Zeal Education Society’s

ZEAL POLYTECHNIC, PUNE.

NARHE │PUNE -41 │ INDIA

THIRD YEAR (TY)

DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
SCHEME: I SEMESTER: V

NAME OF SUBJECT: SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION

Subject Code: 22524

MSBTE QUESTION PAPERS & MODEL ANSWERS

1. MSBTE SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER
2. MSBTE WINTER-19 EXAMINATION

Page 1 of 10
 Scheme - I
Sample Question Paper
Program Name : Electrical Engineering Program Group
Program Code : EE/EP/EU
Semester
Course Title
: Fifth
: Switchgear and Protection
22524
Max. Marks : 70 Time: 3 Hrs.

Instructions:
(1) All questions are compulsory.
(2) Illustrate your answers with neat sketches wherever necessary.
(3) Figures to the right indicate full marks.
(4) Sub-questions in a main question carry equal marks.
(5) Assume suitable data if necessary.
(6) Preferably, write the answers in sequential order.

Q.1 Attempt any Five of the following. 10 Marks

a) Classify current limiting reactors based on location.
b) Differentiate between symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults .(any two points)
c) Define i) making capacity ii) short time rating of circuit breaker.
d) State any two disadvantages of static relays.
e) List any four faults occurs in alternator.
f) State any four abnormalities in induction motor.
g) List protection schemes used for the bus-bar.

Q.2 Attempt any Three of the following. 12 Marks

a) With the help of suitable diagram explain the importance of back-up protection.
b) Define the following terms related to current interrupting devices:
i) arc voltage, ii) re-striking voltage, iii) recovery voltage and iv) RRRV
c) Explain PSM and TSM related to protective relays.
d) A 220V/22kV three phase transformer is connected in star/ delta. The protective
transformers on 220V side have current ratio of 400/5. Calculate the CT ratio on 22kV
side.

Q.3 Attempt any Three of the following. 12 Marks

a) Two 11 KV, three phase 2500 KVA generators having reactance of 12% operate in
parallel. The generators supply power to a transmission line through a 6000 KVA
transformer of ratio 11/22 KV and having leakage reactance of 4%. Calculate fault
KVA on H.T. side of transformer.
b) Compare HRC fuse with MCCB on the following points.
(i) size ii) cost (iii) reliability iv) applications
c) With neat sketch explain working of directional over current relay.

1
 d) The neutral point of a three phase 18MVA, 11kV alternator is earthed through a
resistance of 4.5 Ω. The relay is set to operate when there is an out of balance current
of 1.4A. The CTs have a ratio of 1000/5. What is the percentage of winding protected?

Q.4 Attempt any Three of the following. 12 Marks

a) Compare the MCCB with ELCB on any three points. State the application of the
RCBO.
b) Explain time-current characteristics of IDMT relay.
c) List four limitations of differential protection scheme for transformer.
d) Explain with sketch protection of 3-phase induction motor during single phasing.
e) Explain with neat sketch fault bus protection scheme.

Q.5 Attempt any Two of the following. 12 Marks

a) With the help of neat sketches explain the construction and working of vacuum CB.
b) With the help of block diagram explain the sequence of operation for microprocessor
based over current protection.
c) A three phase transformer having line voltage ratio of 0.4 kV/11kV is connected Star /
Delta and protective transformers on the 0.4 kV side have a current ratio of 500/5.
Calculate the ratio of the protective transformers on 11 kV side. Draw a neat circuit
diagram and indicate the given values at appropriate places.

Q.6 Attempt any Two of the following. 12 Marks

a) Explain with neat sketch pantograph type of isolator. State the sequence of operation
of isolator, CB and earthing switch while opening and closing.
b) Explain any six quality requirements for better protective relaying.
c) With the help of neat sketch explain the operation of distance protection scheme for
the transmission line.

2
 Scheme - I
Sample Test Paper - I
Program Name : Electrical Engineering Program Group
Program Code : EE/EP/EU
Semester
Course Title
: Fifth
: Switchgear and Protection
22524
Max. Marks : 20 Time: 1 Hour

Instructions:
(1) All questions are compulsory.
(2) Illustrate your answers with neat sketches wherever necessary.
(3) Figures to the right indicate full marks.
(4) Sub-questions in a main question carry equal marks.
(5) Assume suitable data if necessary.
(6) Preferably, write the answers in sequential order.

Q.1 Attempt any FOUR. 08 Marks

a. State any for causes of faults in power system.
b. State the function of current limiting reactor.
c. State the difference between normal and abnormal conditions in power system.
d. List any two advantages and two disadvantages of vacuum circuit breaker.
e. State the factors to be considered while selecting MCCB for motor protection.
f. State the need of insulation coordination

Q.2 Attempt any THREE. 12 Marks

a. Two 11kV, 3 phase, 5000kVA generators each having reactance of 20% operate in parallel.
The generators supply power to transmission line through 3000kVA transformer of ratio
22kV/33kV having leakage reactance of 6%. Calculate Fault kVA on H.T. side of transformer.
b. Compare HRC fuse and Circuit breakers as interrupting devices on any four points.
c. Describe with neat sketch the arc extinction in SF6 circuit breaker.
d. Define following terms related to CB:
i) Rated normal current ii) Rated breaking current:
iii) Short time rating iv) Symmetrical breaking current
e. With the help of neat sketch explain the working of ELCB.

3
 Scheme - I
Sample Test Paper - II
Program Name : Electrical Engineering Program Group
Program Code : EE/EP/EU
Semester
Course Title
: Fifth
: Switchgear and Protection
22524
Max. Marks : 20 Time: 1 Hour

Instructions:
(1) All questions are compulsory.
(2) Illustrate your answers with neat sketches wherever necessary.
(3) Figures to the right indicate full marks.
(4) Sub-questions in a main question carry equal marks.
(5) Assume suitable data if necessary.
(6) Preferably, write the answers in sequential order.

Q.1 Attempt any FOUR. 08 Marks

a. Define the terms related to Protective Relay :
(i) Selectivity (ii) Sensitivity
b. State the principle of distance relaying.
c. State any four advantages of static over current relay over electromagnetic relay.
d. State the need of over voltage relay in power system.
e. List any four faults occuring in alternators.
f. State the difference between short circuit and overload.

Q.2 Attempt any THREE. 12 Marks

a. With a neat sketch explain solenoid type over current relay.
b. State any four salient features of microprocessor based protection relay. Draw block
diagram of microprocessor based over current relay.
c. Explain the conditions for setting up negative phase sequence currents in an alternator.
Draw the protective scheme to detect them and operate the CB.
d. A three phase 66/11 kV, star-delta connected transformer is protected by Merz-Price
protection. The CTs on LT side have a ratio of 420/5. Find the ratios of the CTs on the
HT side. Draw the neat labelled connection diagram of the complete scheme.
e. Describe with neat diagram, the time graded over current protection of transmission
line. State its drawbacks.

4
 22524
11920
3 Hours / 70 Marks Seat No.

Instructions – (1) All Questions are Compulsory.

(2) Illustrate your answers with neat sketches
wherever necessary.
(3) Figures to the right indicate full marks.
(4) Assume suitable data, if necessary.
(5) Use of Non-programmable Electronic Pocket
Calculator is permissible.
(6) Preferably, write the answers in sequential order.

Marks

1. Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10

a) Draw neat circuit diagram of
(i) Feeder reactor and
(ii) Generator reactor
b) State four functions of protective system.
c) Define the term “Insulation co-ordination”.
d) Draw a typical time-current characteristic for IDMT relay.
e) List two limitations of Differential-Protection scheme for
transformer.
f) State two requirements of transmission line protection.
g) State four abnormalities that taking place in case of motors.

P.T.O.
22524 [2]
Marks
2. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12
a) Explain in brief four causes of faults in the power system.
b) Define the following terms related to circuit breaker
(i) Breaking Capacity
(ii) Making Capacity
(iii) Short time rating and
(iv) Normal current rating
c) Define the following terms with respect to protective relays
(i) Relay time
(ii) Reset current
(iii) Plug setting multiplier and
(iv) Time setting multiplier.
d) A three phase, 66/11KV, star-delta connected transformer is
protected by Merz-Price system. The CT’s on LV side have
a ratio of 400/5. Find the ratio of CT’s on the HV side.

3. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12

a) With neat diagram explain the operation of Horizontal break
isolator.
b) Describe the working of HRC fuse with neat diagram.
c) With neat sketch explain the working of Thermal relay.
d) A star connected, 3-phase, 10MVA, 6.6KV alternator is protected
by Merz-Price circulating current principle using 1000/5 ampers
current transformers. The star point of the alternator is earthed
through a resistance of 7.5Ω. If the minimum operating current
for the relay is 0.5A, calculate the percentage of each phase
of the stator winding which is unprotected against the earth
faults, When the machine is operating at normal voltage.
22524 [3]
Marks
4. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12
a) “ELCB” is must for a residential installation’’. Justify the
statement.
b) Describe the operation of current differential relay with neat
sketch.
c) Discuss in brief the principle of distance protection and state
four advantages of distance protection scheme.
d) Explain differential protection scheme for busbars with neat
sketch.
e) Explain with neat sketch, the Pilot wire protection scheme
applied to transmission line.

5. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12

a) Describe the construction and operation of Buchholz relay
with neat labelled diagram.
b) Explain the working of single phasing preventer with neat
diagram.
c) Two 11KV, 3-phase, 3000KVA generators having reactance
of 15% operate in parallel. The generator supply power to
a transmission line through a 6000KVA transformer of ratio
11/22KV and having leakage reactance of 5%. Calculate fault
current and fault KVA on H.T. side of transformer.

6. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12

a) Describe the construction of SF6 circuit breaker with neat
diagram.
b) With the help of neat diagram, explain the operation of
static relay.
c) Explain the “Differential Protection Scheme” used for
alternators with neat labelled diagram.
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC-27001-2013 Certified)
Model Answers
Winter – 2019 Examinations
Subject & Code: Switchgear and Protection (22524)

Important Instructions to examiners:

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model
answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess
the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills).
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure.
The figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any
equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values
may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate‟s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidate‟s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.

Page No :1 of 15
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC-27001-2013 Certified)
Model Answers
Winter – 2019 Examinations
Subject & Code: Switchgear and Protection (22524)

1 Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10

1 a) Draw neat circuit diagram of

i) Feeder reactor and
ii) Generator reactor
Ans:
1) Circuit Diagram of Feeder Reactor:

1 Mark for
each diagram
2) Circuit Diagram of Generator Reactor: = 2 Marks

1 b) State four functions of protective system.

Ans:
Functions of Protective System:
1) To switch ON or OFF the electric power during normal conditions for
operation and maintenance.
2) To protect the power system by isolating the faulty parts due to abnormal
conditions within shortest possible time. ½ Mark for
3) To provide the reliable and continuous supply to consumers. each of any
4) To isolate faulty sections of system only without affecting the healthy four
sections of system. functions
5) Constantly monitor the electrical quantities of system so that occurrence of = 2 Marks
fault should be minimized.
6) To prevent the occurrence of major faults.
7) To ensure maximum safety conditions from generation stage to consumers
premises.
OR Equivalent Answer

Page No :2 of 15
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC-27001-2013 Certified)
Model Answers
Winter – 2019 Examinations
Subject & Code: Switchgear and Protection (22524)

1 c) Define the term “Insulation co-ordination”.

Ans:
Insulation Co-ordination : It is the correlation of the insulation of electrical
equipment and the lines with the characteristics of protective devices such that 2 Marks
the insulation of the whole power system is protected from the excessive over
voltages.
OR Equivalent Answer

1 d) Draw a typical time-current characteristic for IDMT relay.

Ans:
Time-Current Characteristic for IDMT Relay:

2 Marks

1 e) List two limitations of Differential-Protection scheme for transformer.

Ans:
Limitations of Differential Protection Scheme of Transformer:
1) Due to the magnetization characteristics of the CTs used, the ratio errors
change with respect to the circulating currents. 1 Mark for
2) The pilot wires used may vary in length due to which the unbalance in the each of any
secondary circuit parameter (resistance) is created that result in improper two
scheme. limitations
3) During heavy short circuit conditions, the high currents create saturation of = 2 Marks
the flux in core of CTs that lead to abnormal relaying or unexpected behavior
of the relaying circuit.
4) Tap changing may lead to change in settings & improper operation.
5) Inrush of magnetizing current may lead to inadvertent operation.

1 f) State two requirements of transmission line protection.

