (p 266), numbers 5, 8, 11 and 12.

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LINEAR ALGEBRA
Unit 1.1 Matrix addition and scalar multiplication
Source Notes, Chapter 1
Objectives
After having completed this unit you should be able to

1. describe an m × n matrix, the rows of a matrix , the columns of a matrix, a square

matrix, a zero matrix and the entry, aij , of a matrix A.

2. add and subtract matrices of the same size.

3. multiply a matrix with a number (scalar).

4. use the properties of matrix addition and scalar multiplication.

Problems for the practical class

Exercise 1

Unit 1.2 Matrix multiplication

Source Notes, Chapter 2
Objectives
After having completed this unit you should be able to

1. find the product of an m × n and an n × r matrix.

2. write down the size of the product of two matrices if the product is defined.

Problems for the practical class

Exercise 2

Unit 1.3 Systems of linear equations

Source Notes, Chapter 3
Objectives
After having completed this unit you should be able to

1. decide whether an equation is linear or not.

2. use the elementary row operations to change the augmented matrix of the system
to a matrix in echelon form.

3. decide whether the system is inconsistent or consistent.

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4. decide whether the solution of a system that is consistent is unique or not.

5. write down the solution(s) of a consistent system.

Problems for the practical class

Exercise 3

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