STRENGTH OF MATERIALS – deals with the internal effects and deformations

that are caused by the applied loads.

STATICS AND DYNAMICS STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

BODY Rigid Real/Deformable

FORCE External Effects Internal Effects

ANALYSIS FBD, Equations of FBD, Equations of

Equilibrium Equilibrium, Deformation
diagrams

FOCUS Identification of loads that Determining the strength

act on the body and rigidity of the body
STRESS – is defined as the resistance force acting per unit cross-section area
of the body. It is also defined as the ratio of applied load to the cross section
area of the body.
P
σ= A
STRAIN – is the deformation of a material from stress. It is simply a ratio of the
change in length to the original length.

ε = δL
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY – (Young's modulus or Elastic modulus) describes the
relative stiffness of a material, which is measured by the slope of elastic of a
stress and strain graph. It is calculated by the ratio of stress value to its
corresponding strain value.
E=
σ
ε
PROBLEM NO.1
Find the shortening of a column of length L with a concrete area Ac and
steel area As when subjected to axial load P. The modulus of elasticity of
concrete and steel is Ec and Es, respectively
A. C.

B. D. None of the above

P Equilibrium Equation: Compatibility Equation:

ΣFv = 0
δ = δc = δs = eq. 2
P c + Ps = P eq. 1
L Geometry of deformation:
Ps As
δ = δc = δs
Pc Ac
Cross Section
δ= =
PROBLEM NO.1
Find the shortening of a column of length L with a concrete area Ac and
steel area As when subjected to axial load P. The modulus of elasticity of
concrete and steel is Ec and Es, respectively
A. C.

B. D. None of the above

P c + Ps = P
=
eq. 1
eq. 2
Ps (
AcEc
AsEs + 1) =P δ = δs =
PsL
AsEs

PsAcEc
Ps (
AcEc+AsEs
AsEs ) =P δ = δs = P ( AsEs
AcEc+AsEs ) L
AsEs
Pc =

PsAcEc
AsEs Ps = P ( AsEs
AcEc+AsEs ) δ = δs = PL
AcEc+AsEs
+ Ps = P δ = δc = δs
AsEs
PROBLEM NO.2
The concrete post as shown in the figure is reinforced axially with four
symmetrically placed steel bars, each of cross-sectional area 900 .
Compute the stress in each material when the 1000 kN axial load is applied.
The moduli of elasticity are 200 GPa for steel and 14 GPa for concrete.
1000 kN As = 900(4)= 3,600
δ =δc = δs Ac = = 86,400
Equilibrium Equation: =
Ps ( ) ( )( )
ΣFv = 0
a Pc a Pc + Ps = 1000 eq. 1 Pc = 1.68Ps
Geometry of deformation: Pc - 1.68Ps = 0 eq. 2
300mm

δ = δc = δs Solving 2 eq. 2 unknowns:

= Pc = 626.866 kN
300mm
Section a-a PS = 373.134 kN
PROBLEM NO.2
The concrete post as shown in the figure is reinforced axially with four
symmetrically placed steel bars, each of cross-sectional area 900 .
Compute the stress in each material when the 1000 kN axial load is applied.
The moduli of elasticity are 200 GPa for steel and 14 GPa for concrete.
Pc = 626.866 kN Ac = 86,400
PS = 373.134 kN As = 3,600
Stress for concrete: Stress for steel:
Pc 626,866 N Ps 373,134 N
σc = Ac
=
86,400
σs = As
=
3,600
σc = 7.255 MPa σs = 103.648 MPa
PROBLEM NO.3

A rigid bar ABC is supported by three identical wires(1), (2) and (3). The bar
ABC is horizontal before the load P is applied. Assume the bar and the wires
are weightless.
(1) (2)
P
(3) Equilibrium Equation:
P1 2m P2 1m 1m P3
A B C ΣFv = 0 ; P1+P2+P3= P eq. 1
δ1 ΣMa = 0 ; P2(2)+P3(4)= P(3) eq. 2
δ2 δ3
δ2-δ1 Geometry of deformation:
δ3-δ2
δ2−δ1 δ3−δ2
= 2δ2= δ3 + δ1
1. Determine the tension in wire (2). 2P2L P 3L P 1L
2. Calculate the tension in wire (3). = +
AE AE AE
3. Find the tension in wire (1).
P1-2P2+P3= 0 eq. 3
PROBLEM NO.3

A rigid bar ABC is supported by three identical wires(1), (2) and (3). The bar
ABC is horizontal before the load P is applied. Assume the bar and the wires
are weightless.
1. Determine the tension in wire (2).
2. Calculate the tension in wire (3).
3. Find the tension in wire (1).
P1+P2+P3= P eq. 1
P2(2)+P3(4)= P(3) eq. 2
P1-2P2+P3= 0 eq. 3
Solving 3 eq. 3 unknowns:

1 1 7
P1= 3 P2= 1 P3= 2
PROBLEM NO.4

A load P is supported by three (3) wires as shown. All members are identical
except in length. L
1. Determine the force in wire AD. δB
4 L
2. Find the force in wire BD. 5
4L θ 4
3. Calculate the vertical deflection of point D. θ
δA
¾L ¾L Equilibrium Equation: ΣFv = 0 ; ΣFH = 0 /by symmetry
A B C
PA( ) + PB + PC( )=P eq. 1
PB
L PA = PC PA – PC = 0 eq. 2
PA PC
θθ Geometry of deformation:
D PB δ A δB
Δ PA PC PA ( ) PB( )
D’
θθ
= =
P D
4AE 5AE
δB
δA θ θ δC
25PA – 16PB = 0 eq. 3
P D’
PROBLEM NO.4