Ans:
Requirements of Transmission Line Protection:
1) Faults on lines should be quickly detected to initiate actions to maintain
system stability. 1 Mark for
2) For very long lines the protection system must be capable of identifying the each of any
fault location. two
3) In the event of short circuit fault on the line, the circuit breaker nearest to it requirements
must operate to open the line, while the other circuit breakers remain closed. = 2 Marks
4) Adjacent circuit breakers should provide immediate backup protection in the
event of failure of circuit breaker (nearest to fault) to operate.

Page No :3 of 15
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC-27001-2013 Certified)
Model Answers
Winter – 2019 Examinations
Subject & Code: Switchgear and Protection (22524)

1 g) State four abnormalities that taking place in case of motors.

Ans:
Abnormalities that Taking Place in Case of Motors:
A) Electrical / magnetic sections:
1) Electrical supply failure due to single phasing, under voltage, unbalanced
voltages and reversal of phases.
2) Short circuit faults between turns of a stator / rotor winding due to failure
of insulation.
3) Short circuit faults between stator / rotor winding due to failure of
insulation.
4) Short circuit faults between stator coils and body of motor due to failure
of insulation.
5) Open circuit in stator winding / rotor winding or their terminal
connections. ½ Mark for
6) Loose or broken rotor winding. each of any
7) Damaged core stampings / teeth. four
8) Prolonged loading, improper loading, stalling, loss of synchronism etc. abnormalities
B) Mechanical section: = 2 Marks
1) Unbalanced rotor.
2) Damaged bearings.
3) Grooved slip rings.
4) Worn out brushes leading to abnormal operation with sparking etc.
5) End play in shaft, bent shaft.
6) Cooling / ventilation system failures, damaged fan.
7) Failure / disturbances of alignment.
8) Foundation arrangement disturbed.

2 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12

2 a) Explain in brief four causes of faults in the power system.

Ans:
Causes of Faults in the Power System:
1) Breaking of Conductors: It is one of major causes of faults. Breaking of
conductors is due to excessive heat or because of mechanical stresses.
2) Failure of Insulation: It is also one of the major causes of faults. The failure
of insulation results in short circuits which are very harmful.
3) Overvoltage due to Lightning or Surges: In rainy seasons sometimes faults
1 Mark for
on transmission & distribution lines are caused by overvoltage due to
each of any
lightning or switching surges.
four causes
4) Mechanical Failure: Because of mechanical failure, faults on power system
= 4 Marks
may occur.
5) Accidents: Because of accidents faults on the power system may occur.
6) Unbalanced Currents: Unbalanced currents flowing in the system set up
harmonics, there by heating the system, which results in fault.
7) Faulty System Design: Certain faults occur due to poor quality of system
components or because of faulty system design.
8) Improper Maintenance: Improper maintenance of machines / equipment /
Page No :4 of 15
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC-27001-2013 Certified)
Model Answers
Winter – 2019 Examinations
Subject & Code: Switchgear and Protection (22524)

lines / protective system leads to faults in the power system.

OR Equivalent Answer

2 b) Define the following terms related to circuit breaker.

1) Breaking Capacity
2) Making Capacity
3) Short time rating and
4) Normal current rating
Ans:
1) Breaking Capacity: It is current (r.m.s) that a circuit breaker is capable of
breaking at given recovery voltage under specified conditions (e.g. power
factor, rate of rise of restriking voltage).
2) Making Capacity: The peak value of current (including d.c. component) 1 Mark for
during the first cycle of current wave after the closure of circuit breaker is each
known as making capacity. definition
3) Short Time Rating: It is the period for which the circuit breaker is able to = 4 Marks
carry fault current while remaining closed.
4) Normal Current Rating: It is the r.m.s. value of current which the circuit
breaker is capable of carrying continuously at its rated frequency under
specified conditions. The only limitation in this case is the temperature rise of
current-carrying parts.
OR Equivalent Definitions

2 c) Define the following terms with respect to protective relays

i) Relay time
ii) Reset current
iii) Plug setting multiplier and
iv) Time setting multiplier
Ans:
1) Relay Time: The time interval between occurrence of fault and closure of
relay contacts.
2) Reset Current: The value of current below which the relay resets and
comes back to its original state is called as reset current. 1 Mark for
3) Plug Setting Multiplier: It is the ratio of fault current in relay coil to pick-up each
current. definition
OR = 4 Marks
PSM = ( Fault current in relay coil) / ( Pickup current)
4) Time Setting Multiplier: The adjustment arrangement provided for
setting the operation time of relay is known as Time setting multiplier.
OR Equivalent Definitions

2 d) A three phase, 66/11 kV, star-delta connected transformer is protected by Merz-

Price system. The CT‟s on LV side have a ratio of 400/5. Find the ratio of CT‟s
on the HV side.
Ans:
The CTs on LV side are connected in star as transformer windings are in delta.
Whereas those on HV side are in delta as the transformer windings are in star on 1 Mark

Page No :5 of 15
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC-27001-2013 Certified)
Model Answers
Winter – 2019 Examinations
Subject & Code: Switchgear and Protection (22524)

that side.
Assume CT line current on LV side to be 5 A and then that on HV side will also
be 5 A. But HV side CTs are in delta. Hence the HV side CT current will be
(CT line current)/√3 = 5/√3 A. 1 Mark
Assume line current (for convenience) of 400 A on LV side (delta side) of
transformer. When transformed to HV side the line current will be ILht given by
√3 x 66 x ILht = √3 x 11 x 400
ILht = (11/66)x(400) = 66.67 A. 1 Mark
On HV side CT primary current is 66.67A and CT secondary current is 5/√3 A,
Hence the CT ratio is 66.67 / (5/√3) = (66.67√3/5) = 115.47 / 5. 1 Mark

3 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12

3 a) With neat diagram explain the operation of Horizontal break isolator.

Ans:
Operation of Horizontal Break Isolator:

2 Marks for
diagram

1) Fixed female contacts of metal are supported on stack of insulator.

2) Male contact rod is connected to central insulating support which can be
moved to have horizontal movement of male contact for opening or closing
into the female contacts.
3) The movement of the rod and its support may be done manually, electrically
or pneumatically by operators.
4) The operating mechanism disengages or engages the rod into a female contact 2 Marks for
for closing and opening operation of isolator. operation
5) The male contact‟s movement is horizontal and hence this type of isolator is
named as horizontal break isolator.
6) The assembly is supported on galvanized steel channel or steel frame. The
moving male contact can be move through 90 .

Page No :6 of 15
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC-27001-2013 Certified)
Model Answers
Winter – 2019 Examinations
Subject & Code: Switchgear and Protection (22524)

3 b) Describe the working of HRC fuse with neat diagram.

Ans:
Working of HRC Fuse:

2 Marks for
labeled
diagram

Under normal conditions, the fuse element is at a temperature below its melting
point. Therefore, it carries the normal current without overheating.
When a fault occurs, the current increases and the heat produced is sufficient to 2 Marks for
melt this element. Fuse element melts before the fault current reaches its first working
peak value. Vaporized metal or fuse element chemically reacts with filling
powder and results in the formation of high resistance substance that helps in
quenching the arc.

3 c) With a neat sketch, explain the working of Thermal relay.

Ans:
Working of Thermal Relay:

2 Marks for
labeled
diagram

1) When the system is in normal operating condition, the heating element carries
normal current from CT, this current produces heat = I2Rt. This heat is not
sufficient to bent bimetallic strip hence relay contact remain open.
2) The insulated liver arm is connected to the trip coil along with the spring and
the bimetallic strips. The tension of the spring is varied by the help of the
sector-shaped plate 2 Marks for
3) When the fault occurs on the system, the heating element carries abnormal working
current supplied by the CT, hence developing more heat which bents
bimetallic strip, the tension of the spring releases which operates relay
contacts resulting into providing trip signal to trip circuit.

Page No :7 of 15
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC-27001-2013 Certified)
Model Answers
Winter – 2019 Examinations
Subject & Code: Switchgear and Protection (22524)

3 d) A star connected, 3-phase, 10 MVA, 6.6 kV alternator is protected by Merz-

Price circulating current principle using 1000/5 amperes current transformers.
The star point of the alternator is earthed through a resistance of 7.5Ω. If the
minimum operating current for the relay is 0.5A, calculate the percentage of each
phase of the stator winding which is unprotected against the earth faults, when
the machine is operating at normal voltage.
Ans:
Let x% of winding be unprotected.
Earthing resistance r = 7.5 Ω
1 Mark
Voltage per phase =
Minimum fault current which will operate the relay =
1 Mark
E.m.f. induced in x % winding =
Earth fault current which x% winding will cause
= 1 Mark
This current must be equal to minimum fault current which will operate the
relay.

1 Mark
Hence 19.68% of alternator winding is left unprotected.

4 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12

4 a) “ELCB is must for a residential installation.” Justify the statement

Ans:
ELCB is must for a Residential Installation:

2 Marks for
diagram

Page No :8 of 15
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC-27001-2013 Certified)
Model Answers
Winter – 2019 Examinations
Subject & Code: Switchgear and Protection (22524)

When the insulation of equipment fails and person touches the metal casing, the
leakage current (say i) flows through human body and he may receive severe
shock. However, if ELCB is used with residential installation, it senses the fault
current (leakage current) and operates in very short time under such conditions
and the current flowing through the body of person / operator is interrupted.
Thus the person is protected from getting electric shock.
Referring to the figure, under normal condition, the phase current I flow through 2 Marks for
circuit and same amount of current I return through circuit hence relay does not justification
operate. But when fault occurs, a small part of I say i completes its path through
fault, human being and earth. The return current through neutral gets reduced to
(I - i).Therefore, flux ϕB reduces to a value less than the flux ϕA. Hence the
resultant flux Φr = (ϕA.- ϕB) induces an emf, which is further amplified and
operates relay circuit within 50ms, resulting into opening of the mains and
ultimately protects the person / operator because of ELCB. So it is must for a
residential installation.
OR Equivalent Answer

4 b) Describe the operation of current differential relay with neat sketch.

Ans:
Operation of Current Differential Relay:

2 Marks for
diagram

Figure shows an arrangement of an overcurrent relay connected to operate as a

differential relay for alternator protection under fault conditon.
Under normal operating conditions, suppose the alternator winding carries a 2 Marks for
normal current then the current in the two seconderies of CTs are equal. These operation
currents will only circulate between the two CTs and no current will flow
through relay coil. If a fault occurs on alternator winding, the two secondary
currents will not be equal and resultant current flows through relay coil, causing
relay to operate for protection of alternator winding.

4 c) Discuss in brief the principle of distance protection and state four advantages of
distance protection scheme.
Ans:
Principle of Distance Protection:
Action of relay depends on impedance (distance) up to fault point. At fault point 2 Marks for
the ratio of V/I (= Z) falls below preset value due to which the relay operates to principle
trip the circuit breaker.
„V‟ is the restraining quantity while „I‟ is the operating quantity.

Page No :9 of 15
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC-27001-2013 Certified)
Model Answers
Winter – 2019 Examinations
Subject & Code: Switchgear and Protection (22524)

Advantages: ½Mark for

1. System is economical each
2. High speed of interruption advantages
3. Suitable for very long and high voltage transmission lines. = 2 Marks
4. No problem of pilot wires.
4 d) Explain differential protection scheme for busbars with neat sketch.
Ans:
Differential Protection Scheme for Bus bar:

2 Marks for
diagram

Under normal conditions, the sum of the currents entering the bus bar zone is
equal to those leaving it and no current flows through the relay coil. If a fault 2 Marks for
occurs within the protected zone, the currents entering the bus will no longer be explanation
equal those leaving it. The difference of these currents will flow through the
relay coil causing opening of circuit breaker of bus-bar.

4 e) Explain with neat sketch, the Pilot wire protection scheme applied to
transmission line.
Ans:
Pilot Wire Protection scheme of Transmission Line:

2 Marks for
diagram

Figure shows the single line diagram of Merz price voltage balance system for
pilot wire protection of three phase transmission line. The pair of CTs in each 2 Marks for
line is connected in series with a relay, in such a way that under normal explanation
conditions, their secondary voltages are equal and opposite. Because current
entering is equal to current leaving, they cancel out and no current flows through
relay coil. Suppose a fault occurs at point F, the current entering and leaving are
different, hence causing current to flow through the relay, which gives trip signal

Page No :10 of 15
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC-27001-2013 Certified)
Model Answers
Winter – 2019 Examinations
Subject & Code: Switchgear and Protection (22524)

to the circuit breaker for protection of transmission line.

