SILICA (SIO₂)

SODIUM OXIDE
Also called silicon dioxide
Added using soda
or sand.
The main glass-forming ash.
Lowers the
ingredient.
melting point of
silica.

GLASS CALCIUM OXIDE

Also known as
lime.
MAGNESIUM Improves
OXIDE (MGO) durability and
chemical
Adds stability. resistance.

ALUMINUM
OXIDE
Increases hardness
and resistance.
 Hard and Brittle
Transparency
Allows light to Can resist
pass through; scratching, but
breaks easily under
a key feature
impact.
for windows,
lenses, etc.

MAIN
Chemical Resistance
CHARACTERIS Doesn’t easily react
TICS OF with water, acids, or
bases.
Moldable when GLASS
hot
Can be shaped
when heated
above its
softening point.
Thermal Insulator
Poor conductor of
heat and
electricity.
 SWOT
FUSED GLASS SODA-LIME GLASS
Strength: Generally not as strong or
Brittleness: Can break easily if impacted or
durable as other types of glass because of
the fusing process, though it can be sturdy exposed to sudden changes in temperature
depending on the thickness and the type of (poor thermal shock resistance).
glass used. Household Items: Common in everyday
Uses: items like light bulbs and glassware.
Artistic Creations: Commonly used in
creating jewelry, wall art, tiles, and
decorative glass pieces.

Borosilicate Glass LEAD CRYSTAL GLASS

Properties: Properties:
Strength: More durable and stronger than Density: Lead crystal is denser and heavier
soda-lime glass, though it is still susceptible compared to soda-lime and borosilicate
to breaking under impact. glasses, giving it a luxurious feel.
Uses: Uses:
Laboratory Glassware: Often used for Luxury Glassware: Lead crystal is
beakers, test tubes, flasks, and other commonly used for high-end glassware,
laboratory equipment because of its such as wine glasses, decanters, and
high resistance to heat and chemicals. vases, due to its sparkle and weight.
 CLAY (KAOLINITE)
Role: Clay is the primary ingredient in
traditional ceramics. It provides plasticity
when wet, allowing it to be easily shaped.
When fired at high temperatures, it hardens
and forms a durable product.

FLUXES (E.G.,
FELDSPAR) SILICA (SIO₂)
Role: Fluxes lower the MAJOR Role: Silica is added to
melting point of the COMPONEN increase hardness and
heat resistance. It forms
ceramic mixture, which
allows the components
TS a glassy phase during
to fuse together at a OF firing, which helps to
lower temperature. They bind the ceramic
CERAMICS particles together.
also help form the glassy
phase.

ALUMINA (AL₂O₃)

Role: Alumina is often added in

advanced ceramics to improve
strength, hardness, and thermal
stability.
1 Hard and
Brittle
Ceramics are extremely
High Melting
Point
3
hard and resistant to Ceramics can withstand very
scratching, but they high temperatures without
tend to be brittle, melting, which makes them
meaning they break or ideal for use in high-
fracture under tension temperature environments
or impact rather than
bending. Main such as furnaces or kilns.

Characte
ristics of
Ceramics: 4
2 Thermal Durability and Wear
Resistance
Insulators Ceramics are highly
Most ceramics are poor
durable and resistant to
conductors of heat,
which makes them
wear, making them
effective for use as ideal for cutting tools,
thermal insulators in abrasives, and other
applications such as applications where
heat shields or long-term performance
insulation materials. is needed.
 PROPERTIES OF
CERAMICS:
High Melting Thermal
Hardness Brittleness
Point Insulation

Ceramics are
Ceramics are While ceramics Ceramics can
poor conductors
highly durable and are hard, they can withstand
of heat, making
resistant to wear be brittle and extremely high
them effective
and scratching. break easily under temperatures
thermal insulators.
Ideal for tension or impact. without melting.
Used for heat
applications that Not flexible, they Used in high-
shields and
require abrasion tend to fracture temperature
insulation in high-
resistance. instead of bend. environments like
temperature
furnaces or kilns.
applications.
 INDUSTRIAL AND TRADITIONAL
TECHNOLOGICAL USES:
USES:
Tiles: Flooring tiles, roofing tiles, and wall
Electronics: Insulators, capacitors,
coverings.
semiconductors, and piezoelectric
Bricks: Used in construction for walls,
materials.
pavements, and other structural elements.
Aerospace: Heat shields, turbine blades,
Toilets, sinks, and bathtubs: Often made
and thermal insulation.
from porcelain or vitreous china.

USES OF
CERAMICS:
ADVANCED
THREATS
CERAMICS:
High-performance coatings: Ceramic
coatings used to enhance the durability of
tools and machinery.
Biomaterials: Ceramics are used in
implants, such as dental crowns and bone
implants due to their biocompatibility and
strength.
India

Examples of
Ceramics:
Maldives

Spain
COMPOSITE DEFINATION a macroscopic combination of
two or more materials with a
MATERIALS finite interface between
them
COMPOSITE MATERIALS 5 Steps

01 02 03 04 05

Reinforced Superconducto Fibre Optic Fibreglass Photochromic

Concrete rs (Fiberglass) Glass
Fibre Optic
Reinforced Concrete Superconductors Fibreglass Photochromic Glass
Properties:
Properties: Properties: Zero Properties: Properties:
Transmits light,
Strong in electrical Strong, Changes color in
not affected by
compression but resistance when lightweight, sunlight,
electrical
weak in tension cold, repels resistant to reversible tint.
interference,
(fixed with steel magnetic fields. corrosion, good Uses: Eyewear
high-speed data
rebar), durable, Uses: MRI insulator. (glasses and
transfer.
fire-resistant. machines, Uses: Cars, sunglasses), car
Uses: Internet,
Uses: Buildings, maglev trains, boats, windows, smart
phone lines,
bridges, roads, particle construction windows in
medical
dams, and accelerators, and insulation, buildings.
instruments,
foundations. potential in sporting
secure
energy storage. equipment.
communications.
COMPOSITE
MATERIALS