Management (n) the process used to accomplish organizational goals through planning, organizing,

leading, and controlling people and other organizational resource

manager (n) an individual who is in charge of a certain group off tasks, or a certain area or
department of a business

Chief Executive Officer (CEO) (n) the most senior manager responsible for the overall performance
and success of a company

Planning (n) a management function that includes anticipating trends and determining the best
strategies and tactics to achieve organizational goals and objectives

Organizing (n) a management function that includes designing the structure of the organization
and creating conditions and systems in which everyone and everything work together to achieve the
organization's goals and objectives

Leading(v) creating a vision for the organization and guiding, training, coaching, and motivating others
to work effectively to achieve the organization's goals and objectives

Controlling (n) a management function that involves establishing clear standards to determine
whether or not an organization is progressing toward its goals and objectives, rewarding people for
doing a good job, and taking corrective action if they are not

consultant (n) a person who provides expert advice to a company

crisis (n) a situation of danger or difficulty

objective (n) something that you plan to do or achieve

promotion when someone is raised to a higher or more important position

public sector The sector of the economy under government control

subordinate a person with a less important position in an organization

terminology the special words or phrases that are used in a particular field

cease come to an end or bring to an end

status quo Existing state or condition

upholding to support or defend

work out to solve a problem by calculation or study; to produce a way of dealing with a problem
or situation by thinking.

commercialize to organize something to make a profit

supervise to direct or manage activities

delegate To divide up, especially responsibilities

Overlapping supervising several activities at once

authority the right to use power

commanding imposing; having an air of superiority.

Coordinating to place or arrange in proper order or position

Entrepreneur A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business.

administor to manage or direct

Management

(n) the process used to accomplish organizational goals through planning, organizing, leading, and
controlling people and other organizational resource manager

(n) an individual who is in charge of a certain group off tasks, or a certain area or department of a
business Chief Executive Officer (CEO)

(n) the most senior manager responsible for the overall performance and success of a company
Planning

(n) a management function that includes anticipating trends and determining the best strategies and
tactics to achieve organizational goals and objectives Organizing

(n) a management function that includes designing the structure of the organization and creating
conditions and systems in which everyone and everything work together to achieve the organization's
goals and objectives Leading

(v) creating a vision for the organization and guiding, training, coaching, and motivating others to work
effectively to achieve the organization's goals and objectives Controlling

(n) a management function that involves establishing clear standards to determine whether or not an
organization is progressing toward its goals and objectives, rewarding people for doing a good job, and
taking corrective action if they are not consultant

(n) a person who provides expert advice to a company crisis

(n) a situation of danger or difficulty objective

(n) something that you plan to do or achieve promotion

when someone is raised to a higher or more important position public sector

The sector of the economy under government control subordinate

a person with a less important position in an organization terminology

the special words or phrases that are used in a particular field cease

come to an end or bring to an end status quo

to support or defend work out

to solve a problem by calculation or study; to produce a way of dealing with a problem or situation by
thinking. commercialize

to organize something to make a profit supervise

to direct or manage activities delegate

To divide up, especially responsibilities Overlapping

supervising several activities at once appraise

to estimate the value of authority

the right to use power commanding

imposing; having an air of superiority. Coordinating

to place or arrange in proper order or position Entrepreneur

A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business. administor

to manage or direct

Motivation Factors that influence the behaviour of workers towards achieving business goals

Job satisfaction The enjoyment a worker gets from feeling that they have done a good job .

Job rotation Swapping workers round and only doing a specific task for a limited time before
swapping round again

Job enlargement Extra tasks are added to the job to make it more interesting

Job enrichment Adding tasks that require more skills and/or responsibilities

Theory X The average person does not like work. Workers must be constantly supervised so they
will work. Motivation is from external factors , e.g. pay schemes where the workers are paid more for
increased output

Theory Y The average person is motivated by internal factors. To motivate workers, you need to
find ways to help workers take an interest in their work, e.g. give rewards, incentives.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs A theory of motivation which states that five categories of human
needs dictate an individual's behavior. Thoes needs are physiological needs, safety needs, love and
belonging needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs

Frederick Herzberg's motivation theory Humans have two sets of needs: one is for the basic needs,
which he called hygiene factors or needs, and the second is for a human being to be able to grow
psychologically, which he called motivational needs or motivators
Hygiene factors The factors that must be present in the workplace to prevent job dissatisfaction

Labour relations Interactions between employers and employees, or managers and workers

Job security Knowing that there is little risk of losing one's employment

Wages Money paid ( per hour or day or week) to manual workers

Benefits Advantages that come with a job, apart from pay

Incentives Things that encourage people to do something

Promotion To be raised to a higher rank or better job

Unskilled Without any particular abilities acquired by training

Corporate culture A company's shared attitudes, beliefs, practices and work relationships