5 Attempt any TWO of the following: 12

5 a) Describe the construction and Operation of Buchholz relay with neat labeled
diagram.
Ans:
Construction of Buchholz Relay:
It takes the form of a domed vessel placed in the connecting pipe between the
main tank and the conservator. The device has two elements. The upper element 2 Marks for
consists of a mercury switch attached to a float. The lower elements contain a construction
mercury switch mounted on a hinged type flap located in the direct path of the
flow of oil from the transformer to the conservator. The upper element closes an
alarm circuit during incipient faults whereas the lower element is arranged to trip
the circuit breaker in case of severe internal faults.

2 Marks for
labeled
diagram

Operation:
As seen from diagram, the upper mercury switch operates the alarm circuit due
to tilting of the float by accumulation of gas evolved slowly in the transformer
tank due to minor faults which may develop into major ones if the alarm is not
investigated. 2 Marks for
Further lower mercury switch operates the trip circuit to switch off the circuit operation
breaker related to the transformer when there is a sudden flow of oil from the
transformer tank to conservator. Such flow occurs when there is serious fault in
the transformer tank. Here the float (lower) is placed in such a manner that it
senses the sudden violent movement of oil/gas from transformer tank to
conservator.

Page No :11 of 15
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Model Answers
Winter – 2019 Examinations
Subject & Code: Switchgear and Protection (22524)

5 b) Explain the working of single phasing preventer with neat diagram.

Ans:
Working of single phasing preventer:

3 Marks for
diagram

Single phasing preventers are generally used for small / medium capacity
motors. Single phasing preventers are connected in secondary of line CTs. These
mainly contain a negative sequence filter. The output of negative sequence filter
is fed to the level detector, which further sends tripping command to starter or 3 Marks for
CB. When one of the three input lines get disconnected because of any reason, working
ultimately the NC contact gets opened which stops the motor to avoid further
damage when single phasing occurs.

5 c) Two 11kV, 3 phase, 3000kVA generators having reactances of 15% operate in

parallel. The generator supply power to transmission line through 6000kVA
transformer of ratio 11kV/22kV having leakage reactance of 5%. Calculate Fault
current and fault kVA on H.T. side of transformer.
Ans:
Assume base KVA = 6000kVA
% Reactance related to base kVA
% X = (Base kVA / Rated kVA) x % Reactance on Rated kVA
XG1 = (6000/3000) x 15%
= 30 %
XG2 = 30 % 1 Mark
XT = (6000/6000) x 5
=5% 1 Mark

1 Mark

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Subject & Code: Switchgear and Protection (22524)

For Fault at F2 (HT side)

Total reactance is %X = (XG1 || XG2) + XT = (30||30) + 5 1 Mark
= 15 + 5 = 20%
Rated current at base kVA
I = (6000 x 1000) / (√3 x 22 x 1000)
I = 157.45 Amp.
ISC = I x (100 / % X)
= 157.45 x (100 / 20)
1 Mark
ISC = 787.29 Amp
S.C. kVA = Base kVA x (100/ % X)
1 Mark
= 6000 x (100 /20)
= 30000 kVA

6 Attempt any TWO of the following. 12

6 a) Describe the construction of SF6 circuit breaker with neat diagram.

Ans:
Construction of SF6 Circuit Breaker :

3 Mark for
diagram

A sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) circuit breaker consists of fixed and moving

contacts enclosed in a chamber. The chamber is called arc interruption chamber,
which contains the sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas. This chamber is connected to
sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas reservoir. A valve mechanism is provided to
permit the gas to the arc interruption chamber. When the contacts of breaker are
opened, the valve mechanism permits a high-pressure sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
3 Marks for
gas from the reservoir to flow towards the arc interruption chamber.
description
The fixed contact is a hollow cylindrical current carrying contact fitted with an
arcing horn. The moving contact is also a hollow cylinder with rectangular holes
in the sides. The holes permit the sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) gas to let out
through them after flowing along and across the arc. The tips of fixed contact,
moving contact and arcing horn are coated with a copper-tungsten arc-resistant
material.

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Model Answers
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Subject & Code: Switchgear and Protection (22524)

6 b) With the help of neat diagram, explain operation of static relay.

Ans:
Operation of Static Relay:

3 Mark for
diagram

Operation:
1) The solid-state component used are transistors, diodes, resistors, IC‟s,
capacitor etc. The function of comparison and measurement are accomplished 3 Marks for
by static circuits. operation
2) Here the relaying quantity i.e. output of CT or PT or a transducer is rectified
by rectifier.
3) The rectified output is supplied to a relay measuring unit comprising of
comparators, level detectors, filters and logic circuits.
4) The output of relay measuring unit is amplified by the amplifier and fed to the
output device which actuates the trip circuit as per requirement.
5) An auxiliary dc supply is provided for operation of static relay elements as
shown in figure.

6 c) Explain the “Differential Protection Scheme” used for alternators with neat
labeled diagram.
Ans:
Differential Protection Scheme for Alternator:

3 Marks for
labeled
diagram

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Subject & Code: Switchgear and Protection (22524)

Figure shows the differential protection provided to 3 phase alternator. Here

identical CTs are placed on both sides of 3 phase alternator and their secondary‟s
are connected in star formation. Protective relays are connected as shown.
Under normal operating conditions, the currents in the pilot wires fed from CT 3 Marks for
connections are equal. The differential current flowing through operating coil of explanation
relay is zero (I1-I2=0). When fault occurs in the protected zone balance is
disturbed, the differential current flows through the operating coil of relay
causing its operation. Relay sends trip signal to the CB, thereby alternator circuit
is tripped.

Page No :15 of 15
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors 22524: SAP
Subject Name: Switchgear And Protection
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills).
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may
vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based
on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual
(English + Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year
2021-2022. Hence if the students write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the
Examiner shall consider the same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model
answer.
Sub
Q. Marking
Q. Answer
No. Scheme
N.
1. Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10 Marks
a) State any two functions of protective system.
Ans:
Functions of Protective System:
1. To switch ON or OFF the electric power during normal conditions for
operation and maintenance.
2. To protect the power system by isolating the faulty parts due to abnormal 1 Mark for
conditions within shortest possible time. each of any
3. To provide the reliable and continuous supply to consumers. two functions
4. To isolate only faulty sections of system without affecting the healthy = 2 Marks
sections of system.
5. Constantly monitor the electrical quantities of system so that occurrence of
fault should be minimized.
6. To prevent the occurrence of major faults.
7. To ensure maximum safety conditions from generation stage to consumer’s
premises.
b) List any four applications of HRC fuse.
Ans:
Applications of HRC Fuse:
1. HRC fuses are used to protect the circuit from short circuits in HV
switchgear. ½ Mark for
2. Used for backup protection to the circuit breaker. each of any
3. Used to protect electrical devices like motors, transformers etc. four
4. Motor stators also require this kind of fuse. applications
5. Used to protect high selectivity radial and ring networks. = 2 Marks
6. Used for protection of semiconductor devices.
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Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors 22524: SAP
Subject Name: Switchgear And Protection
7. Used for protection of cables.
8. Used for protection of LV distribution system against overload and short
circuit.
9. Used for protection of automobiles circuits.
10. Used for protection of capacitor banks.
11. Used for protection of small loads in circuits having high fault levels.
12. Used for protection of AC drives.
13. Used for protection of DC drives.
14. Used for protection of UPS system.
15. Used for protection of electronic equipment.
OR Equivalent Answer
c) State function of RCBO and MPCB.
Ans:
Functions of RCBO:
1. It gives protection against short circuit fault. 1 Mark for
2. It gives protection against over-current or overload fault. any one
3. It gives protection against leakage current fault, electrical shock. function
4. It can give protection against current imbalance.
5. It automatically breaks the circuit when flow of current through it exceeds a
certain level.
Functions of MPCB:
1. Protection against faults such as short circuits, line-to-ground faults and
line-to-line faults. The MPCB can interrupt any electrical fault that is below 1 Mark for
its breaking capacity. any one
2. Motor overload protection, when motor draws electric current above its function
nameplate value for an extended period of time. Overload protection is
normally adjustable in MPCBs.
3. Protection against phase unbalances and phase loss. Both conditions can
severely damage a three-phase motor, so the MPCB will disconnect the
motor in either case as soon as the fault is detected.
4. Thermal delay to prevent the motor from being turned back on immediately
after an overload, giving the motor time to cool down. An overheated motor
can be permanently damaged if it is turned back on.
5. Fault Signalling – Most models of motor protection circuit breakers have
a LED display that is turned on whenever the MPCB has tripped. This is a
visual indication for nearby personnel that a fault has occurred and the
electric motor must not be connected again until the fault is addressed.
6. Automatic Reconnection – Some MPCB models allow a cool down time to
be input in case there is an overload, after which the motor will restart
automatically.
d) State the need of directional relay.
Ans:
Need of Directional Relay:
In power system (power equipment / distribution lines / transmission lines
etc.) fault can be in two different directions from relay and it is highly
desirable for a relay to respond differently for faults in the forward or reverse 2 Marks
direction. In fact, the relay should respond only when the fault is on one side,
Page 2 of 17
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SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors 22524: SAP
Subject Name: Switchgear And Protection
while for failures on the other side it remains inactive. In order to avoid
disconnection of unnecessary circuits as normal overcurrent relay cannot
provide this function directional relay is needed. Directional relay enables
better discrimination of the faulty part of the network than with overcurrent
protection.
e) List any four protection scheme used for alternator.
Ans:
Protection Scheme Used for Alternator:
1. Mertz price protection.
2. Differential protection. ½ Mark for
3. Percentage differential protection. each of any
4. Over current protection. four schemes
5. Earth fault protection. = 2 Marks
6. Inter turn fault protection.
7. Negative phase sequence protection against unbalanced loading.
8. Overheating protection.
9. Balanced earth fault protection.
10. Restricted earth fault protection.
11. Protection against loss of excitation.
12. Reverse power protection.
13. Protection against over speed.
14. Short circuit protection.
f) Draw time-current characteristics of IDMT relay.
Ans:
Time-Current Characteristics of IDMT Relay:

2 Marks for
labeled
diagram

g) List any four faults related to busbar.