A load P is supported by three (3) wires as shown. All members are identical
except in length.
A ¾L B ¾L C
1. Determine the force in wire AD.
2. Find the force in wire BD. PB
3. Calculate the vertical deflection of point D. L
PA PC
θθ
PA( ) + PB + PC( ) = P eq. 1 D
Δ
PA – PC = 0 eq. 2 D’
P
25PA – 16PB = 0 eq. 3
Solving 3 eq. 3 unknowns:
PA = 0.316P 1 PB = 0.494P 2 PC = 0.316P
Deflection at D: Δ = δB
0.494P( )
Δ= 3
AE
PROBLEM NO.5

A wire 4 meters long is stretched horizontally between points 4 meters apart.

The wire is 25 in cross-section with a modulus of elasticity of 200,000 MPa.
A load W placed at the center of the wire produces sag Δ.
1. Find the tension in the wire if sag Δ is 30 mm.
2. What is the magnitude of the load W if sag Δ is 54.3 mm?
3. If W 60 N, what is the sag?
4m PL PL
δ= ; δ = L’-L ; = L’-L
AE AE
L=2m L=2m AE (L’-L) Δ -L
P= P= AE
Δ L L
θ P
P 30 -2000
W P= (25)(200,000)
2000
𝐋 = 𝐋𝟐 + Δ𝟐 P= 562.468 N 1
PROBLEM NO.5

A wire 4 meters long is stretched horizontally between points 4 meters apart.

The wire is 25 in cross-section with a modulus of elasticity of 200,000 MPa.
A load W placed at the center of the wire produces sag Δ.
1. Find the tension in the wire if sag Δ is 30 mm.
2. What is the magnitude of the load W if sag Δ is 54.3 mm?
3. If W 60 N, what is the sag? Δ -L
ΣFv=0: W=2Pcosθ P= AE
4m L
Δ -L Δ
W=2 AE
L=2m L=2m L Δ
Δ 1
P θ P W=2 AE Δ -
L Δ
W 1
Δ Δ W=2(25)(200,000)(54.3) -
𝐋 = 𝐋 +Δ
𝟐 𝟐 θ 54.3
𝐋 𝐋 Δ
𝟐 𝟐
W=100.009N 2
PROBLEM NO.5

A wire 4 meters long is stretched horizontally between points 4 meters apart.

The wire is 25 in cross-section with a modulus of elasticity of 200,000 MPa.
A load W placed at the center of the wire produces sag Δ.
1. Find the tension in the wire if sag Δ is 30 mm.
2. What is the magnitude of the load W if sag Δ is 54.3 mm?
3. If W 60 N, what is the sag?
1
4m W=2 AE Δ -
L Δ
1
L=2m L=2m 60=2(25)(200,000)(Δ) -
Δ
θ
Δ
P P Δ = 45.795 mm 3
W
Δ Δ
𝐋 = 𝐋𝟐 + Δ𝟐 θ
𝐋 𝐋𝟐 Δ𝟐
PROBLEM NO.6

A column ABCD supports several loads as shown. Segment AB is 3m long with

a cross-sectional area of 8,000 segment BC is 2m long with an area of
2,000 while segment CD is 4m long with an area of 12,000 . The
modulus of elasticity is 20 GPa.
50kN 1. Determine the axial stress in segment AB.
50kN
100kN A 100kN ΣFv=0: PAB = 50+2(100)
PAB = 250 kN (C) 100kN A 100kN

85kN B 85kN σAB = PAB = 250,000 N L = 3000 mm

A= 8000 mm
A 8000
PAB
200kN C 200kN σAB = 31.25 MPa (C) 1

PL (-250,000)(3000)
δAB = = = -4.6875 mm
AE (8000)(20,000)
D
PROBLEM NO.6

A column ABCD supports several loads as shown. Segment AB is 3m long with

a cross-sectional area of 8,000 segment BC is 2m long with an area of
2,000 while segment CD is 4m long with an area of 12,000 . The
modulus of elasticity is 20 GPa.
50kN 2. Determine the axial strain in segment BC.
50kN
δBC
100kN A 100kN
εBC =
L 100kN A 100kN
ΣFv=0: PBC = 50+2(100)-2(85)
85kN B 85kN
PBC = 80 kN (C)
85kN B 85kN
PL (-80,000)(2000)
C δBC = = L = 2000 mm
200kN 200kN
AE (2000)(20,000) A= 2000 mm
δBC = -4 mm PBC
εBC = -4mm = -0.002 2 compressive strain
D 2000mm
PROBLEM NO.6

A column ABCD supports several loads as shown. Segment AB is 3m long with

a cross-sectional area of 8,000 segment BC is 2m long with an area of
2,000 while segment CD is 4m long with an area of 12,000 . The
modulus of elasticity is 20 GPa.
50kN 3. Find the total axial deformation of the column.
100kN A 100kN δT = δAB + δBC + δCD
ΣFv=0: PCD = 50+2(100)-2(85)+2(200)
85kN B 85kN
PCD = 480 kN (C)
PL (-480,000)(4000)
δCD = = = -8 mm
AE (12,000)(20,000)
200kN C 200kN
L = 4000 mm δT = -4.6875 mm + -4 mm + -8 mm
A= 12,000 mm
δT = -16.6875 mm 3

D PCD