Skill variety The extent to which a job demands different skills

Task identity The degree to which a job has a visible outcome

Task significance The degree to which a job has an impact on the work of others

Feedback The amount of direct and dear information that is received about performance

Enrichment Making something better and more enjoyable

Outcome Result

Autonomy Power to make independent decisions

Meaningfulness Quality of being serious, useful and important

Enlargement Making something bigger

Assignment Piece of work that you must do as a part of your job or course of study

give rise to to cause something

overrule (v.) rule against

rule out to eliminate

defer to postpone

overturn (v.) rule against; cancel officially; cause the downfall of

(syn.)bring down, subvert, overthrow

unanimous in complete agreement

organizational structure the ways in which power and authority are distributed within an
organization
hierarchy a system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other
according to status or authority.

chain of command the line of authority that moves from the top of a hierarchy to the lowest level

span of control the number of subordinates who report directly to a manager

directors The senior members of staff who have been elected by shareholders of a company to
run the company on their behalf

line managers have authority to make decisions and usually have people reporting to them

supervisors people who are in charge of a unit or group

staff managers managers who supervise the functions that provide advice and assistance to the line
departments

delegation transferring responsibility to a person for a specific task

decentralization taking decisions away from the centre of an organization - way from the Head
Office

autonomous self-governing; independent

function the activities carried out by an enterprise; they can be divided into core functions and
support functions

R&D research and development

flattening hierarchy the elimination of layers in a firm's organizational hierarchy and the
broadening of manager's span of control

outsource to use outside suppliers and manufacturers to produce goods and services

matrix management an organizational structure in which some individuals report to more than one
supervisor or leader-relationships

pyramidal structure an organizational structure where there is one leader on top with increasingly
larger tiers of management teams below them

wikinomics Form of mass collaboration

to delegate to give someone else responsibility for doing something instead of you

to report to to be responsible to someone and to take instructions from them

Organisation chart A diagram which shows the internal structure of an organisation

market segment a subgroup of people or organizations sharing one or more characteristics that
cause them to have similar product needs

give priority to to deal with something first and give it preferential treatment

profit margin net income/net sales

takeover an act of taking control of a company by buying most of its shares

subsidiary a company that is completely controlled by another company

economic downturn/recession a general slowdown in economic activity over a sustained period of

self-financing using retained earnings rather than borrowing

merger a combination of two or more businesses to form a single firm

CEO (Chief Executive Officer) the person who is in charge of a company

CFO (Chief Financial Officer) the top financial manager within a firm

COO (Chief Operating Officer) the position responsible for overseeing the company's operations

Glocalization A combination of the words "globalization" and "localization." The term is used to
describe a product or service that is developed and distributed globally but is also adjusted to
accommodate the user or consumer in a local market.

Culture the complex system of values, traits, morals, and customs shared by a society

Contextrefers to the stimuli, environment or ambience surrounding an event.

The Lewis Model was developed by linguist and leading cross-cultural specialist Richard D.
Lewis. The model divides humans into 3 clear categories, based not on nationality or religion but on
BEHAVIOUR, namely, Linear-active, Multi-active and Reactive.

low-context cultures a culture whereby most communications take place through verbal language
and rules are directly written out or stated for all to view.

high-context culture is a culture by which the rules of communication are primarily and dominantly
transmitted through the use of contextual elements. These include specific forms of body language,
the social or familial status of an individual, and the tone of voice employed during speech. High-
context cultures usually do not have rules that are explicitly written or stated.

Power distance is the distribution of power among individuals within a culture and how well unequal
levels of power are accepted by those with less power

Those in _________________ prefer to establish and react to other's position, generally avoid
confrontation and try to formulate mutually beneficial approaches. reactive cultures

Businesspeople in _________________ attach more importance to feelings, emotions and intuition,

_________________ are generally organized and rational, try to act logically and prefer to do one thing
at a time. Linear-Active cultures
company/ corporate culture the way a particular company works and the things that its employees
believe are important

Business culture The way that companies in general behave, the way business is done, Etc. in a
particular place

long-hours culture where people are expected to work for a long time each day

macho culture the values typically associated with men - strength, etc.

sales culture when selling is seen as the most important thing in an organization, rather than other
activities

learning culture when learning and innovation are seen as important

confrontation a face-to-face disagreement or argument

compromise reducing demands or changing opinions in order to agree

intuition understanding or knowing without consciously using reason

improvise To create without any forethought or preparation

status A social position that a person holds

collectivist someone who believes that the group is more important than the individual

individualist someone who believes that their personal goals and interests are more important
than those of the group

interrupt to break into someone's conversation

eye contact direct visual contact with another person's eyes