Ans:
Faults Related to Busbar:
1. Failure of support insulators resulting in earth faults.
2. Failure of circuit breakers to interrupt the fault current. ½ Mark for
3. Foreign object accidentally falling across the busbar. each of any
4. Flash over across support insulator causing flash over due to over-voltage. four faults
5. Heavily polluted insulator, causing flash-over. = 2 Marks
6. Earthquake, mechanical damages.
7. Failure of other related equipment.
8. Errors in operation and maintenance.
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SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors 22524: SAP
Subject Name: Switchgear And Protection
2. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 Marks
a) State importance of feeder reactor. Write any two disadvantages of it.
Ans:
Importance of Feeder Reactor:
1. If a fault occurs on any feeder, the voltage drop in its reactor will not affect
the bus-bars voltage so there is a little tendency for the generator to lose 1 Mark for
synchronism. each of any
2. The fault on a feeder will not affect other feeders and consequently, the two points
effects of the fault are localized. = 2 Marks
3. When the fault occurs on any one feeder, then the voltage drops occur only
in its reactors and the bus bar is not affected much.
4. Since most of the short circuits occurs on feeders, feeder reactor is most
required reactor in power system protection.
Disadvantages of Feeder Reactor:
1. There is constant power loss and voltage drop in reactors even during 1 Mark for
normal operation. each of any
2. If the number of generators is increased, the size of feeder reactors will two
have to be increased to keep short-circuit currents within ratings of the disadvantages
feeder circuit breakers. = 2 Marks
3. Every feeder needs a reactor hence the number or reactors increases.
4. Feeder reactors do not offer any protection for bus bar faults.
5. If short circuit occurs at busbars no protection is provided to generators by
feeder reactor.
b) Define: - arc voltage, restriking voltage, recovery voltage and RRRV.
Ans:
i) Arc Voltage: The voltage that appears across the contacts of circuit breaker
during the arcing period is called as the arc voltage.
ii) Restriking voltage: The transient voltage that appears across the contacts
of the circuit breaker at or near current zero during the arcing period is 1 Mark for
called as the restriking voltage. each
iii) Recovery voltage: The normal power frequency r.m.s voltage that appears definition
across the contacts after the final arc extinction is called recovery voltage. = 4 Marks
iv) RRRV: The RRRV (Rate of Rise of the Restriking Voltage) is defined as
the slope of the steepest tangent to the restriking voltage curve. It is
expressed in volts per micro-second.
c) A 3Φ 66 kV / 33 kV star / delta transformer is protected by Mertz-Price
protection scheme. CT’s on LV side have a ratio of 600/5. Find CT ratio on
HV side.
Ans:
The CTs on LV side are connected in star as transformer windings are in delta,
whereas those on HV side are in delta as the transformer windings are in star on 1 Mark
that side.
Assume CT line current on LV side to be 5 A and then that on HV side will also 1 Mark
be 5 A. But HV side CTs are in delta. Hence the HV side CT current will be
(CT line current)/√3 = 5/√3 A.
Assume line current (for convenience) of 600 A on LV side (delta side) of
Page 4 of 17
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Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors 22524: SAP
Subject Name: Switchgear And Protection
transformer. When transformed to HV side the line current will be I Lht given by
√3 x 66 x ILht = √3 x 33 x 600 1 Mark
ILht = (33/66) x (600) = 300 A.
On HV side CT primary current is 300 A and CT secondary current is 5/√3 A,
Hence the CT ratio is 300 / (5/√3) = (300√3/5) = 519.61 / 5 = 103.92 / 1. 1 Mark
d) Explain short circuit protection of 3Φ IM.
Ans:
The short circuit protection of three phase induction motor may be in one or
combination form of the following according to application of motor:
1. External protection against short circuit: External protection device is 2 Marks for
normally done using different types of fuses, MCBS, MCCBS, MPCBS and each of any
short circuit relays. This kind of protection device is compulsory and legal two points
and placed under safety regulations. = 4 Marks
2. Built-in motor protection: This is usually done with thermal overload
protection to avoid damage and breakdown of motor. The built-in protector
always requires an external circuit breaker while some built-in motor
protection types even require an overload relay. There are two types
commonly used namely: (i) Thermostats (ii) Thermistors or positive
temperature coefficient Sensors (PTC).
3. Advanced External Motor Protection Systems: Due to the increasing use
of electric motors in various aspects of industry, there has been significant
advancement in external motor protection against damage of short circuits.
Advance type sensor-relay combination like PT100 temperature monitoring
of stator and bearings, insulation resistance and temperature monitoring
sensors, digital / electronic / numerical relays etc. are applied to motor
protection against short circuit.
4. Instantaneous High Set Overcurrent Relay: It is used which trips
instantaneously the related circuit breaker of short circuited motor.
OR Equivalent Answer
3. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 Marks
a) List different types of faults occurred on a power system. Draw necessary
sketches (any four).
Ans:
Types of Faults Occurred on a Power System:
Power system faults:
1. Open circuit fault
a) One conductor (single phase) open type fault
b) Two conductors (two phase) open type fault 1 Mark for
c) Three conductors (three phase) open type fault each of any
2. Short circuit fault four faults
a) Symmetrical faults with related
i) Three phase (L-L-L) short circuit fault diagram
ii) Three phase to ground fault = 4 Marks
b) Unsymmetrical faults
i) Single line to ground fault
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SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors 22524: SAP
Subject Name: Switchgear And Protection
ii) Double line to ground fault
iii) Line to line fault

Types of
Sr.No Diagram
Faults

One conductor
(single phase)
1 open type fault

Two
Conductors
2 (Two Phase)
Open Type
Fault

Three
Conductors
3 (Three Phase)
Open Type
Fault

Three Phase (L-

L-L) Short
4 Circuit Fault

Three Phase to
Ground (L-L-L-
5 G) Fault

Single Line to
Ground (L-G)
6 Fault:

Page 6 of 17
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SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors 22524: SAP
Subject Name: Switchgear And Protection
Double Line to
Ground (L-L-
G) Fault:
7

Line to Line (L-

L) Fault:
8

OR Equivalent Answer / Diagrams

b) Explain working of vertical break isolator with neat sketch.
Ans:
Working of Vertical Break Isolator:
The figure shows vertical break isolator. It has two sets of insulators mounted on I
section channel, which is usually earthed. Each insulator has fixed terminals for 2 Marks for
connecting it to concerned lines. The fixed contact is mounted on top of one set of
explanation
insulators and moving contact of blade type is mounted on the other. The moving
contact is operated by an operating mechanism installed on base.
Whenever isolator is required to be opened, operating mechanism is operated and
because of it moving contact pushes upwards thus disconnecting the circuit.

2 Marks for
sketch

c) Define – Relay time, reset current, pick-up current, current setting.

Ans:
Relay Time: It is the time interval between occurrence of fault and closure of
relay contacts.
Reset Current: The value of current below which the relay resets and comes
back to its original position is called as reset current or
dropout.
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SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors 22524: SAP
Subject Name: Switchgear And Protection
Pick-up Current: The threshold value of operating current above which the
relay operates. 1 Mark for
OR each
It is the minimum current in the relay coil at which the relay definition
starts to operate. = 4 Marks
Current Setting: The method of adjusting Pickup current value is known as
current setting.

d) Draw neat sketch of Buchholz relay. State any four points related to its
construction.
Ans:
Construction of Buchholz Relay:

2 Marks for
diagram

Buchholz relay consists of an oil filled chamber.

1. Buchholz relay is a gas actuated relay installed in oil immersed
transformers for protection against all kinds of faults. 2 Marks for
2. Buchholz relay is in the form of a domed vessel placed in the connecting any four
pipe between the main tank and the conservator. points
3. In Buchholz relay there are two hinged floats, one at the top and other at the
bottom in the chamber. Each float is accompanied by a mercury switch.
4. The mercury switch on the upper float is connected to an alarm circuit
during incipient faults.
5. The lower mercury switch located in the direct path of the flow of oil from
the transformer to the conservator is arranged to trip the circuit breaker in
case of severe internal faults.
e) With neat sketch explain pilot wire protection scheme for transmission
line.
Ans:
Pilot Wire Protection Scheme for Transmission Line:

Page 8 of 17
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SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors 22524: SAP
Subject Name: Switchgear And Protection

2 Marks for
sketch

2 Marks for
Figure shows the single line diagram of Merz price voltage balance system for explanation
pilot wire protection of three phase transmission line. The pair of CTs in each
line is connected in series with a relay, in such a way that under normal
conditions, their secondary voltages are equal and opposite. Because current
entering is equal to current leaving, they cancel out and no current flows
through relay coil. Suppose a fault occurs at point F, the current entering and
leaving are different, hence causing current to flow through the relay, which
gives trip signal to the circuit breaker for protection of transmission line.
4. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 Marks
a) Explain with neat sketch working principle of distance relay.
Ans:
Distance Protection Scheme for Transmission Line:

2 Marks for
sketch

Impedance or distance protection scheme uses impedance relay. The relay

operation is based on the impedance (or distance) between the relay and point
of fault. Figure shows arrangement for distance protection for typical
transmission line.
The voltage element of impedance relay receives supply from PT secondary and
current element receives supply from CT secondary. It measures Impedance at 2 Marks for
relay location ( Z = V / I ) The protection zone of line is between A and B. working
Under normal working conditions, the impedance of line is ZL. The impedance
relay is so designed that, it operates only when line impedance becomes less
than ZL. When fault occurs between points A & B, the impedance of line
becomes less than ZL and impedance relay operates which trips the CB and line
is protected.
b) Explain reverse power protection of 3Φ alternator.
Ans:
Reverse Power Protection of 3Φ Alternator:
The turbine drives alternator. Alternator is connected to supply system through
transformers bus bars etc. and similarly so many alternators are connected to
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Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors 22524: SAP
Subject Name: Switchgear And Protection
supply system. But when input to any one turbine is stopped, then that 4 Marks for
alternator starts rotating as synchronous motor and this is the reverse power explanation
condition which is undesirable hence can be detected by using directional relay
in any one phase.
The induction type directional relay is used for the reverse power protection of
alternator. Here the shunt magnet coil and series magnet coil are exited from
alternator to whom protection is to be provided. When power flow direction is
correct, the disc rotates in the normal direction and does not close trip contacts.
But when the power flow reverses, the disc rotates in opposite direction causing
closure of trip contacts.
c) With neat sketch explain working of restricted earth fault protection
scheme of transformer.
Ans:
Restricted Earth Fault Protection:

2 Marks for
sketch

Referring to Figure, the star connected neutral earthed side is protected by

restricted earth fault protection. An earth fault F1 beyond the transformer causes
the currents I2 and I1 to flow in CT secondary. Therefore, the resultant current in
earth fault relay is negligible and relay does not operate for the faults beyond its 2 Marks for
region. For earth fault within the transformer star connected winding F2 only I2 explanation
flows and I1 is negligible. So earth fault relay operates.
When fault occurs very near to neutral point, the voltage available for driving
earth fault relay is very small. Hence the practice is to set the relay such that it
operates for earth fault current of the order of 15% of rated current. Such setting
protects restricted portion of winding; hence the name is restricted earth fault
protection.
4. d) List any four major faults related to 3Φ IM. Draw sketch of single phasing
preventer.
Ans:
Faults Related to 3Φ IM:
A) Electrical / magnetic sections:
1. Electrical supply failure due to single phasing, under voltage, unbalanced
voltages and reversal of phases.
2. Short circuit faults between turns of a stator coil due to failure of insulation.
3. Short circuit faults between stator coils due to failure of insulation. ½ mark for
4. Short circuit faults between stator coil/s and body of motor due to failure of each any 4
insulation. faults
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Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors 22524: SAP
Subject Name: Switchgear And Protection
5. Open circuit in stator winding/coils or their terminal connections. = 2 Marks
6. Loose or broken rotor bars.
7. Damaged core stampings/teeth.
B) Mechanical section:
1. Unbalanced rotor.
2. Damaged bearings.
3. End play in shaft, bent shaft.
4. Cooling/ventilation system failures, damaged fan.
5. Failure/disturbances of alignment.
6. Foundation arrangement disturbed.
7. Worn out brushes leading to abnormal operation with sparking etc.
OR
1. Prolonged overloading.
2. Single phasing.
3. Stalling.
4. Phase to phase faults / phase fault.
5. Phase to ground fault.
6. Inter- turn faults.
7. Earth faults.
8. Reversal of phases.
9. Failure of bearings / Rotor Jam.
10. Supply under-voltage.
11. Supply over voltage.
12. Unbalanced Supply Voltage.
13. Faults in stator and associated circuit.
14. Faults in rotor or associated circuit.
15. Open circuit fault in stator / rotor circuit.
Single Phasing Preventer:

2 Marks for
sketch

4. e) Explain with neat sketch differential protection scheme of bus bar.

Ans:
Differential Protection Scheme for Bus Bar:

2 Marks for
sketch

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SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors 22524: SAP
Subject Name: Switchgear And Protection

2 Marks for
explanation

Under normal conditions, the sum of the currents entering the bus bar zone is
equal to those leaving it and no current flows through the relay coil. If a fault
occurs within the protected zone, the currents entering the bus will no longer be
equal those leaving it. The difference of these currents will flow through the
relay coil causing opening of circuit breaker of bus-bar.
5 Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 Marks
5. a) Compare ACB and MCB on any six points.
Ans:
Comparison Between ACB and MCB:
Sr.
ACB MCB
No.
1. An air circuit breaker (ACB) is an A miniature circuit breaker (MCB)
electrical switching device that is an electrical safety device that
uses air as the arc quenching protects the electrical circuit from
medium. excessive current, which may be
caused by overload or short circuit.
2. The current rating of ACB is The current rating of MCB is less. 1 Mark for
more than MCB. each of any
3. ACB has comparatively much The breaking capacity of MCB is six points
high breaking capacity. lower than ACB. = 6 Marks
4. Operational accuracy of ACB is Operational accuracy of MCB is
comparatively less. better.
5. ACBs are suitable for high rating MCBs are suitable for low rating
LT panels / loads. LT panels / loads.
6. ACB is not compatible to use at MCB is compatible to use at the
the load end because of its less load end due to its frequent
frequent operation. operation with high accuracy.
7. The short circuit current for ACB The short circuit current rating for
is high. MCB is less.
8. For ACB, the time required for For MCB, the time required for
sensing the short circuit is about sensing the short circuit is about 9
30 milliseconds. milliseconds.
9. The adjustment of tripping The adjustment of tripping
threshold of ACB is little threshold of MCB is easy.
complex than MCB.
10. ACB have a tripping relay MCB has a tripping release
mechanism for its operation. mechanism for its operation.
11. ACB have a high rupturing MCB has a low rupturing capacity.
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Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors 22524: SAP
Subject Name: Switchgear And Protection
capacity.
12. ACB is more expensive as MCB is less expensive as
compared to MCB. compared to ACB.
5 b) Draw a block diagram of microprocessor based over current protection.
State function of each block.
Ans:
Microprocessor Based Over Current Protection:

3 Marks for
block
diagram

Function of CT:
CTs are the devices that measure the current in a circuit. CTs are needed
because the circuit's current is much higher than the relay can handle. CTs step
down the current to a low level safe to connect to the relay.
Function of Current to Voltage (I to V) Converter: ½ Mark for
As the microprocessor accepts signals in voltage form, the current signal each of any
derived from the CT is converted into a proportional voltage signal using six block
current to voltage (I to V) converter. functions
Function of Rectifier: = 3 Marks
The ac voltage proportional to the load current is converted into dc through a
precision rectifier as the microprocessor accepts dc voltage proportional to the
load current.
Function of Multiplexer:
Using a multiplexer, the microprocessor can sense the fault currents of a
number of circuits. If the fault current in any circuit exceeds the pick-up value,
the microprocessor sends a tripping signal to the circuit breaker of that faulty
circuit.
Function of A/D Convertor:
A/D convertor converts analog signal into digital form for further processing of
signal.
Function of Microprocessor Kit:
The microprocessor sends signal to the ADC for starting the conversion. The
microprocessor reads the end of conversion signal to examine whether the
conversion is over or not. As soon as conversion is over, the microprocessor
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Subject Name: Switchgear And Protection
reads the current signal in digital form and then compares it with the pickup
value. The microprocessor first determines the magnitude of the fault current
and then selects the corresponding time of operation. Then it goes in delay
subroutine and sends a trip signal to the circuit breaker after the predetermined
time delay.

