CS13101

FUNDAMENTALS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Instructor:
DR. DEVARANI DEVI NINGOMBAM
Assistant Professor
1 Department of Computer Science and Engineering
National Institute of Technology Patna
Email id: [email protected]
 UNIT 5

OPERATING SYSTEM
LECTURES: 4
2
3
ROADMAP
Operating system: Functions
Measuring System Performance
Assemblers, Compilers and Interpreters
Batch Processing, Multiprogramming, Multi-Tasking,
Multiprocessing
Time Sharing, DOS, Windows, Unix/Linux
4 DEFINITION & NEED FOR OS
Definition:
 It is the integrated set of programs that controls the resources (the
CPU, memory, I/O devices, etc.) of a computer system.
 It provides its users with an interface or virtual machine that is more
convenient to use than the bare machine.
 Two primary objectives of an OS are:
 Making a computer system convenient to use
Managing the resources of a computer system
5
PARAMETERS FOR MEASURING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE

 Throughput: Amount of work that the system is able to do per unit

time.
 Turnaround time: Interval from the time of submission of a job to
the system for processing to the time of completion of the job
 Response time: Interval from the time of submission of a job to the
system for processing to the time the first response for the job is
produced by the system
6
ROADMAP
Functions
Measuring System Performance
Assemblers, Compilers and Interpreters
Batch Processing, Multiprogramming, Multi-Tasking,
Multiprocessing
Time Sharing, DOS, Windows, Unix/Linux
7 BATCH PROCESSING

 Batch processing is the method computers use to periodically

complete high-volume, repetitive data jobs.
 Certain data processing tasks, such as backups, filtering, and
sorting, can be compute intensive and inefficient to run on
individual data transactions.
8 MULTIPROGRAMMING

 Uni-programming: Only one job is processed at a time and all system

resources are available exclusively for the job until its completion
 Multiprogramming: Interleaved execution of two or more different and
independent programs by a computer

Types of Multiprogramming:
 Multiprogramming with fixed tasks (MFT): Fixed number of jobs can be
processed concurrently
 Multiprogramming with variable tasks (MVT): Number of jobs can vary
 UNIPROGRAMMING SYSTEM
9 vs
MULTIPROGRAMMING SYSTEM***
 10 MULTIPROGRAMMING

 On a single processor computer, a

multiprogramming OS can run many
programs.
 In a multiprogramming OS, if one program
must wait for an input/output transfer, the
other programmes are ready to use the CPU.
 As a result, different jobs may have to split
CPU time.

Examples: download apps, transfer data, MS-

Excel, Google Chrome, Firefox browser, and
many more apps.
11 MULTI-TASKING

 It interleaved execution of multiple jobs (often referred to as tasks

of same user) in a single-user system
 Computer systems used for multitasking are uniprocessor systems
(having only one CPU)
 Treated differently from multiprogramming that refers to
interleaved execution of multiple jobs in a multiuser system
 MULTIPROCESSING**
12

 System with two or more CPUs having ability to execute multiple

processes concurrently
 Multiple CPUs are used to process either instructions from different
and independent programs or different instructions from the same
program simultaneously.
 Multiprocessing is the ability for computers to complete multiple
tasks at the same time without having to wait for one task to
complete before the next task can be started.
 A dual-core processor is twice as fast as a single processor, and a
quad-core processor is four times as fast.
13 MULTIPROCESSING SYSTEM**
14
MULTIPROCESSING vs MULTIPROGRAMMING**
15
ROADMAP
Functions
Measuring System Performance
Assemblers, Compilers and Interpreters
Batch Processing, Multiprogramming, Multi-Tasking,
Multiprocessing
Time Sharing, DOS, Windows, Unix/Linux
16 TIME SHARING

 Simultaneous interactive use of a computer system by many users in

such a way that each one feels that he/she is the sole user of the system
 User terminals connected to the same computer simultaneously
 Uses multiprogramming with a special CPU scheduling algorithm
 Short period during which a user process gets to use CPU is known as
time slice, time slot, or quantum
17
TIME SHARING

 the user 5 is active state but user 1, user 2,

user 3, and user 4 are in waiting state whereas
user 6 is in ready state.
1. Active State – The user’s program is under the
control of CPU. Only one program is available in
this state.
2. Ready State – The user program is ready to
execute but it is waiting for it’s turn to get the
CPU. More than one user can be in ready state at
a time.
3. Waiting State – The user’s program is waiting
for some input/output operation. More than one
user can be in a waiting state at a time.
18
ROADMAP
Functions
Measuring System Performance
Assemblers, Compilers and Interpreters
Batch Processing, Multiprogramming, Multi-Tasking,
Multiprocessing
Time Sharing, DOS, Windows, Unix/Linux
19 UNIX OS
 Developed in the early 1970s at Bell Laboratories by Ken Thompson
and Dennis Ritchie Written in C high-level language, hence, highly
portable
 Multi-user, time-sharing OS
 Used on a wide variety of computers ranging from notebook
computers to super computers
 Structured in three layers – kernel, shell, and utilities
N/B: the kernel is the core of the operating system that controls all the tasks of the system
while the shell is the interface that allows the users to communicate with the kernel
20 MS-DOS

 Stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System.

 Single-user OS for IBM and IBM-compatible personal computers
(PC)
 Structured in three layers – BIOS (Basic Input Output System),
kernel, and shell
 Very popular in the 1980s, now not in much use and development
with the launch of Microsoft Windows OS in 1990s
21 MICROSOFT WINDOWS

 Developed by Microsoft to overcome limitations of MSDOS

operating system
 Single-user, multitasking OS
 Native interface is a GUI
 Designed to be not just an OS but also a complete operating
environment
 OS of choice for most PCs after 1990
22 LINUX OS

 Open-source OS enhanced and backed by thousands of programmers

world-wide
 Multi-tasking, multiprocessing OS, originally designed to be used in
PCs