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U-09) ELECTRONICS

The document provides an overview of electronics, focusing on semiconductors, energy bands, and electrical conduction. It details intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, P-N junctions, and the functioning of rectifiers, including half-wave and full-wave types. Key formulas for electrical conductivity, resistivity, and ripple factor are also included for competitive examinations.

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3 views

U-09) ELECTRONICS

The document provides an overview of electronics, focusing on semiconductors, energy bands, and electrical conduction. It details intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, P-N junctions, and the functioning of rectifiers, including half-wave and full-wave types. Key formulas for electrical conductivity, resistivity, and ripple factor are also included for competitive examinations.

Uploaded by

vivekcool841
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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J.S.NARA; LECT.

IN PHYSICS {RESULTS/FORMULAE FOR BOARDS & COMPETITIONS/UNIT 09/10+2} (1)

RESULTS/STATEMENTS/FORMULAE
(FOR BOARDS & COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS)
10+2 (UNIT 09)

ELECTRONICS
Introduction to Electronics:
As we know that semiconductors are those substances
whose conductivity lies between the conductors & insulators. Electronics is the branch of Physics
which deals with the study of flow of current through semiconductors.

Energy Bands in Solids:


A solid is a form of matter which is characterized by definite
shape, size & volume. In case of a single isolated atom, the electrons in any orbit possess definite energy.
However, an atom in a solid is surrounded by the closely-packed neighboring atoms. The result is that the
electron in any orbit of such an atom can have a range of energy rather than a single energy. This is known as
energy band. Hence, “The range of energy possessed by electrons in any solid is known as energy band.”

➢ Types of Energy Bands in Solids: -


A) VALENCE BAND:
The energy band occupied by the valence electrons is known as the valence band.
This band may be partially or completely filled with electrons.
B) CONDUCTION BAND:
The energy band of the higher energy levels which is either empty or partially
filled above the valence band is called conduction band. All electrons in the conduction band are free electrons.
In this band, electrons can gain energy from external electric field & contribute to electric current.
C) FORBIDDEN ENERGY BAND:
The separation between the valence band & the conduction band is known
as the forbidden energy band. No electron found in this band. The minimum energy required for shifting electrons
from valence band to conduction band is called band gap. Mathematically, energy gap is given by the relation
Eg = hv.

Electrical Conduction in Semi Conductors:


The electrical conduction in semi conductor is caused by
the motion of the electrons in the conduction band (causes electronic current) & also by the motion of holes in
the valence band (causes hole current).

➢ Expression for Electrical Conductivity in Semi Conductors:


Consider a block of semi conductor of

length ‘l ’, area A, having electron density ‘ne’ & hole density ‘nh’. Due to
applied potential difference ‘V’ across the ends of a conductor, an electric
field is set up. Mathematically, electrical conductivity in semiconductors is
given as

σ = e (ne µe + nh µh)
J.S.NARA; LECT.IN PHYSICS {RESULTS/FORMULAE FOR BOARDS & COMPETITIONS/UNIT 09/10+2} (2)

1
The above result in terms of electrical resistivity ( ρ = ) of a semiconductors is
σ

ρ= 1 = 1
σ e (n eμ e + n h μ h )

Two Types of Semi Conductors:


A) Intrinsic (Pure) Semi Conductors:
A pure semi conductor
which is free of every impurity is called intrinsic semi conductor.
For example; Germanium (Ge) & Silicon (Si).
In case of intrinsic semiconductor, the no. of

n n
holes ( h) is exactly same as the no. of electrons ( e) i.e. n e = nh
B) Extrinsic (Doped) Semi Conductors:
“A doped semi conductor or a semi conductor with
suitable impurity atoms added to it is called an extrinsic semi conductor”. (Doping is a process of adding impurity
to a pure semiconductor crystal to modify its property). The impurity atoms added are called Dopants.
This semi conductor is of two types:-

1) N−Type (Donor Type) Semi Conductor:


“When a small amount of pentavalent impurity is
added to a pure semi conductor, it is known as N−Type semi conductor. In this type of semiconductor, the

pentavalent atoms are called donor atoms & ne > nh.


2) P−Type (Acceptor Type) Semiconductor:
When a small amount of trivalent impurity is added
to a pure semiconductor, it is known as P− Type Semiconductor. In this type of semiconductor, the trivalent

atoms are called acceptor atoms & nh > ne.


➢ Experimentally it is found that the square of intrinsic carrier density ( ni2) in a pure semiconductor is equal to

the product of number density of electrons ( ne) & noles (nh) in a doped semiconductor. Mathematically

ni2 = ne x nh .

P-N Junction / Junction Diode:


When a P−Type semiconductor
is brought into contact with N−Type semi conductor, the formation is known as P−N
Junction or Junction diode. It is a semiconductor device represented by a symbol as
shown in the figure.

Diode as a Rectifier:
A rectifier is a device which is used to convert alternating current (AC)
into direct current (DC). The process of converting of AC in to DC is known as Rectification process.

TYPES OF RECTIFIER
1) Half-Wave Rectifier:
J.S.NARA; LECT.IN PHYSICS {RESULTS/FORMULAE FOR BOARDS & COMPETITIONS/UNIT 09/10+2} (3)
It is a device which is used to convert only
one half of alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC).

2) Full –Wave Rectifier:


It is a device which is used to convert
both halves of alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC).

Principle: -
It is based upon the fact that the junction diode conducts only under forward biased & it does not
conduct under reverse biased.

➢ Ripple Factor of a Rectifier:


Actually, the output of a rectifier is not pure D.C but it is a fluctuating
or pulsating D.C., which contains A.C. components or ripples also. Mathematically, the ripple factor of a rectifier
can be calculated as

Value of A.C Component ( I or V )


Ripple Factor =
Value of D.C Component
Experimentally, the ripple factor of Half-wave rectifier is 1.21 & for full wave rectifier is 0.48.

➢ Efficiency of a Rectifier: It is denoted by η . Mathematically it is given as

Output D.C Power


η=
Input A.C Power

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