5 c) List any three difficulties experienced in differential protection of

alternator. State the remedies to overcome each.
Ans:
Difficulties Experienced in Differential Protection of Alternator with
Remedies:

Sr. Difficulties Experienced in Differential Relay How are they

No. in Alternator Protection: overcome?
1 The differential protection provides very fast Additional sensitive 2 Marks for
protection against phase-to-phase faults and earth fault relay each of any
phase to ground faults. If neutral is not grounded should be provided. three
or grounded through resistance, error may cause. difficulties
with related
2 When differential relay is used for protection, the Use Biased remedy
CT’s should be identical in design, otherwise the Differential = 6 Marks
ratio error may occur. protection.
3 There may be unequal length of leads of CT wire Use Biased
connections, causing error. Differential
protection
4 Unequal secondary burden on CT. Use Biased
Differential
protection

6 Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 Marks

a) Related to vacuum circuit breaker –
i) Draw neat sketch
ii) Write any four importance points related to its construction.
iii) Give any two advantages and two disadvantages.
Ans:
Vacuum Circuit Breaker:

2 Marks for
diagram

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Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors 22524: SAP
Subject Name: Switchgear And Protection

½ Mark for
each of any
Points Related Construction of Vacuum Circuit Breaker: four points
1. It consists of fixed contact, moving contact and arc shield mounted inside = 2 Marks
a vacuum chamber (vacuum interrupter).
2. The vacuum circuit breaker comprises a steel arc chamber in the center,
symmetrically arranged ceramic insulators.
3. The movable member is connected to the control mechanism by stainless
steel bellows. This enables the permanent sealing of the vacuum chamber
so as to eliminate the possibility of the leak.
4. A glass vessel or ceramic vessel is used as the outer insulating body.
5. The arc shield prevents the deterioration of the internal dielectric strength
by preventing metallic vapors from falling on the inside surface of the outer
insulating cover.
6. The material used for current-carrying contacts plays an important role in
the performance of the vacuum circuit breaker. Alloys like, Copper-bismuth
or copper-chrome is used as material to make VCB contacts.
7. The arc shields are supported to the insulating housing such that they cover
these shields and is prevented from condensing on the insulating enclosure.
OR Equivalent Answer / Diagram ½ Mark for
Advantages of Vacuum Circuit Breaker: each of any
1. The vacuum circuit breaker does not require any additional filling of the oil two
or gas. They do not need period refilling. advantages
2. The inertia of the movable guide rod is small and can be used frequently. = 1 Mark
3. The vacuum circuit breaker unit is compact and self-contained. It can be
installed in any required orientations.
4. The small operating mechanism, small size and light in weight.
5. They are compact, reliable and have long service life.
6. Rapid recovery of high dielectric strength of current due to interruptions.
That only a half cycle or less arcing occurs or after proper contact
separation.
7. The control power is small, and the action noise is small during switch
operations.
8. The arc extinguish time is short, arc voltage is low, the arc energy is small
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Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors 22524: SAP
Subject Name: Switchgear And Protection
and the contact loss is small.
9. With multiple reclosing functions, suitable for the requirement of the
application of a distribution network.
10. The arc extinguishing medium or insulating medium does not use oil, there
is no danger of fire hazard and explosion and it is safe.
11. Extinguish the arc is sealed container and the arc and hot gas are not
exposed. As a separate component, the arc extinguishing chamber is simple
and convenient.
12. The contact head is divided into a completely sealed structure, and its
performance will note reduced by the influence of moisture, dust, gases,
etc. Reliable work, stale on-off performance.
13. After the arc is broken, the medium between the fractures recovers quickly
and the medium does not need to be replaced.
½ Mark for
14. They require very less maintenance.
each of any
two
Disadvantages of Vacuum Circuit Breaker: disadvantages
1. It needs additional surge suppressor for the interruption of low magnetizing = 1 Mark
current in a certain range.
2. The requirement of high technology for the production of the vacuum
interrupters.
3. Loss of vacuum due to transit damage or it is failure makes the entire
interrupter useless and it cannot be repaired on-site.
4. When an inductive or capacitive load is disconnected, overvoltage is easily
caused due to interception process, and reignition etc. and the
corresponding overvoltage protection should be adopted.
5. They are more expensive than other interrupting devices.
6. Generally, they are useful up to 33kV only.

b) Describe any six fundamental quality requirements of protective relaying.

Ans:
Quality Requirements of Relay:
1. Selectivity: It is the ability of protective system to select correctly that part of
system in trouble and disconnect the faulty part without disturbing the rest of
the system.
2. Speed: The relay system should disconnect the faulty section as fast as
possible to prevent the electrical apparatus from damage and for system 1 Mark for
stability. each of any
3. Sensitivity: It is the ability of the relay system to operate with low value of six points
actuating quantity. = 6 Marks
4. Reliability: It is the ability of the relay system to operate under
predetermined conditions.
5. Simplicity: The relay system should be simple so that it can be easily
maintained.
6. Economy: The most important factor in the choice of particular protection
scheme is the economic aspect. The protective gear should not cost more
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SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors 22524: SAP
Subject Name: Switchgear And Protection
than 5% of the total cost of equipment to be protected.

c) A plant consists of two 10 MVA generators of reactance 18% each and two
5 MVA generators of 12% each. All are connected to bus bar to supply a
load through three step up transformers of 8 MVA each having reactance
of 8%. Determine fault MVA on HV side of transformer.
Ans:

1 Mark for
Diagram

Assume base kVA = 10000 kVA 1 Mark

% Reactance related to base KVA
% X = (Base kVA / Rated kVA) x % Reactance on Rated kVA 2 Marks for
XG1 = (10000/10000) x 18% = 18 % calculations
XG2 = (10000/10000) x 18% = 18 % of XG1, XG2,
XG3 = (10000/5000) x 12% = 24 % XG3, XG4 and
XG4 = (10000/5000) x 12% = 24 % and XT
XT = (10000/8000) x 8% = 10%
For Fault F (HT side)
Total reactance is %X = (XG1 || XG2 || XG3 || XG4 ) + XT
= (18 || 18 || 24 || 24) +10 = 15.14
% X = 15.14 % 1 Mark
S.C. kVA = Base kVA x (100/ % X)
= 10000 x (100 /15.14)
= 66050 kVA
S.C. MVA = 66.05 MVA 1 Mark

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WINTER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer - Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Switchgear & Protection 22524: SAP
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not applicable for
subject English and Communication Skills).
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures
drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary and
there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual (English +
Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year 2021-2022. Hence if
the students write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the Examiner shall consider the
same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model answer.
Sub
Q. Marking
Q. Answer
No. Scheme
N.
1. Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10 Marks
1 a) State any four causes of faults.
Ans:
Causes of faults:
1) Over voltages due to direct lightning strokes.
2) Over voltages due to switching surges. ½ mark for
3) Falling of external conducting objects, tree branches etc. on conducting lines. each of any
4) Accumulation of dust, dirt etc. on exposed components as lines, insulators etc. four causes
5) Perching of birds on lines, insulators or other components. = 2 Marks
6) Ill-maintained sections of the power systems.
7) Heavy unbalanced loading on three phase lines even for short times.
8) Prolonged unbalanced loading conditions leading to overheating (due to harmonics).
9) Failure of joints.
10) Open circuited line or broken conductors.
11) Mechanical damage to components of the power systems.
12) Unusually severe atmospheric conditions as storm, rains, too high humidity,
13) Defective/improper selection of components used and faulty design of the power system
sections.
14) Failure of insulation of components and equipment parts.
15) Accidents.
16) Over temperature.
17) Excessive internal and external stresses.
1 b) State four functions of protective system .
Ans:
Functions of Protective System:
1. To switch ON or OFF the electric power during normal conditions for operation and
maintenance.
2. To protect the power system by isolating the faulty parts due to abnormal conditions within
shortest possible time.
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Subject Name: Switchgear & Protection 22524: SAP
3.To provide the reliable and continuous supply to consumers.
4.To isolate only faulty sections of system without affecting the healthy sections of system. ½ Mark for
5.Constantly monitor the electrical quantities of system so that occurrence of fault can be each of any
minimized. four
6. To prevent the occurrence of major faults. functions
7. To ensure maximum safety conditions from generation stage to consumer’s premises. = 2 Marks
1 c) Define isolator and state their types.
Ans:
Isolator:
Isolator is a mechanical switch which is operated under no load condition. It is also called dis-
connector or disconnecting switch.
1 Mark for
Definition
Types of Isolators:
Application based Location Based Construction Based
i) Single Break Isolator i) Bus side Isolator i) Horizontal Break type 1 Mark for
ii) Double Break Isolator ii) Line side Isolator Isolator types based
iii) Pantograph Isolator iii) Transformer Bus side ii) Vertical Break type on any one
Isolator Isolator criterion

1 d) Define Reliability and Sensitivity. 1 Mark for

Ans: each
Reliability: It is the ability of the relay system to operate under predetermined conditions. Definition
Sensitivity: It is the ability of the relay system to operate with low value of actuating quantity. = 2 Marks
1 e) State any four faults occurs in transformer.
Ans:
Faults occur in transformer:
1. Earth fault
2. Overloads and overheating ½ Mark for
3. Incipient faults below oil level resulting into decomposition of oil each of any
4. High voltage surges due to lightning or switching four Faults
5. Tap changer faults = 2 Marks
6. Phase-to-phase, Phase-to-ground faults
7. Saturation of magnetic core
8. Inter-turn and winding faults
1 f) List protection scheme used in motor.
Ans:
Protection scheme used in motor
½ Mark for
i) Overcurrent Protection
each of any
ii) Stator Overheating protection four
iii) Rotor overheating protection Schemes
iv) Undervoltage Protection = 2 Marks
v) Unbalance and Single Phasing Protection
vi) Reverse Phase Protection
1 g) State any four faults occurs in bus-bar and transmission line.

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Model Answer - Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Switchgear & Protection 22524: SAP
Ans:
Faults occurs in bus-bar Faults occurs in transmission line
i) Failure of insulation due to material i) Line to Ground (L-G) fault 1 Mark for
deterioration. 2 faults on
ii) Line to Line (L-L) fault
ii) Earth fault due to failure of support Busbar
iii) Double Line to Ground (L-L-G) fault +
insulator.
iv) Three phase fault 1 Mark for
iii) Flashover due to sustained excessive
over voltages. v) Broken conductor 2 faults on
iv) Errors in the operation and maintenance vi) Open Circuit fault trans. line
of switchgear. vii) Overvoltage = 2 Marks
v) Mechanical damage.
vi) Accidents due to foreign bodies falling
across the busbars.
vii) Flashover due to heavily polluted
insulator
2. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 Marks
2 a) Draw symbol of following:
i) Earth Switch
ii) Lightning arrester
iii)Circuit breaker
v) Isolator
Ans:
Symbols: 1 Mark for
Earth Switch Lightning arrester Circuit breaker Isolator each
symbol
= 4 Marks

2 b) Define terms related to circuit breaker:

i) Making capacity
ii) Breaking capacity
iii) Short time Rating
iv) Normal current Rating
Ans:
i) Making capacity:
There is always a possibility of closing or making the circuit under short-circuit conditions.
The capacity of a breaker to “make” current depends upon its ability to withstand and close 1 mark each
successfully against the effects of electromagnetic forces. These forces are proportional to bit
the square of maximum instantaneous current on closing. Therefore, making capacity is = 4 Marks
stated in terms of a peak value of current instead of r.m.s. value .
The peak value of current (including d.c. components) during the first cycle of current wave
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Subject Name: Switchgear & Protection 22524: SAP
after the closure of circuit breaker is known as Making capacity.
Generally, Making capacity = 2.55× Breaking capacity
i) Breaking capacity: It is the highest value of short circuit current (r.m.s. current) which a
circuit breaker is capable of breaking under specified conditions of recovery voltage and
power frequency voltage.
Breaking MVA=3 (kA×kV)
where, kA is rated breaking current and
kV is rated voltage.
ii) Short time rating: It is the period for which the circuit breaker is able to carry fault current
while remaining closed.
The circuit breaker should be able to carry high current safely for some specified period
while remaining closed i.e. they should have proven short time rating.
iii) Normal current Rating: The rated current of a circuit breaker is the r.m.s. value of current
which the circuit breaker can carry continuously and with the temperature rise of various
parts within specified limits.
2 c) Explain with neat sketch basic trip circuit of protection relaying.
Ans:
Basic trip circuit of protection relaying:
A typical basic relay circuit is shown in Figure. This diagram
shows one phase of 3-phase system for simplicity.
The relay circuit connections can be divided into three parts. 2 Marks for
i) First part is the primary winding of a current transformer (C.T.) Diagram
which is connected in series with the line to be protected.
ii) Second part consists of secondary winding of C.T. and relay
operating coil.
iii) Third part is the tripping circuit which may be either a.c. or d.c.
It consists of a source of supply, the trip coil of the circuit breaker
and the relay stationary contacts. 2 Marks for
When a short circuit occurs at point F on the transmission line, the Description
current flowing in the line increases to an enormous value. This results in a heavy current flow
in secondary of CT, which flows through the relay coil, causing the relay to operate by closing
its contacts. This in turn closes the trip circuit of the breaker, making the circuit breaker open
and isolating the faulty section from the rest of the system.
2 d) A 3-phase 66/11 kV star-delta connected transformer is protected by merz-price
protection scheme. The CTs on the LT side have a ratio of 420/5A. Find the ratio of the
C.B. C.T. on H.T. side.
Ans:
The CTs on LV side are connected in star as transformer windings are in delta.
Whereas those on HV side are in delta as the transformer windings are in star on that side.
Assume CT line current on LV side to be 5 A and then that on HV side will also be 5 A.
But HV side CTs are in delta. Hence the HV side CT phase current will be (CT line 1 Mark
current)/√3=5/√3A.
Assume line current (for convenience) of 420 A on LV side (delta side) of transformer.
1 Mark
When transformed to HV side the line current will be ILht given by
√3 x 66 x ILht = √3 x 11 x 420
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ILht = (11/66)x(420) = 70 A. 1 Mark
On HV side the CT primary current is 70 A and CT secondary current is 5/√3 A, hence the CT
ratio is 70/(5/√3) = (70√3/5) 1 Mark
 CT ratio on HT side = 121.24:5.
3. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 Marks
3 a) Two generators of 11 KV, 3-phase, 3000 KVA having reactance of 15% operates in
parallel. The generator supply power to transmission line through 6000 KVA T/F ratio of
11/22 KV having reactance of 5%. Calculate fault current and fault KVA on H.T. side of
the transformers.
Ans:
Assume base KVA = 6000 KVA
% Reactance related to base KVA
% X = (Base KVA / Rated KVA) x % Reactance on Rated KVA
XG1 = (6000/3000) x 15%
= 30 %
XG2 = 30 %
XT = (6000/6000) x 5 = 5 %

1 Mark

Calculation of fault current for Fault F (HT side)

Total reactance is %X = (XG1 || XG2) + XT
2 Marks for
= (30||30)+5 = 15 + 5
% X = 20 % stepwise
computation
Rated current at base KVA
I = (6000 x 1000) / (√3 x 22 x 1000) of ISC
I = 157.45 Amp.
ISC = I x (100 / % X)
= 157.45 x (100 / 20)
ISC = 787.29 Amp
Calculation of fault kVA on HT side of T/F
Fault KVA = Base KVA x (100/ % X)
= 6000 x (100 /20) 1 Mark
= 30000 KVA
3 b) Compare Fuse and MCCB on
i) Size

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ii) Cost
iii) Reliability
iv) Replacement strategy.
Ans:
Comparison of Fuse and MCCB
1 Mark for
Sr.No Point Fuse MCCB
each of
1 Size Big Compact
four points
2 Cost Less Comparatively more = 4 Marks
3 Reliability Less More/ Accurate
Requires replacement after No replacement after
4 Replacement Strategy
every operation operation
3 c) With neat sketch explain working of attracted armature type relay.
Ans:
Working of Attracted Armature type Relay:
It consists of a laminated electromagnet M carrying a coil C and a 2 Marks for
pivoted laminated armature. labelled
Diagram
The armature is balanced by a counterweight and carries a pair of
contacts at its end. Under normal operating conditions, the current
through the relay coil C, is such that counterweight holds the
armature in the position shown. 2 Marks for
However when a short circuit occurs, the current through relay working
coil increases sufficiently and armature is attracted upwards which shorts the pair of contacts
and completes the trip circuit.
(Equivalent diagram may please be considered)
3 d) State the location of buchholz relay with next neat diagram. Which equipment is
protected by it and for which faults.
Ans:
Location of buchholz relay: Buchholz relay is a gas actuated 1 Mark for
relay used with oil immersed transformer usually installed in the location
pipe connecting the conservator to the main tank. 1 Mark for
Equipment protected: Oil immersed transformer diagram
Faults detected by buchholz relay: showing
i) Detect incipient faults (minor faults leading to location
decomposition of oil with gas formation) occurring below 1 Mark for
oil level in oil immersed transformers such as phase-phase, Equipment
phase-core and gives the alarm signals so that preventive action is taken before the 1 Mark for
condition leads to a major fault. any one
ii) Detect sudden heavy oil movements due to severely violent faults in the tanks and give the fault
trip signals.
iii) Internal faults
4. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 Marks

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WINTER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer - Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Switchgear & Protection 22524: SAP
4 a) Describe with neat sketch the principle of operation of vacuum circuit breaker.
Ans:
Principle of operation of vacuum circuit breaker:
During the operation of the breaker, the moving contact 2 Marks for
separates from the fixed contact resulting in arching labelled
between them. The production of arc is due to the Diagram
ionization of metal ions and depends very much upon the
materials of contacts. The arc is quickly extinguished
because the metallic vapours, electrons and ions produced 2 Marks for
during arc are diffused in a short time and seized by the principle of
surface of moving and fixed members and shields. The arc operation
gets extinguished quickly as vacuum has good recovery of dielectric strength. The arc
extinction occurs at a small vacuum gap of about 0.6 to 0.7cm.
4 b) With neat sketch explain watt-hr. meter structure of induction type relay.
Ans:
Watt-hr. meter structure of induction type
relay
The general arrengement of watt-hour-meter 2 Marks for
structure of induction type relay is shown in labelled
Diagram
figure. It consists of a pivoted aluminum disc
arranged to rotate between the poles of two
electromagnets. The upper electromagnet carries
two windings, the primary and the secondary.
The primary winding carries the relay current I 1 2 Marks for
while the secondary winding is connected to the Description
winding of the lower magnet. The primary current
induces emf in the secondary and so circulates a
current I2 in it. The flux ϕ2 induced in the lower magnet by the current in the secondary winding
will lag behind ϕ1 by an angle α. The two fluxes ϕ1 and ϕ2 differing in phase by α will produce a
driving torque on the disc proportional to ϕ1 ϕ2 sin α.

4 c) Explain reverse power protection of alternator.

Ans:
Reverse Power Protection of 3Φ Alternator:
The turbine drives alternator. Alternator is connected to supply system through transformers
bus bars etc. and similarly so many alternators are connected to supply system. But when input
to any one turbine is stopped, then that alternator starts rotating as synchronous motor and this
is the reverse power condition which is undesirable hence can be detected by using directional 4 Marks for
relay in any one phase. explanation
The induction type directional relay is used for the reverse power protection of alternator. Here
the shunt magnet coil and series magnet coil are exited from alternator to whom protection is to
be provided.
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Subject Name: Switchgear & Protection 22524: SAP
Under normal condition when power is flowing as expected, the trip contacts of the relay are
open, and the disc is against a stop. If a reverse power starts to flow, the disc rotates in the
opposite direction, moves away from the stop and travels to trip the contacts to activate the trip
circuit.
4 d) Explain the single phasing preventer with neat sketch.
Ans:
Working of single phasing preventer: 2 Marks for
Single phasing preventers are generally used for small / diagram
medium capacity motors. Single phasing preventer is
connected in secondary of line CTs. These mainly contain a 2 Marks for
negative sequence filter. The output of negative sequence filter working
is fed to the level detector, which further sends tripping
command to starter or CB. When one of the three input lines
get disconnected because of any reason, ultimately the NC
contact gets opened which stops the motor to avoid further
damage when single phasing occurs.
4 e) Explain differential protection of bus bar.
Ans:
Differential Protection Scheme for Bus Bar: 2 Marks for
Under normal conditions, the sum of the currents entering the labelled
bus bar zone is equal to those leaving it and no current flows Diagram
through the relay coil.
If a fault occurs within the protected zone, the currents entering
2 Marks for
the bus will no longer be equal those leaving it. Description
The difference of these currents will flow through the relay coil
causing opening of circuit breaker of bus-bar.
5 Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 Marks
5 a) Explain arcing phenomenon in circuit breaker and state methods of arc extinction.
Ans:
Arcing Phenomenon: When a fault occurs, a large current flows in a system and hence
through circuit breaker connected in circuit. The circuit breaker is opened by protective system.
4 Marks
At the instant when contacts just begin to separate, the face-to-face contact area between
contacts reduces rapidly and the large fault current gets concentrated on reduced contact area.
This causes very large current density at reduced contact area, which in turn rises temperature
of contacts. With further movement of contact, the area again reduces, giving higher current
densities and higher temperature rise. The heat produced due to very high temperature heats the
surrounding medium and ionizes the medium. This ionized medium act as a conductor and
establishes the current through separated contacts. This current through media due to ionization
is called arc. The process is called arcing phenomenon.
Methods of Arc Extinction:
1) High resistance arc extinction method. 1 Mark
2) Low resistance or Zero current arc extinction method. 1 Mark

Page 8 of 11
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer - Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Switchgear & Protection 22524: SAP
5 b) With the help of block diagram explain operation of Micro- processor based over current
protection.
Ans:
Operation of Micro- processor based over current protection:
The ac voltage proportional to the load current is converted into dc through a precision rectifier.
Thus the microprocessor accepts dc voltage proportional to the load current. The schematic
diagram is shown in the figure.
The output of rectifier is fed to the multiplexer. The output of multiplexer is fed to the A/D
converter to obtain the signal in digital form. The A/D converter ADC 0800 is used for this
purpose.
3 Marks for
The microprocessor sends signal to the ADC for starting the conversion. The microprocessor Description
reads the end of conversion signal to examine whether the conversion is over or not. As soon as
conversion is over, the microprocessor reads the current signal in digital form and then
compares it with the pickup value.
The microprocessor first determines the magnitude of the fault current and then selects the
corresponding time of operation from the look up table. Then it goes in delay subroutine and
sends a trip signal to the circuit breaker after the predetermined time delay.

3 Marks for
labeled block
Diagram

5 c) With a neat labelled diagram explain differential protection scheme used for alternators.
Ans:
Differential protection scheme used for alternators:

3 Marks for
labelled
Diagram

Page 9 of 11
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer - Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Switchgear & Protection 22524: SAP
Under normal operating conditions, the currents in the pilot wires fed from CT connections are
equal. The differential current flowing through operating coil of relay is zero (I 1 – I2 = 0).
When fault occurs in the protected zone balance is disturbed, the differential current flows 3 Marks for
through the operating coil of relay causing its operation. Description
Relay sends signal to the CB thereby alternator circuit is tripped the field is disconnected and
discharged through suitable impedance
6 Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 Marks
6 a) Describe the construction of SF6 circuit breaker with neat diagram and state any four
properties of SF6 gas.
Ans:
Construction of SF6 circuit breaker:
A sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) circuit breaker 2 Marks for
consists of fixed and moving contacts enclosed labelled any
in a chamber. The chamber is called arc Equivalent
interruption chamber, which contains the Diagram
sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas. This chamber is
connected to sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas
reservoir. A valve mechanism is there to permit
the gas to the arc interruption chamber. When
the contacts of breaker are opened, the valve
mechanism permits a high-pressure sulphur
hexafluoride (SF6) gas from the reservoir to
flow towards the arc interruption chamber.
The fixed contact is a hollow cylindrical current carrying contact fitted with an arcing horn. The 2 Marks for
moving contact is also a hollow cylinder with rectangular holes in the sides. The holes permit Construction
the sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) gas to let out through them after flowing along and across
the arc. The tips of fixed contact, moving contact and arcing horn are coated with a copper-
tungsten arc-resistant material. Since sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) gas is costly, it is
reconditioned and reclaimed using the suitable auxiliary system after each operation of the
breaker.
Properties of SF6 gas:
1) Stable at high temperature around 500 0 C
2) Inert gas
3) Electronegative gas
4) Non-reactive with structured material up to 500 0 C
5) Low arc time constant ½ marks for
6) Five times heavier compared to air each of any
7) Very much better dielectric properties compared to air and oil. four
8) Higher rate of rise of dielectric strength. properties
9) The products of decomposed gas at high temperatures recombine on cooling to form = 2 Marks
original gas.
10) For equal pressure the heat transfer capacity is more than twice of air.
11) Non-toxic gas
12) Non-flammable gas
13) Its thermal time constant is about 1000 times smaller than air.

Page 10 of 11
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer - Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Switchgear & Protection 22524: SAP
14) The SF6 ions surround the arc and form an insulating barrier.
6 b) Draw and explain operation of induction type direction of Directional over current relay.
Ans:
Operation of induction type direction of over
current relay:
Under normal operating conditions, power flows in
the normal direction in the circuit protected by the 3 Marks for
relay. Therefore, Induction Type Directional labeled
Overcurrent Relay (upper element) does not operate, Diagram
thereby keeping the overcurrent element (lower
element) unenergised. However, when a short-circuit
occurs, there is a tendency for the current or power
to flow in the reverse direction. Should this happen,
the disc of the upper element rotates to bridge the
fixed contacts 1 and 2. This completes the circuit for
overcurrent element.
The disc of this element rotates and the moving
contact attached to it closes the trip circuit. This operates the circuit breaker which isolates the 3 Marks for
faulty section. The two relay elements are so arranged that final tripping of the current Operation
controlled by them is not made till the following conditions are satisfied :
1. Current flows in a direction such as to operate the directional element.
2. Current in the reverse direction exceeds the pre-set value.
3. Excessive current persists for a period corresponding to the time setting of overcurrent
element.
6 c) Explain with neat sketch, the pilot wire protection scheme applied to transmission lines.
Ans:
Pilot wire protection of transmission line:

3 Marks for
labeled
Diagram

Figure shows the single line diagram of Mertz price voltage balance system for pilot wire
protection of three phase transmission line. The pair of CTs in each line is connected in series
with a relay in such a way that under normal conditions their secondary voltages are equal and
opposite, because current entering is equal to current leaving i.e. they cancel out and no current
flowing through relay coil. 3 Marks for
Suppose a fault occurs at point F, the current entering and leaving are different, now causing Explanation
current to flow through the relay which trips the circuit breaker for protection of transmission
line.

Page 11 of 11
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer - Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Switchgear & Protection 22524: SAP
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not applicable for
subject English and Communication Skills).
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures
drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary and
there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual (English +
Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year 2021-2022. Hence if
the students write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the Examiner shall consider the
same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model answer.
Sub
Q. Marking
Q. Answer
No. Scheme
N.
1. Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10 Marks
1. a) Draw diagram of:
i) Busbar reactor
ii) Generator reactor
Ans:
i) Bus Bar Reactor: 1 Mark

OR

Ring system Tie - Bar system

ii) Generator Reactor:

1 Mark

Page 1 of 14
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer - Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Switchgear & Protection 22524: SAP
1. b) Give any two advantages of SF6 C.B.
Ans:
Advantages of SF6 Circuit Breaker (C.B.):
1. Due to superior arc quenching property, they have very short arcing time.
2. As SF6 gas is non-inflammable, no risk of fire. 1 Mark for
3. Noiseless operation. each of any
4. It does not pollute the atmosphere. two
5. Very much suitable in coal mines etc. advantages
6. They have minimum maintenance cost. = 2 Marks
7. The same gas is recycled and reused.
8. There are no carbon deposits on contact tips.
9. It is very much suitable for high voltage applications.
10. Because of very high dielectric strength, effective arc quenching is possible.
1. c) Draw the symbol and state function of C.B.
Ans:
Function of Circuit Breaker:
To make or break a circuit manually or remotely under normal condition and to break circuit 1 Mark
automatically under fault condition.
Symbol of Circuit Breaker:
1 Mark

OR
1. d) Define Plug setting multiplier and Time setting multiplier.
Ans:
Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM): 1 Mark
It is the ratio of fault current in relay coil to pick-up current.
PSM = (Fault current in relay coil) / (Pickup current)
Time Setting Multiplier (TSM):
The arrangement provided for setting the operating time of protective relay from zero sec to 1 Mark
maximum permissible time for a specified current setting is known as time setting multiplier.
1. e) Write any two different fault occurs in alternator.
Ans:
Faults occurring in Alternator:
1. Stator winding faults.
2. Thermal overheating. 1 Mark for
3. Rotor winding faults. each of any
4. Loss of field. two faults
5. Under / Over frequency. = 2 Marks
6. Vibration & Bearing overheating.
7. Motoring of generator.
8. Faults because of external causes.
9. Over voltages.
10. Over speed.
11. Over current.

Page 2 of 14
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer - Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Switchgear & Protection 22524: SAP
1. f)
What do you mean by incipient faults.
Ans:
Incipient Faults:
Incipient faults mean slow developing faults. Incipient faults usually develop slowly, often in 2 Marks
the form of a gradual deterioration of insulation due to some cause.
OR Equivalent Answer
1. g) List any two faults occurs in 3 I. M.
Ans:
Faults occurring in 3Φ Induction Motor:
A) Electrical / magnetic sections:
1. Electrical supply failure due to single phasing, under voltage, unbalanced voltages 1 Mark for
and reversal of phases. each of any
2. Short circuit faults between turns of a stator coil due to failure of insulation. two faults
3. Short circuit faults between stator coils/phase winding due to failure of insulation. = 2 Marks
4. Short circuit faults between stator coil/s and body of motor due to failure of
insulation.
5. Open circuit in stator winding/coils or their terminal connections.
6. Loose or broken rotor bars.
7. Damaged core stampings/teeth.
B) Mechanical section:
1. Unbalanced rotor.
2. Damaged bearings.
3. End play in shaft, bent shaft.
4. Cooling/ventilation system failures, damaged fan.
5. Failure/disturbances of alignment.
6. Foundation arrangement disturbed.
7. Worn out brushes leading to abnormal operation with sparking etc.
OR
1. Prolonged overloading.
2. Single phasing.
3. Stalling.
4. Phase to phase faults / phase fault.
5. Phase to ground fault.
6. Inter- turn faults.
7. Earth faults.
8. Reversal of phases.
9. Failure of bearings / Rotor Jam.
10. Supply under-voltage.
11. Supply over voltage.
12. Unbalanced supply voltage.
13. Faults in stator and associated circuit.
14. Faults in rotor or associated circuit.
15. Open circuit fault in stator / rotor circuit.
16. Grooved slip rings.
17. Wrong positioning of slip rings.
OR Equivalent Answer
Page 3 of 14
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer - Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Switchgear & Protection 22524: SAP
2. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 Marks
2. a) Write any eight causes of fault occurrence in the power system.
Ans:
Causes of Faults occurring in Power System:
1. Over voltages due to direct lightning strokes.
2. Over voltages due to switching surges.
3. Falling of external conducting objects, tree branches etc. on conducting lines.
4. Accumulation of dust, dirt etc. on exposed components as lines, insulators etc. ½ mark for
5. Perching of birds on lines, insulators or other components. each of any
6. Ill-maintained sections of the power systems. eight causes
7. Heavy unbalanced loading on three phase lines even for short times. = 4 Marks
8. Prolonged unbalanced loading conditions leading to overheating (due to harmonics).
9. Failure of joints.
10. Open circuited line or broken conductors.
11. Mechanical damage to components of the power systems.
12. Unusually severe atmospheric conditions as storm, rains, too high humidity,
13. Defective/improper selection of components used and faulty design of the power system
sections.
14. Failure of insulation of components and equipment parts.
15. Accidents.
16. Over temperature.
17. Excessive internal and external stresses.
2. b) Explain construction of H.R.C. Fuse.
Ans:
Construction of H.R.C. Fuse:
Figure shows the essential parts of a typical H.R.C. fuse. It mainly consist of a heat resisting
ceramic body. Both the ends of the cermaic body consists of metal end caps. A silver current 2 Marks for
carrying element is welded to these metal end caps. The current carrying element is explanation
completely surrounded by the filling powder which may be plaster of parries, chalk, quartz or
marble dust and acts as an arc quenching and cooling medium when fuse element blow off.

2 Marks for
diagram

2. c) Draw neat circuit diagram of solenoid type relay.

Ans:
Solenoid Type Relay:

Page 4 of 14
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer - Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Switchgear & Protection 22524: SAP
4 Marks for
labeled
diagram

2 Marks for
unlabeled
diagram

OR Equivalent Diagram

2. d) State the requirement of transmission line protection.

Ans:
Requirements of Transmission Line Protection:
1. Since transmission lines are used to transport bulk power, failure of transmission line
causes disturbance in large power flow in power system, causing system instability. So 1 Mark for
transmission line protection is required to maintain the stability of power system. each of any
2. Faults on lines should be quickly detected to initiate actions to maintain system stability. four points
3. For very long lines, protection system must be capable of identifying the fault locations. = 4 Marks
4. In the event of short circuit fault on the line, the circuit breaker nearest to it must operate
to open the line, while the other circuit breakers remain closed.
5. Adjacent circuit breakers should provide immediate backup protection in the event of
failure of circuit breaker (nearest to fault) to operate.
6. If the line is of prime importance, it should have two primary protection schemes
working on different principles.
3. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 Marks
3. a) Write essential features of good protective system.
Ans:
Essential Features of Good Protective System:
i) Selectivity: It is the ability of protective system to select correctly that part of system in 1 Mark for
trouble and disconnect the faulty part without disturbing the rest of the system. each of any
ii) Speed: The relay system should disconnect the faulty section as fast as possible to four points
prevent the electrical apparatus from damage and for system stability. = 4 Marks
iii) Sensitivity: It is the ability of the relay system to operate with low value of actuating
quantity.
iv) Reliability: It is the ability of the relay system to operate under predetermined
conditions.
v) Simplicity: The relay system should be simple so that it can be easily maintained.
vi) Economy: The most important factor in the choice of particular protection scheme is the
economic aspect. The protective gear should not cost more than 5% of the total cost of
Page 5 of 14
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer - Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Switchgear & Protection 22524: SAP
equipment to be protected.
OR
1) Detect abnormal conditions
2) Disconnect abnormally operating part so as to prevent the subsequent fault.
3) Disconnect faulty part quickly so as to improve system stability, service continuity and
system performance
4) Improve Transient stability
3. b) Distinguish between C.B. and Isolator.
Ans:
Difference between Circuit breaker & Isolator:
Sr. Circuit breaker Isolator
No.
1 Symbol Symbol

2 Operated ON load /on occurrence Operated on NO load. 1 Mark for

of fault. each of any
3 Heavy current is interrupted, arc No arcing during ON/OFF so no arc four points
is produced hence arc quenching quenching provision. = 4 Marks
facility is provided.
4 Operation is in oil or gas chamber Visible operation in open air
(not visible). (opening & closing of contacts).
5 Big sound on operation. Noise-less operation.
6 Costly/Expensive. Economical
7 Periodic maintenance is very No periodic maintenance required
much required. (only contact cleaning).
8 Occupy more space. Occupy less space.
9 Requires tripping circuit for No tripping circuit.
operation.
10 Manually operated in normal Operation may be
condition & automatically manual/mechanical/pneumatic.
operated in fault condition.
11 Types are as: Types are as:
(a) Air break C. B. (a) Vertical break type
(b) Oil C.B. (b) Horizontal break type
(c) Air blast C.B. (c) Pantograph type etc.
(d) Vacuum C.B.
(e) SF6 C.B.
(f) MCCB etc.
12 Complicated in construction. Simple in construction.

Page 6 of 14
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer - Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Switchgear & Protection 22524: SAP
3. c) Draw neat sketch of Buchholz relay.
Ans:
Buchholz Relay:
4 Marks for
labeled
diagram

2 Marks for
unlabeled
diagram

3. d) Draw neat sketch of single phase preventer for 3-ϕ Induction Motor.
Ans:
Single Phase Preventer for 3-ϕ Induction Motor:
4 Marks for
labeled
diagram

2 Marks for
unlabeled
diagram

4. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 Marks

4. a) What is reactor? Classify reactors on the basis of their location.
Ans:
Reactor:
A Reactor is a coil of number of turns designed to have large inductance with nigligible
ohmic resistance connected in series with equipment to limit the short circuit current. 2 Marks
Classification of Reactors on the basis of their Location:
1. Generator reactors
2. Feeder reactors 2 Marks
3. Bus bar reactors
(i) Ring system
(ii) Tie bar system
4. b) State the specification of CT and PT as protective transformers.
Page 7 of 14
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer - Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Switchgear & Protection 22524: SAP
Ans:
Specifications of CT as a Protective Transformer:
Typical specifications of CT as a protective transformer is as below:
1. Rated primary current.
2 Marks for
2. Rated secondary current.
any four CT
3. Current (ratio) error.
specifications
4. Accuracy limit factor.
5. Phase displacement.
6. Composite error.
7. Accuracy class.
8. Rated burden.
9. Short time rating etc. 2 Marks for
Specifications of PT as a Protective Transformer: any four PT
Typical specifications of PT as a protective transformer is as below: specifications
1. Rated primary voltage.
2. Rated secondary voltage.
3. Rated burden.
4. Accuracy class.
5. Rated voltage factor.
6. Rated temperature.
7. Class of insulation etc.
4. c) Draw neat sketch of percentage differential protection of a transformer.
Ans:
Percentage Differential Protection of a Transformer:

4 Marks for
labeled
diagram

2 Marks for
unlabeled
diagram

Note: (Other types should also be considered)

If the students draw any other type then accordingly the connection of CTs will be as follows:
Three phase transformers: Delta side of protected transformer CTs to be in star, Star side
protected transformer CTs to be in delta.
Single phase transformers: Only one CT on each side.
4. d) Explain the principle of time graded protection of feeders using IDMT over current
relays.
Page 8 of 14
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer - Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Switchgear & Protection 22524: SAP
Ans:
Principle of Time Graded Protection of Feeders using IDMT Over Current Relays:
Figure shows time-graded over
current protection of radial feeder 2 Marks for
using IDMT over-current relays. explanation
Here the operating time is inversely
proportional to the fault current and
finally becomes definite for particular
current. With this arrangement, the 2 Marks for
farther the circuit-breaker from the diagram
generating station, the shorter is its
relay operating time. The line or
feeder is divided into number of
sections. Over-current relays are
provided for each section. On
occurrence of fault in any section, all
the relays towards generating station
are initiated to operate but the nearest
relay operates first and trips the
respective CB. If this relay fails, the next relay towards generating station operates and so on.
The relays towards generating station are set for higher currents and they operate with time
delays according to their inverse definite minimum time characteristics.
4. e) Explain with a neat sketch pilot wire protection scheme applied to transmission line.
Ans:
Pilot Wire Protection Scheme applied to Transmission Line:
2 Marks for
diagram

Figure shows the single line diagram of Mertz price voltage balance system for pilot wire 2 Marks for
protection of three phase transmission line. The pair of CTs in each line is connected in series explanation
with a relay in such a way that under normal conditions their secondary voltages are equal
and opposite, because current entering is equal to current leaving i.e., they cancel out and no
current flowing through relay coil.
Suppose a fault occurs at point F, the current entering and leaving are different, now causing
current to flow through the relay which trips the circuit breaker for protection of transmission
line.
5 Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 Marks

Page 9 of 14
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer - Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Switchgear & Protection 22524: SAP
5. a) Draw and explain a neat circuit diagram of vacuum circuit breaker. State any two
advantages of it.
Ans:
Vacuum Circuit Breaker:
2 Marks for
diagram

Explanation:
During the operation of the breaker, the moving contact separates from the fixed contact 2 Marks for
resulting in arcing between them. The production of arc is due to the ionization of metal ions explanation
and depends very much upon the materials of contacts. The arc is quickly extinguished
because the metallic vapours, electrons and ions produced during arc are diffused in a short
time and seized by the surface of moving and fixed members and shields. The arc gets
extinguished quickly as vacuum has good recovery of dielectric strength. The arc extinction
occurs at a small vacuum gap of about 0.6 to 0.7cm.
Advantages of Vacuum Circuit Breaker:
1. The vacuum circuit breaker does not require any additional filling of the oil or gas. They
do not need period refilling. 1 Mark for
2. The inertia of the movable guide rod is small and can be used frequently. each of any
3. The vacuum circuit breaker unit is compact and self-contained. It can be installed in any two
required orientations. advantages
4. It has small operating mechanism, small size and light in weight. = 2 Marks
5. They are compact, reliable and have long service life.
6. Rapid recovery of high dielectric strength in vacuum causes current interruption in only a
half cycle or less after proper contact separation.
7. The control power is small and the action noise is small during switch operations.
8. The arc extinguish time is short, arc voltage is low, the arc energy is small and the
contact loss is small.
9. The arc extinguishing medium or insulating medium does not use oil, there is no danger
of fire hazard and explosion and it is safe.
10. Extinguishing the arc is in a sealed container and the arc / hot gas are not exposed. As a
separate component, the arc extinguishing chamber is simple and convenient.
11. After the arc is broken, the medium between the fractures recovers quickly and the
medium does not need to be replaced.
12. They require very less maintenance.

Page 10 of 14
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer - Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Switchgear & Protection 22524: SAP
5. b) Determine the time of operation of a 1A, 3 seconds over current relay having plug
setting of 125% and a time multiplier of 0.6. The supplying CT is rated 400: 1A and
fault current is 400A. The relay characteristics is as given below.
PSM 1˖3 2 4 8 10 20
Time of operation in seconds 30 10 5 3˖3 3 2˖2
Ans:
Plug setting = 125% = 1.25
Time Setting Multiplier (TSM) = 0.6
CT ratio = 400:1 A
Fault current = 400A (Its typo mistake, it should be 4000A)
(NOTE: Fault current is usually much higher than the rated primary current of CT)
Modified Fault current = 4000A
Rated secondary current of C.T. = 1A
Pick up current = (Relay secondary current) (Plug setting)
= 1 × 1.25 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝑨 1 Mark
1
Fault current in relay coil = 4000 × 400
= 𝟏𝟎𝑨 1 Mark
𝒇𝒂𝒖𝒍𝒕 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒊𝒍
∴ Plug setting multiplier (PSM) = 1 Mark
𝒑𝒊𝒄𝒌−𝒖𝒑 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕
10
= 1.25
𝑃𝑆𝑀 = 𝟖 1 Mark
Corresponding to PSM of 8 (consider given table), the time of operation is 3.3 seconds. 1 Mark
Actual relay operating time = 3.3 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
= 3.3 × 0.6
= 𝟏. 𝟗𝟖 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒔. 1 Mark
(Marks may please be awarded to student for thought process of stepwise approach to
the solution)
5. c) A - 3 phase 33/6.6 KV, star - delta transformer is protected by merz price circulating
current relay. If the CTs on the low voltage side have a ratio of 300/5, determine the
ratio of CTs on the high voltage side. Draw a neat diagram and indicate the values at
appropriate places.
Ans:
Suppose current flowing in secondary side of transformer is 300 amp. This current is primary
current for the CT’s connected to delta side of transformer. The secondary current of the CT
will be 5 amp, since CT ratio is 300/5 A.
For differential protection scheme, when operating conditions are normal, the CT secondary
currents flowing through pilot wire from both groups must be equal, then only relay current
will be zero and no operation of relay.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer - Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Switchgear & Protection 22524: SAP

1 Mark for
diagram

1 Mark for
diagram

Refer above figure, here CT1, CT2, CT3 are connected in delta on the star-connected primary
side of transformer and CT1’ CT2’ CT3’ are connected in star on the delta-connected
secondary side of transformer.
The pilot wire current = CT secondary current (Connected on delta side secondary of
transformer)
1 Mark
= 5 amp
The CTs connected in delta on star-connected primary side should also send 5 amp in pilot
1 Mark
wire. Therefore the current to be induced in the delta-connected CT’s secondary should be 5 /
√3 amp (for delta circuit line current is √3 times phase current)
Thus, CTs connected in delta have a current of 5 / √3 amp in their secondary.
Now, Primary apparent power = Secondary apparent power
√3 V1 I1 = √3 V2 I2
1 Mark
√3 (33×1000) × I1 = √3 (6.6 × 1000) × 300
⸫ I1 = 60 amp
This is primary current of main transformer and it is the primary current of CT on H.V. side.
Primary current of HV side CT = 60 Amp
1 Mark
Secondary current of HV side CT = 5 / √3 amp
Page 12 of 14
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer - Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Switchgear & Protection 22524: SAP
⸫ CT Ratio on high voltage side is 60 : 5/√3 amp

6 Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 Marks

6. a) For a 10 MVA, 132 KV / 6.6 KV power transformer with delta-star connections, obtain
CT ratio for the differential protection scheme to circulate a current of 5A in the pilot
wires. Draw schematic diagram for the given configuration.
Ans:
𝑽𝑨 𝟏𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
Line current on H.V. (132kV) side = =
√𝟑𝑽𝑳 √𝟑×𝟏𝟑𝟐×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
1 Mark
= 43·738A
𝑽𝑨 𝟏𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
Line current on L.V. (6·6kV) side = =
√𝟑𝑽𝑳 √𝟑×𝟔·𝟔×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
= 𝟖𝟕4·773A 1 Mark
The current through the pilot wire is 5A,
Since CTs on delta-connected H.V. (132kV) side are connected in star, the CT secondary
current i.e Phase current = Line current i.e pilot wire current = 5A
⸫ The CT ratio on H.V. (132kV) side is 43·738 : 5 1 Mark
Since CTs on star-connected L.V. (6.6kV) side are connected in delta, the CT secondary
current i.e Phase current = (Line current i.e pilot wire current)/ √𝟑 = (5/√𝟑)A
⸫ The CT ratio on L.V. (6·6kV) side is 𝟖𝟕4·773 : (5 /√3) 1 Mark

2 Marks for
diagram

6. b) Explain with a neat sketch the operation of attracted armature type relay. Also give its
two merits and demerits.
Ans:
Attracted Armature Type Relay (Sketch):

2 Marks for
diagram

Attracted Armature Type Relay (Operation):

It consists of a laminated electromagnet M carrying a coil C and a pivoted laminated

Page 13 of 14
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer - Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Switchgear & Protection 22524: SAP
armature. The armature is balanced by a counterweight and carries a pair of contacts at its 2 Marks for
end. Under normal operating conditions, the current through the relay coil C, is such that operation
counterweight holds the armature in the position shown. However, when a short circuit
occurs, the current through relay coil increases sufficiently and armature is attracted upwards
which shorts the pair of contacts and completes the trip circuit.
Attracted Armature Type Relay (Merits):
1. Simple construction. ½ Mark for
2. Reliable operation. each of any
3. Unaffected by temperature changes. two merits
4. Long life. = 1 Mark
5. Robust construction.
Attracted Armature Type Relay (Demerits): ½ Mark for
1. Somewhat less accurate than static/ microprocessor-based relay. each of any
2. Require maintenance. two demerits
3. Wrongly operated sometimes because of vibrations. = 1 Mark
4. Counter weight has to be adjusted for every setting.
6. c) Draw the construction diagram of ELCB and explain how ELCB gives protection
against earth leakage fault.
Ans:
Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB):

3 Marks for
labeled
diagram

Earth leakage circuit breaker is a safety device used in electrical installations to prevent
shocks and disconnect power under earth fault conditions. It works on principle of relaying
when the current in the earth path exceeds a set value.
ELCB is used for protection against electric leakage in the circuit of 50 Hz or 60 Hz, rated
voltage, single phase: 240 V, rated voltage, 3-ph: 440V. Rated current up to 60 Amp. 3 Marks for
When the earth fault occurs, the ELCB cuts off the power within the time of 0.1 sec. explanation
automatically to protect personnel.
Under normal conditions (IL–IN) = If is very low or nearly zero. The CT surrounding the
phase and neutral senses the differential current under earth fault and actuates the CB to
operate (open). The difference current If through fault path resistance Re is the leakage to
earth. If this value exceeds a preset value, then the CB opens. Normally it is around 35 mA
for tripping in domestic installations with tripping time being as low as 25 msec.

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